Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis examines problems related to particular labor laws currently applied in international air transport. This analysis is framed within the context of scholarly theory and judicial practice arising from various regimes of labor law governing industrial injury, the individual contract of employment, labor-management relations, and fair treatment in the civil aviation industry. A critical survey of labor regulations operating in the international air transport industry is provided through commentary on the principles formulated by judicial decisions and the theories which underlie their reasoning, helping to clarify both substantive and procedural labor laws affecting international air transport. A critical analysis of different categories of statutory labor law governing international air transport is also provided to assess the validity of commonly-erected conflict of labor law rules, thereby revealing the inadequacy of the single rule principle in view of the unique and perplexing regulatory interests which are inherent in aviation activity. The divergence between domestic labor statutes and Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation or bilateral air transport agreements also adds a more subtle aspect to the problems explored.

One of the most immediate questions that could be raised is that of the topic. Why banks?. Banks are a part of the economy which is especially prone to regulatory competition. Increasing financial globalization makes it difficult to maintain regulatory barriers and those remaining create costs that are avoided by regulatory arbitrage. Banks’ raw material is capital which is a highly mobile element. On the top of that, the longstanding experience of the US in the field, should be of some usefulness. Finally, banks are attractive since the European Union, by means of the Second Banking Directive, has undertaken a decisive step towards liberalisation. Regulatory competition in this field will be able to give us some clues into the direction of services regulation in general, and into the new institutional dimension of the Union. However, banks are only one type of financial actors. Securities and insurance industry are gradually occupying spaces traditionally reserved to banks - namely deposit collection and lending - and conversely, banks are extending their product range to cover securities and insurance activities, and are experiencing a process of disintermediation. Hence, it is increasingly impossible to distinguish among financial actors. Concentrating in one of them is just a research need in order to keep the study under manageable dimension. Still, banks remain a legally different industry because of their position in the economic gear and in the payment system. What could actually be questioned is the future of banks themselves or at least their different legal treatment In any case, the topic of financial services regulation is too large to be covered as a whole, so some subdivision is necessary. This has to be done acknowledging that divisions may not correspond to the reality of the marketplace.

I examine two potential instances of rent-seeking in financial markets in the 1980s. In the first essay I test whether managers engage in political activity designed to influence federal regulation of the market for corporate control. In the second, I examine whether firms in the financial services sector attempt to affect bank deregulation. Using Federal Election Commission data, I find campaign contributions by corporate political action committees (PACs) are negatively related to levels of inside ownership, my main proxy for managerial vulnerability to hostile tender offers. Contribution patterns for firms with less than 20% insider ownership are relatively highly correlated, and differ from those of firms with greater than 20% inside ownership. Low inside ownership firms have slightly higher levels of contributions to legislators on particular House and Senate committees proposing relevant legislation. However, when I analyze the impact of contributions on legislator support for regulation I find no statistical support for a theory of vote-buying. I conclude that corporate political behavior is tied to levels of inside ownership, and comprises an alternate index of manager-shareholder conflict. Using a similar approach to analyse the financial services industry, I also find significant patterns in political action committee (PAC) campaign contributions for depository (commercial bank and thrift) and non-depository (brokerage and insurance) sectors of the financial services industry during the 98th Congress (1983-84). Contributions by depository firm PACs appear not only to purchase access to legislators serving on important banking committees crucial to their interests, but are also a significant determinant of votes for repealing sections of the Glass-Steagall Act. Nondepository contributions do not appear to influence votes directly, even though the brokerage and insurance sectors effectively lobbied House Banking Committee chairman Fernand St Germain to enforce the regulatory status quo. When I measure the rents at stake in the legislation using a two-factor market model event study approach, I find that the passage of legislation in the Senate had a positive affect on depository firm returns, implying the sector's lobbying effort was justified. However non-depository PACs lobbied just as extensively, and did not experience significant abnormal returns over the same event period, even though this round of deregulation should have been a zero-sum game between the affected sectors of the industry. I then measure the correlation between the market value impacts of new legislation and contribution amounts for individual firms within the sectors. I find rents are correlated with political activity, even for firms in the non-depository sectors.

South African company law is currently the object of comprehensive review. One o f the areas under scrutiny is that of corporate governance. Control over management is vital in the interests of the company itself, its shareholders and its creditors. Effective accountability should be balanced against the need to allow those who manage a certain measure of freedom and discretion in the exercise of their function. Company directors are subject to various duties. This thesis concentrates on their fiduciary obligation. It is suggested that this sui generis obligation is owed to the company as a separate entity. Interests of other groups may sometimes merit con­ sideration. Against the background o f a com parative investigation, a "corporate opportunity" is defined as any property or economic opportunity to which the com­ pany has a claim. South African law protects a company’s claim to an opportunity if it is in the company’s line of business and if the company has justifiably been relying upon the director(s) to acquire it or to assist in its acquisition for the company. The application of established fiduciary principles suffice to resolve corporate opportunity matters. Essentially the application o f these rules amount to a determination whether the director has complied with his fundamental duty to act in the company’s best interests. There seems to be no need for a separate doctrine of corporate opportunities.' A director should only be absolved from liability on account of the company’s inability to pursue an opportunity or its rejection by the company if there was no real conflict of interest. The appropriation of corporate opportunities should not be ratifiable, both because the ratification constitutes a fraud on the minority, and because the decision to ratify cannot be regarded as being in the interests of the company. The relationship between the appropriation of corporate opportunities, misuse of confidential information and competition is investigated. These aspects fre­ quently overlap, but should be distinguished because their bases, and accordingly their appropriate remedies, may differ. Effective control may benefit by a restatement of directors’ fiduciary duties in the Companies Act. To this end certain amendments to the Act are recommended.

