Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Generative AI has heralded a new age of possibilities and significantly altered the landscape of creation. What was once a niche tool has quickly become a de facto tool that everyday users employ to express themselves, particularly due to the rapid integration of such models into popular digital platforms. Accompanying the extensive usage of Generative AI are concerns from rightsholders regarding the tool’s ability to facilitate rapid and extensive copyright infringement. While complete regurgitation has clear copyright infringement concerns, the precise legality remains unclear for AI-generated output that has the potential to benefit from copyright exceptions and limitations. In efforts to reduce its liability, Generative AI models have introduced safety ‘guardrails’ to prevent, restrict, or alter prompts that it deems would generate output that might infringe copyright. While guardrails serve an important purpose in the face of blatant infringement, these also block or revise prompts which may benefit from exceptions and limitations, and therefore do not infringe copyright. Given these developments, the question of whether AI-generated output can benefit from exceptions and limitations to copyright becomes pertinent. Particularly in the realm of parody and pastiche, restrictions on such output pose serious freedom of expression concerns. This paper first explains how the applicability of these exceptions to GenAI output is independent from the questions of legality in the input stage, and ought to be kept that way. Thereafter, it examines the question of whether these exceptions of parody and pastiche under the EU’s copyright regime can apply to AI-generated outputs, and to what extent they apply.

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) now attract personal property rights but continue to challenge existing copyright law. NFTs consist of a digital file, which is either linked to or embedded within a CryptoToken. Copyright in a digital file is, as information only, exploited via communication to the public and making available, whereas a protected work incorporated in a tangible object, i.e. a painting, is exploited via distribution. So, where does this leave protected work incorporated within an NFT, and in particular CryptoArt? What is the nature of a CryptoToken and how does this relate to the underlying digital art file? The landmark case Osbourne v Persons Unknown & Ors [2023] EWHC 340 (KB) confirmed that NFTs are personal property, but the nature of such property rights remains unclear. Drawing on empirical evidence, this paper advocates how copyright law should be interpreted so as to treat NFTs as tangible CryptoAssets, with protected work, whether linked or embedded within the NFT, as incorporated within the CryptoToken. This would equate CryptoArt NFTs to paintings, enabling the distribution of copyright and legitimising secondary markets, which are central to the value and purpose of such NFTs. This reflects the position in practice, is technologically neutral and allows for technological development. It would also provide legal clarity, bolster business confidence, and ensure consumer protection in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. This paper also critiques the Property (Digital Assets etc) Act 2025, arguing that the creation of a third category of ‘thing’ in terms of property rights adds further complexity and challenge from a copyright perspective.

Scholarship on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and copyright tends to frame its inquiry around Turing's question — 'Can machines think?' — and the normative challenges of the new Spring of AI. This paper asks instead whether the governance challenges of Generative AI (GenAI) are genuinely unprecedented, or a new iteration of the endogenous self-structuration processes that have historically linked technological innovation and intellectual property law. Tracing the evolution of creative guilds — from the Stationers' Company to the decentralised guilds of the digital economy — it shows that clashes between creative industries and emergent technologies have consistently been resolved through lex mercatoria before sovereign regulation crystallised. It then argues that GenAI's architecture introduces a collective-moral dimension to authorship that copyright frameworks built around individual creativity cannot accommodate. The paper advances two contributions: pictographic AI-specific licensing instruments modelled on Creative Commons, and protection of complex prompts as copyrightable expression. GenAI's diffusion, it concludes, calls for adaptive governance rather than systemic disruption.

