Bibliographie sélective OHADA

الملخص : يسعى القانون الجزائري رقم 22-18 المتعلق بالاستثمار إلى تحسين مناخ الأعمال وتحقيق التنمية المستدامة، بما في ذلك البعد البيئي. ورغم تضمينه لمبدأ احترام التشريعات البيئية، إلا أن فعاليته في حماية البيئة تبقى محدودة بسبب غياب حوافز واضحة للاستثمار الأخضر وعدم وجود آليات تنفيذية صريحة لدمج البُعد البيئي في كل المشاريع. لذا، فإن تحقيق الأبعاد البيئية للتنمية المستدامة يتطلب تعزيز التنسيق بين قانون الاستثمار والقوانين البيئية، وتفعيل أدوات مثل تقييم الأثر البيئي والمراقبة المستمرة للمشاريع الاستثمارية. Abstract: Algerian Law No. 22-18 on Investment aims to improve the business climate and promote sustainable development, including its environmental dimension. Although the law incorporates the principle of compliance with environmental legislation, its effectiveness in ensuring environmental protection remains limited due to the absence of clear incentives for green investment and the lack of explicit enforcement mechanisms to integrate environmental considerations into all investment projects. Therefore, achieving the environmental aspects of sustainable development requires strengthened coordination between investment legislation and environmental laws, as well as the activation of tools such as Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and continuous monitoring of investment projects.

ملخص: تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز فعالية التحكيم الإلكتروني في تسوية نزاعات التجارة الإلكترونية وذلك لتميزه بميزات عديدة تتمثل في: سرعة الفصل في النزاعات، السرية، توفير الجهد والوقت بالإضافة إلى تجاوزه لمشكلة تنازع القوانين، حيث تتم إجراءات هذا النوع من التحكيم عبر الوسائط الإلكترونية دون الحاجة إلى التواجد الفعلي للأطراف. الكلمات المفتاحية: التحكيم الإلكتروني؛ لوسائط الإلكترونية؛ إجراءات التحكيم الإلكتروني؛ حكم التحكيم الإلكتروني Abstract: This study aims to highlight the effectiveness of electronic arbitration in settling e-commerce disputes, as it is distinguished by several features, including: speed in resolving disputes, confidentiality, saving effort and time, in addition to overcoming the problem of conflict of laws. Procedures for this type of arbitration are conducted via electronic media without the need for the physical presence of the parties. Key words : Electronic arbitration; electronic means; Electronic arbitration procedures; Electronic arbitration ruling.

It is known that the civil codification is the general Shariah, reffering to it whenever there is no text on a specific issue in the rest of the relevant laws. Among these laws; the codification of the family. The civil codification included general provisions regarding capacity rules, some of them reffered to the texts of the family codification which had not yet been issued, and this embodies in the phenomenon of the principle of complementarity between the two laws. However, the issuance of the family codification nine years after the issuance of the civil codification showed the converse in many placements. Particularly in the rules governing the capacity of persons; therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the content of those rules, with shedding light the areas of incompatibility between them, and then providing solutions to get out of the state of incoherency between texts or even conflict between them.