This dissertation is essentially a critical examination of the traditional and reformatory approaches of international bankruptcy law in Canada, England, and the United States. It highlights the shortcomings of the traditional law and the inherent limitations, contradictions, and inconsistencies of its applicable mechanism; the doctrines of private international law. The dissertation further argues that the reform schemes thus far advanced suffer from jurisdictional problems and fall short of ensuring optimal outcomes for international bankruptcy cases. Although some of these reform schemes achieve the desired equality of distribution, they unnecessarily entail a reduction in the value of distributable assets by carrying out piecemeal liquidations of local assets in order to satisfy some local claims. […] Cette thèse contient principalement une étude critique des conceptions traditionnelles et réformatrices de la loi sur la faillite internationale au Canada, en Angleterre et États-Unis. Elle éclaire les insuffisances de la loi traditionnelle ausi qua les limitations, contradictions et incohérences des mécanismes qui lui sont inhérents: les principes du droit international privé. Cette thèse soutient en outre que les plans de la reforme formulés jusque-là sont affectés par des problèmes d'organisation judiciaire et n'aboutissent pas à assurer les meilleurs résultats pour les procédures de faillite internationale. Quoique certains de ces projets de réforme réalisent l’égalité de distribution recherchée, ils entrainent une diminution inutile de la valeur des biens distribuables en provoquant des liquidations fragmentaires de biens situés sur place, en vue de satisfaire certaines réclamations locales. […]

This dissertation is essentially a critical examination of the traditional and reformatory approaches of international bankruptcy law in Canada, England, and the United States. It highlights the shortcomings of the traditional law and the inherent limitations, contradictions, and inconsistencies of its applicable mechanism; the doctrines of private international law. The dissertation further argues that the reform schemes thus far advanced suffer from jurisdictional problems and fall short of ensuring optimal outcomes for international bankruptcy cases. Although some of these reform schemes achieve the desired equality of distribution, they unnecessarily entail a reduction in the value of distributable assets by carrying out piecemeal liquidations of local assets in order to satisfy some local claims. […] Cette thèse contient principalement une étude critique des conceptions traditionnelles et réformatrices de la loi sur la faillite internationale au Canada, en Angleterre et États-Unis. Elle éclaire les insuffisances de la loi traditionnelle ausi qua les limitations, contradictions et incohérences des mécanismes qui lui sont inhérents: les principes du droit international privé. Cette thèse soutient en outre que les plans de la reforme formulés jusque-là sont affectés par des problèmes d'organisation judiciaire et n'aboutissent pas à assurer les meilleurs résultats pour les procédures de faillite internationale. Quoique certains de ces projets de réforme réalisent l’égalité de distribution recherchée, ils entrainent une diminution inutile de la valeur des biens distribuables en provoquant des liquidations fragmentaires de biens situés sur place, en vue de satisfaire certaines réclamations locales. […]

Defence date: 24 April 1992

Defence date: 13 March 1992

The shipping business is an important element for the life of the trade of the different countries of the world. It had a very important role in the past it still has and it will always have, as it is the cheapest means of transportation of goods. However, despite the importance of this element the legal complexities bom out of this business makes it a broad subject of study and research for the lawyers. This is because of the different documents used for the execution of the contract of transport by sea and because of the speed these deals are concluded and the different nationalities of the parties to the contract.

The sources of Africa's Civil Aviation Law and Policy are various. The region's political economy as well as its historic relationship with Europe have significant influences on its civil aviation law and policy which, nevertheless, cannot deviate from the international legal framework (Chapters 1-3). […] Le droit et la politique de l'aviation civile africaine ont des sources variées. L'économie politique de la région ainsi que ses relations historiques avec l'Europe influencent de façon importante le droit et la politique de 1 'aviation civile africaine qui' néanmoins, ne peut s'écarter de la structure juridique internationale (chapitres 1-3). […]

The introduction of this dissertation discusses geopolitical and socio-economic factors which influence transportation in Africa. Chapters II and III, respectively, analyse the concept of regionalism and the legal framework of multinational civil aviation co-operation. The economic advantages of surface and air transportation are compared in Chapter IV. Chapter V is a general survey of the impact of nationalism on socio-economic co-operation. To illustrate the extent of political problems, in economic and aeronautical co-operation, the former East African Community is reviewed in Chapter VI. The demised East African regional carrier is specifically discussed in Chapter VII. Chapter VIII highlights the notion in functionalism as an approach to the attainment of socio-economic integration. Multilateral organizations responsible for co-ordinating and fostering co-operation are examined in Chapters IX, X and XI. Current regional activities and future prospects are essessed in the penultimate chapter. The conclusion contains the essential elements required in creating regional airlines in Africa.