ملخص: في إطار المحاولات الدائمة للدول الغربية والشركات العملاقة نحو عولمة التحكيم وتدويل منازعات الاستثمار تتنوع أثار قبول شرط التحكيم ويتسع نطاقها يوما بعد يوم من أجل زيادة فعالية الأحكام التي تصدرها محاكم التحكيم، بل أن هناك تنافس واضح بين التشريعات الوطنية لدعم هذا الاتجاه وتشجيع اللجوء للتحكيم، وتقليص دور المحاكم الوطنية في نظر منازعات التجارة الدولية بهدف بث الثقة في مناخ الاستثمار وجذب رؤوس الأموال الأجنبية اللازمة لدفع عجلة التنمية، وهو ما أدى بتطور الفكر القانوني وأضحى يتلاءم ومستجدات التجارة الدولية وتعقدها وتطورها إلى دخول فكرة التحكيم الشكل الدولي في إطار المنظمات العالمية. حاولت المنظمة العالمية للتجارة التوفيق بين مختلف الاتجاهات المتعارضة في إطار حل المنازعات التجارية المتعلقة بالإستثمار بوضع مجموعة من القواعد التي تنظم عملية التحكيم وإجراءاته، مما عزز الثقة بين المتعاملين الاقتصاديين، وتبرز أهمية وهدف البحث في إبراز الدور القانوني المناط بهذه المنظمات ذات الطابع الدولي لحل المنازعات من جهة ذات الطابع الدولي ومن جهة أخرى فإنه يعد من أرز الصروح العلمية والعملية في مجال التحكيم على المستوى الدولي وهو ما عزز الدراسة بإعتمادنا على المنهج التحليلي الوصفي لهاته الأخيرة لظرورة الدراسة والبحث . الكلمات المفتاحية: التحكيم، اتفاق التحكيم، تدويل منازعات الاستثمار Abstract: In the framework of the permanent attempts of Western countries and giant companies towards the globalization of arbitration and the internationalization of investment disputes, the effects of acceptance of the arbitration clause will vary and widen day after day in order to increase the effectiveness of judgments rendered by the arbitral tribunals. There is also a clear competition between national legislation to support this trend and encourage And to reduce the role of national courts in the consideration of international trade disputes in order to instill confidence in the investment climate and attract the necessary foreign capital to accelerate development .. Which has led to the development of legal thought and became compatible with the developments of international trade and complexity and development to enter the idea of ​​international arbitration in the framework of international organizations. The World Trade Organization has tried to reconcile the various conflicting trends in the framework of resolving commercial disputes related to investment by setting a set of rules that regulate the arbitration process and its procedures, which has enhanced confidence between economic dealers, and highlights the importance and goal of research in highlighting the legal role assigned to these organizations of an international character. To resolve disputes on the one hand of an international character, and on the other hand, it is considered one of the most important scientific and practical edifices in the field of arbitration at the international level, which is what strengthened the study by relying on the descriptive analytical approach of the latter for the necessity of study and research.

رغم تعدد الوسائل التي يمكن للأطراف اللجوء إليها لحل منازعاتهم إلا أننا نجد في الوقت الحاضر أن أطراف النزاع البحري غالبا ما يفضلون اللجوء إلى التحكيم دون غيره من الوسائل لتسوية المنازعات أيا كان سبب نشوؤها، فالأصل في مجال العقود البحرية أصبح هو وجود النص التعاقدي الذي يلزم التحكيم نظرا لتشعب المصالح المقترنة بالمعاملات والعلاقات البحرية الدولية، ومن تم فلا يكاد يخلوا عقد من عقودها من النص على أن المنازعات التي قد تنشأ بخصوص ذلك العقد تحل عن طريق التحكيم لمساهمته في تفعيل الأنشطة البحرية وإستقرار معاملاتها، فيتفق الأطراف على إحالة تلك المنازعات إلى محكمين متخصصين وخبراء في المجال البحري ليفصلوا فيها بأحكام تحكيمية نهائية وملزمة، مما ساعد على نجاحه في التصدي لمختلف المنازعات البحرية التي تتميز بالتشعب والتعقيد.

This study primarily aims to identify the social responsibility of Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies and their contributions to addressing the negative effects resulting from COVID-19. The study focuses on the companies’ efforts to alleviate the burden on the state and citizens, exploring the most significant social contributions made by these companies in response to the pandemic. To answer the research questions and test the hypotheses, the researchers employed a descriptive and analytical approach. After obtaining the necessary data, a validated and evaluated questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 53 individuals, including financial managers, internal auditors, financial analysts, and accountants working in Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies. The results of the study indicated that Libyan telecom companies did not contribute significantly to mitigating the negative effects of COVID-19 by activating their social responsibility roles. This conclusion is supported by the respondents' answers, which reflected a moderate degree of contribution, with a mean value of 3.08 and a relative weight of 61.69%, along with a standard deviation of 0.85 and a significance level (Sig) of 0.686. Similarly, Palestinian telecom companies also did not significantly contribute to mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic through their social responsibility roles. Respondents’ answers indicated a moderate level of contribution, with a mean value of 3.24, a relative weight of 64.85%, a standard deviation of 0.849, and a significance level (Sig) of 0.256. The study recommends that Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies should enhance their social roles in mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by actively implementing social responsibility initiatives.

International maritime transport represents the backbone of international trade in our current era, for many reasons, such as low costs and the ability to transport large quantities of goods at once. The United Nations Convention on the Maritime Transport of Goods of 1978, known as the Hamburg Convention, represents a qualitative shift in regulating the rules of maritime transport of goods. Among the important topics regulated by the agreement is the subject of arbitration, as it is the most important means of settling disputes related to international trade contracts, especially the contract for the maritime carriage of goods. Accordingly, this research studies the rules of the Hamburg Convention related to arbitration as a means of settling disputes related to the contract for the maritime carriage of goods. يمثل النقل البحري الدولي عصب التجارة الدولية في عصرنا الحالي، ألسباب عديدة كانخفاض التكاليف والقدرة عمى والمعروفة 1978 نقل كميات كبيرة من البضائع دفعة واحدة، وتمثل اتفاقية األمم المتحدة لمنقل البحري لمبضائع لعام ىامبورغ، نقمة نوعية عمى صعيد تنظيم قواعد النقل البحري لمبضائع، ومن بين الموضوعات اليامة التي باسم اتفاقية نظمتيا االتفاقية، موضوع التحكيم، باعتباره أىم وسائل تسوية النزاعات المرتبطة بعقود التجارة الدولية، وخاصة عقد د اتفاقية ىامبورغ المتعمقة بالتحكيم كوسيمة لتسوية النزاعات النقل البحري لمبضائع، وبناء عميو يتناول ىذا البحث قواع ال

The interpretation of treaties is particularly important in the field of treaty law, as in most cases it is not possible to apply treaties without their interpretation. In addition to the text and context of the treaty, the relevant rules of international law, including the general principles of law, can play an important role in the interpretation of treaties. A treaty is a creation of the international legal system, and its interpretation and implementation should be carried out within the context of the legal system that governs it. The main question to which this research intends to answer is: What is the position of general principles of law in the interpretation of treaties? It seems that the use of general principles of law in the interpretation of treaties can reduce the potential fragmentation of international law and promote its coherence. In this research, by using library sources, international documents and international judicial decisions and arbitration awards and using a descriptive-analytical method, the position of general principles of law in the interpretation of treaties will be examined.

The Court of Appeals was presented with a dispute concerning the recovery of shares sold. The shareholder of a simplified joint-stock company had invoked the right of preemption, which is established by the Civil Code. The Court decided (on 1/10/2017, Appeals Nos. 1704, 1783/2017, Commercial, Civil, Governmental, Unpublished) that the shareholder could return the sold shares in accordance with his right of preemption. It considered that Company Law did not regulate the restitution of shares in the joint-stock company and that it was, therefore, necessary to refer to the provisions of the Civil Code. We think the decision of the Court of Appeals is subject to criticism. Firstly, even though the legislator does not regulate the restitution of the shares of the holding company, he refers to the regime applicable to the company from which the holding company takes its form. In this case, the holding company took the form of a joint-stock company, whose legislator had organized the shareholder's right to recover the shares offered for sale. Secondly, the Court did not follow the order of the official sources of the legal rule governing companies, namely company law, commercial law and commercial customs. Thirdly, the subject matter of the right of preemption is a real and undivided right, which is not the case for the share, since it is a personal right.

The Contractual Obligation is proven to be owed by its owner as soon as the contract is concluded or the deadline for its implementation is due, Following this that the contractual violation should be before it not after, and if that kind of violation is the ordinary kind of contractual fault so the happening of contractual violation before the execution is a case been put by rules and Judicial Pronouncements as putting it in certain ordered law firm has its special private rules and obligations that distinguishes it from any similar cases of the expiry of contract. And for that the advanced breaching by any behavior came out of the debtor in a clear or hidden way makes it Impossible or in-vain to execute a future commitment, because of that there will be a serious average on the creditor that that allows him to revoke the contract or ending it or asking for the compensation of any average might be caused by the debtor. The Arabic laws haven’t exclusive a special law for that hidden violation regardless how important it is, and amongst the warnings of going to the ordinary law of handling the wrongs of contractual violations specially with the hidden contractual commitments regarding the typical dissonance with the normal known violation.