Corporation characterized by members' freedom from liability for corporate debts, and partnership, characterized by inter se relations of mutual confidence and good faith, are polar types. Over the ages a host of hybrid types has evolved between those polar types. In the incorporated partnership--the final stage of that evolution--partnership and corporation coalesce. American and German law recognize the personal fiduciary character of corporate partners' inter se relations for the purpose of enforcing fiduciary duties. Anomalously, English company law recognizes that character under the statutory just and equitable winding-up provision but not for the purpose of enforcing fiduciary duties. A case may therefore be made for recognizing fiduciary duties between corporate partners.

Le traité de la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) est un accord multilatéral signé par les États membres qui formaient la Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Le traité initial a été signé par les chefs d’État et de gouvernement des 16 États membres de l’époque en 1975 à Lagos, au Nigeria. Avec les nouveaux développements et mandats de la Communauté, un traité révisé a été signé à Cotonou, en République du Bénin, en juillet 1993 par les chefs d’État et de gouvernement des États membres actuels.

In this comparative study, we examine the legal regulation of civil aviation in Commonwealth Africa. In Chapter 1, we examine the history of Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and the evolution of the East African Community. Chapter 2 deals with colonial regulation of aviation. In Chapter 3, we consider problems of state succession in relation to aviation during the periods of transition to independence. Chapter 4 deals with treaty-making procedures of the respective states, while in Chapter 5, we examine the legislative, administrative and judicial processes of these states in relation to aviation. Licensing of air transport undertakings is considered in Chapter 6, while Chapter 7 is devoted to designation and control of airports. Some aspects of international economic law concerning aviation are considered in Chapter 8, while in Chapter 9, we examine the reconstruction of the state-owned airlines. In Chapter 10, we summarize and draw final conclusions. REGLEMENTATION LEGALE DE L'AVIATION CIVILE EN AFRIQUE DU COMMONWEALTH: UNE ETUDE COMPARATIVE Dans la présente étude comparative, nous examinons la réglementation légale de l'aviation civile en Afrique du Commonwealth. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons l'histoire du Nigéria, du Ghana, du Kenya, de l'Ouganda, de la Tanzanie et l'évolution de la Communauté est-africaine. Le chapitre 2 traite de la réglementation coloniale de l'aviation. Dans le chapitre 3, nous considérons les problèmes de la succession d'Etats en rapport avec l'aviation pendant les périodes de transition vers l'indépendance. Le chapitre 4 traite des procédures d'élaboration des traités des différents Etats, tandis que dans le chapitre 5, nous examinons les procédures législatives, administratives et judiciaires de ces Etats en ce qui concerne l'aviation. La réglementation des permis des entreprises de transport aérien est passée en revue dans le chapitre 6 alors que le chapitre 7 est consacré aux conditions de création et de fonctionnement et au contrôle des aérodromes. Certains aspects du droit économique international particuliers à l'aviation sont évoqués dans le chapitre 8 et dans le chapitre 9, nous examinons la reconstruction des lignes aériennes possédées par l'Etat. Finalement, dans le chapitre 10, nous donnons un résumé et tirons les conclusions générales

This the sis is an in-depth comparative study and critical examination of several wide-ranging problems in the law of corporation finance of Britain and the principal jurisdictions of Canada and the United States of America. The problems examined include inadequate Capitalization, Stock-watering, Reduction of Capital, Purchase by a Corporation of its Shares, and Dividends. The the sis examines the trends and patterns in the different jurisdictions and appraises their merits and defects. The study concludes that the conceptual ambiguities and practical difficulties which abound in the laws of corporation finance are aggravated by the failure of the law to work out rational rules based on a clear and unifying policy for the raising and maintenance of capital. The necessity for such a policy is advocated in view of the inadequacy of the existing institutions and devices for the protection of the multifarious interests involved in corporate business enterprises. Cette thèse se présente sous la forme d'une étude comparative en profondeur et d'un examen critique de quelques problèmes du droit des corporations financières de Grande Bretagne et des principales juridictions du Canada et des Etats-Unis d'Amérique. Y sont étudiés entre autres l'insuffisance de capital, la dilution de capital, la réduction de capital, le rachat de ses actions par une corporation et les problèmes concernant les dividendes. On y examine ensuite les tendances et positions de ces différentes juridictions, pour en évaluer les mérites et les défauts. En conclusion cette étude montre que les ambiguités conceptuelles et les difficultés pratiques qui abondent dans le droit des corporations financières sont aggravées par l'insuffisance de la loi à élaborer de règles rationnelles, basées sur une politique claire et uniforme de souscription et de maintien du capital. La nécessité d'une telle politique semble évidente lorsque l'on considère l'imperfection des institutions actuelles et des moyens de protection des multiples intérêts impliqués dans les corporations commerciales.