control and measure it. By proposing a list of criteria used in assessing their existence, consideration or elimination, and to test the criteria, the researcher applied them to a commercial insurance. In order to achieve the goal of the research; the researcher used the inductive analytical method, by following the rules suggested by the Fuqaha’, which required an analysis of some Fuqaha’ sayings, to build standards. The research concluded that the «Need» that some Fuqaha’ considered in the permissibility of commercial insurance does not meet these criteria in a way that supports their opinion. Accordingly; Commercial insurance in its current form is not permissible, which is the opinion of the majority of contemporary Fuqaha’. The research recommends calibration what accepts calibration from the fundamentalist tools, which enable the mujtahid and the researcher to stand on the Shari’a ruling in a disciplined manner, and reduce the difference between the mujtahidin’s considerations of the tools and methods of ruling making.

يعتبر الإستثمار من أهم العوامل المساعدة في عملية تطوير إقتصاديات الدول وتنميتها تكنولوجيا، لذلك يجب على الدولة المضيفة أن تحقق مناخاً إستثمارياً مشبعاً بالتسهيلات والضمانات لجذب الإستثمار، وهذا يعتبر حماية قانونية للمستثمر الأجنبي. ترتبط عقود الإستثمار الدولي بالخطط التنموية للدولة المضيفة، وفي ظل تشعب العقود الإستثمارية باعتبارها مركبة، فإنّ النزاع متوقع لا محالة، ونظرا لمزايا التحكيم، وفي ظل تخوف المستثمر الأجنبي من قضاء الدولة المضيفة، فإنّ التحكيم الدولي أصبح بمثابة القضاء الطبيعي لتسوية منازعات العقود الإستثمارية، وهذا ما يترتب عليه استبعاد القضاء الوطني من نظر النزاع وكذلك إعمال مبدأ الإختصاص بالإختصاص واِستقلال التحكيم عن العقد الأصلي. Abstract : Investments is considered one of the most important factors that helps the process of developing country’s economies and technology. Therefore, the host country must achieve an investment atmosphere imbued with facilities and guarantees to attract investments, and this is a legal protection for the foreign investor. International investment contracts are linked to the host country’s development plans, given the complexity of investment contracts as composed, the dispute is inevitably expected, and the view of advantages of arbitration, and in the view of the foreign investor’s fear of the host county’s judgment, international arbitration has become the natural judiciary for settling investment contacts disputes, and this results in the exclusion of the national judiciary from examining the dispute, as well as the implementation of the principle of jurisdiction and the independence arbitration from the original contracts.

There is a growing stream of critics who see investment arbitration in favor of foreign investors and as a negative force as opposed to sustainable development. The phenomenon of third-party funding and its use in investment arbitration has increased such concerns. Third-party funding is basically the payment of all or a part of the arbitration costs of one of the parties of dispute by a third party funder which in return, the funder receives a percentage of the output of the award if successful. The purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the theoretical differences between pros and cons of third-party funding regarding the access to justice, screening mechanism for the claims, and the financial consequences on the host state. In this article, the advocates see third-party funding as a means of access to justice for aggrieved investors in investment claims, while the adversaries refering on the profitability of third-party funding, see this method in arbitration a form of wealth transfer from public sector to private corporations and also refer to the asymmetric structure of the investment arbitration regime as well as the risks arising from the transfer of management and control of arbitration process to the third party funders. یک جریان رو به رشدی از منتقدان وجود دارد که داوری سرمایه‌گذاری را به نفع سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی و بعنوان یک نیروی منفی در تضاد با توسعه پایدار می‌داند. پدیده تأمین مالی ثالث و بکارگیری آن در داوری سرمایه‌گذاری به این نگرانی‌ها افزوده است. تأمین مالی ثالث اساساً پرداخت تمام یا بخشی از هزینه‌های داوری یکی از طرفین دعوی توسط تأمین کننده شخص ثالث است که در ازای آن، تأمین کننده مالی درصدی از رأی صادره را در صورت پیروزی دریافت می‌نماید. هدف مقاله، تشریح و تحلیل اختلافات نظری موافقان و مخالفان تأمین مالی ثالث در خصوص دستیابی به عدالت، غربالگری دعاوی و تبعات مالی آن بر دولت است. در این مقاله موافقان، تأمین مالی ثالث را ابزاری جهت دستیابی به عدالت برای سرمایه‌گذاران زیان‌دیده در دعاوی سرمایه‌گذاری در نظر می‌گیرند در حالی که مخالفان با اتکا به اهداف سودآوری تأمین مالی ثالث، این روش را در داوری نوعی انتقال ثروت از بخش عمومی به بخش خصوصی می‌دانند و به ساختار نامتقارن رژیم داوری سرمایه‌گذاری و خطرات ناشی از انتقال مدیریت و کنترل فرایند داوری به تأمین کنندگان شخص ثالث نیز اشاره می‌نمایند.

Researching the judicial applications of Arab countries to one of the issues that have occupied legal thoughts in the Western world for decades and still in one form or another, the so-called Unilateral Arbitration Clauses, we did not find a discussion of the applicability of this clause within the laws. Even though this condition takes a reasonable space of the legal arguments as previously mentioned, it has even become widely used in contracts, such as tenancy, contracting, and financial investments. The study showed that the above-mentioned clause has recently increased its use in financing contracts, especially with the increasing globalization of banking services and bank transfers. Although banks usually prefer to resort to traditional litigation, lack of similarity in the legal rules and judicial applications related to banking transactions and their difference from one country to another was a reason for the banks preference of resorting to arbitration. There is no examination of the legitimacy of an unequal or optional arbitration clause in Bahrain. Also, the Bahraini and Egyptian courts, to the best of our knowledge, did not decide whether it should be considered null or valid. The same case is applied to the French courts which have no cases that examined this type of clauses except for a case in 2006 and the other is a judgment close to the same issue on October 7, 2015, from the French Court of Cassation. The English and American courts were different; they examined this clause and had several judicial implementations due to the fact that most of the arbitration terms are either related to multinational companies operating within the framework of the Wall Street Stock Exchange in New York or those that stipulate the enforcement of British and Wales law on the provisions of the contract . However, many Arab countries, in general, as well as Bahrain and some Gulf countries, in particular, are seeking in their economic model to attract foreign investments and capital, especially those related to financial and banking industries, to diversify sources of income. The decision of investing or not investing the capital in a country is made by the judicial authority in terms of independence as well as the judicial application of legal texts as these factors are directly reflected in the desire to invest and show the possibility of protecting investors.

The need Settlement of disputes arising from bank credit between national and international rules, protecting the interests of the bank and ensuring its financial rights before the debtor. As the Bank faces different technical and legal difficulties, as well as the multiplicity of legal adaptation, we deal with the rules governing banking accreditation from the point of pleadings law, and the methods of amicable settlement of these disputes and following, and compulsory execution. International efforts are taking the lead in establishing the technical regulation of bank accreditation and setting rules "DOCDEX" in 1997, and the 2015 amendments, which still need more as they do not provide a legal way to implement them. It is necessary to find out legal regulation at the domestic and international levels, which calls for the legislator to intervene to organize its rules and procedures. We have sought in this study to weave the legal entity to seize bank credit within the legally acceptable limits based on a system of seizure of the debtor with third parties against the background of the legal system of documentary credit and the relationships arising from it, and its financial and economic effects that go beyond the parties to the beneficiaries of companies, bodies, and economic institutions, As the matter still requires the existence of special legislation regulating the seizure of bank credit, to ensure the effectiveness of the guarantees surrounding the appropriations by the national legislator and at the international level. This would expand the insurance of bank credit so that the creditors recover their full right directly or by seizing the value of the credit, which calls for organizing this seizure with rules that consider the privacy of this seizure and its rules and are consistent with the required speed in such transactions in a way that protects the creditor from abuse, in a manner that ensures the observance of confidentiality, due process, and the spirit of banking work, anticipate the possible future that will witness the decline of documentary credit and replace it with electronic transactions, the establishment of specialized banking courts that save time and effort.

This research deals with the principle of in kind execution of contractual obligations and the exceptions thereto under the 2016 UNIDROIT Principles and the provisions of the French Civil Code created by decree of 10 February 2016, which amends the Law on Contracts and General Provisions and Proof of Obligations. Both the UNIDROIT Principles and the French civil law establish the principle of in kind execution; it applies to all types of contractual obligations. Nevertheless, the UNIDROIT Principles state five exceptions to this principle, namely: when performance is impossible in law or in fact; when performance is unreasonably burdensome or expensive; when the party entitled to performance may reasonably obtain performance from another source; when performance is of an exclusively personal character; or when the party entitled to performance does not require performance within a reasonable time. Also, the French Civil Code includes similar exceptions to the obligation to perform in kind, namely, if the in kind execution is impossible, and if there is an apparent in proportionality between the cost the good faith debtor would endure and the benefit the creditor would achieve from the in kind execution. This research aims to analyze and compare the provisions on in kind execution under the UNIDROIT Principles and French Civil Law, in order to identify the extent to which they are harmonious or different. Accordingly, the principle of in kind execution of contractual obligations, including the conditions of its application is analyzed in the first chapter. The second chapter tackles the exceptions to this principle, in terms of concept, conditions of application, the judge's authority and the parties’ freedom to exclude them

The right to water in investment arbitration has been one of the most contentious issues before investment arbitration tribunals in recent decades. The privatization of public services, including water and sanitation, and assigning them to foreign investors has caused the right to water as a vital benefit being repeatedly raised in investment arbitrations. However, due to tribunals’ narrow interpretation of jurisdiction and applicable law, this fundamental human right has been considered irrelevant and ignored, and this has fueled the legitimacy crises in investment arbitration. This research seeks to indicate the potentiality of more protection of the right to water through balancing the states international obligations in the two areas of investment law and human rights law. Proposed methods for integrating human rights with investment law include the correct interpretation of jurisdictional clauses and the applicable law based on the treaties interpretation principles, systematic integration and the inclusion of new clauses in investment agreements. طرح حق بر آب در داوری سرمایه‌گذاری یکی از مناقشه‌انگیزترین مباحث پیش روی دیوان‌های داوری در چند دهه اخیر بوده است. خصوصی‌سازی خدمات عمومی از جمله آب و فاضلاب و سپردن آنها به سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی موجب شده تا حق بر آب بعنوان یک منفعت عمومی و حیاتی بارها در داوری‌های سرمایه‌گذاری مطرح شود. با تفسیر مضیق محاکم از شروط صلاحیتی و قانون حاکم، این حق بنیادین بشری در برخی موارد نامربوط و نادیده تلقی شده و این امر به بحران مشروعیت در داوری سرمایه‌گذاری دامن زده است. این جستار می‌کوشد تا امکان حمایت بیشتر از حق بر آب را از طریق برقراری تعادل بین تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در دو عرصه حقوق سرمایه‌گذاری و حقوق بشر نشان دهد و در پایان روش‌هایی را برای ادغام این دو از جمله تفسیر درست شروط صلاحیتی و قانون حاکم با تکیه بر اصول تفسیر معاهدات، تلفیق سیستمیک و گنجاندن بندهای جدید در موافقتنامه‌های سرمایه‌گذاری پیشنهاد کند.

يؤدي التحكيم دورا هاما في تسوية منازعات الاستثمار بحيث يقدم ضمان الحياد و يبعث الثقة و الاطمئنان لدى المستثمر، مما يخلق مناخ ملائم للاستثمار و يساهم في تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية التي تسعى إليها الدولة المضيفة،كما يتسم بخصوصية تميزه عن التحكيم في سائر المنازعات، وذلك لاختلاف نوعية المشاكل التي تنجم عن عدم التكافؤ بين الطرفين،على أساس أن الدولة المضيفة تتمتع بمبدأ السيادة على إقليمها ومبدأ الحصانة التي تتمتع بها كشخص عام، في حين لا يمثل المستثمر الأجنبي في هذه العلاقة سوى كونه شخص خاص يتمتع بحقوق حددها القانون الخاص بتلك الدولة المضيفة. Abstract: Arbitration plays an important role in the settlement of investment disputes in that it provides a guarantee of neutrality and gives confidence and confidence to the investor, which creates a favourable environment for investment and contributes to the Economic Development sought by the host state.it is also characterized by a peculiarity that distinguishes it from arbitration in other disputes, because of the different quality of the problems that result from the inequality between the parties, on the basis that the host state enjoys the principle of sovereignty over its territory and the principle of immunity as a public person, while the foreign investor in this relation is represented only as a private person with rights defined by the law of that host state