The opacity of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies raises pressing ethical concerns in education, where algorithmic decisions impact learners’ rights, opportunities, and agency. These concerns may be addressed through transparency, fairness, and accountability (TFA) principles: transparency via disclosure of data, logic, and outputs, and the provision of understandable explanations; fairness through preventing unjust bias; and accountability through clear responsibility, oversight, and redress mechanisms. Explainable AI (XAI) clarifies decision-making processes behind AI outputs, supporting ethical governance in educational settings. This paper examines the legal and technical dimensions of XAI in education, focusing on the EU AI Act and the GDPR. It argues that explainability is a fundamental requirement for high-risk educational AI and identifies approaches to operationalise XAI requirements embedded in these frameworks. It further considers stakeholder-tailored explanation methods to bridge gaps in AI literacy and domain expertise. A TFA thematic analysis of three hypothetical use cases — automated grading systems, AI detection, and personalised learning applications — illustrates the interaction between legal obligations, technical methods, and educational practice. By mapping regulatory requirements onto technical strategies, the paper proposes a compliance framework for implementing explainability in educational AI, contributing to the emerging discourse on XAI by clarifying legal standards, technical approaches, and their implications for ethical governance.

Generative AI is transforming industries by providing sophisticated, automated responses to complex queries. Dominant firms are increasingly integrating across the generative AI value chain, controlling foundational models, compute infrastructure, and access to critical data, raising concerns about abuses of market power and barriers to entry and expansion for smaller competitors. Against this background, this paper examines whether existing EU competition rules, particularly Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the European Merger Control Regulation, are sufficient to address anti-competitive conduct in generative AI markets. While these frameworks offer a robust foundation for scrutinising exclusionary practices and abuse of dominance, their effective application remains questionable, given the difficulty of defining relevant markets in fast-evolving AI ecosystems, addressing competition concerns promptly, and capturing mergers that fall below notification thresholds. Drawing lessons from digital platform regulation, the paper advocates a coordinated, multi-agency approach involving the European Commission, the European Data Protection Board, and the European AI Office, and a participatory regulatory framework engaging businesses, civil society, and other stakeholders to balance innovation, accountability, and fair competition.

Land transport operators in Cameroon can be criminally and civilly liable as a result of an accident resulting from their actions. This is provided for in section 289(1) of the penal code1. The criminal liability can be either in tort law, like in negligence, vicarious liability and strict liability, as well as under contract law. The criminal liability can be for an imprisonment term, the payment of a fine, or loss of life or destruction of property. However, the nature of liability in cases of accidents is faced with problems in Cameroon, as the cases suffer from continuous delay before the courts, weak sanctions provided in the penal code and more. This paper sets out to examine the efficiency of the nature of liability of transport operators in cases of accidents in Cameroon. A doctrinal research method has been adopted where the researcher has analyzed both primary and secondary sources of information. The primary sources are the laws and cases decided by courts, while the secondary sources are other write up which the researcher consulted to complete the research paper. Our findings reveal that the laxity of the courts and weak sanctions provided by the Penal code affects the effectiveness of the liability regime for transport operators in cases of accidents. We recommend that the penal code be revised and a more stringent criminal sanction be put in place. Also, a separate court system should be set up for disputes related to accidents to solve the problem of continuous delay before the courts.

This dissertation interrogates the extraordinary character of transitional justice as a legal project. My central claim is that treating procedure as dispensable in pursuit of expansive transformative goals is a disservice to the project itself. The prevailing assumption among scholars and practitioners has been that the existential battles of a transition are fought and won at the macro level: in the text of peace agreements, in constitutional amendments, or in grand normative commitments to truth, justice, and reparation. I show that some of the most consequential distributions of power take place elsewhere: in the granular procedural rules that govern how tribunals operate in practice. Procedural analysis serves here as both method and argument, disaggregating legal rules to reveal who bears costs and who captures benefits, and exposing how procedural opacity creates space for alternative sources of law to emerge. I contend that the exception in exceptional justice should not extend to procedural rigor, and that holding transitional tribunals to the same standards as any other apex court is not a limitation on what transitional justice can achieve, but the condition under which its achievements can be considered legitimate. Taken together, these moves advance a broader theoretical claim: that transitional justice sustains and reinforces the very same distributive arrangements as ordinary justice, rather than disrupting them. I develop these arguments by examining transitional justice in the Colombian 2016 peace process - one of the few ongoing transitional justice processes in the world, and therefore an important site for observing the legal project of transition in motion rather than in retrospect. I engage with Colombia as a matter of epistemic justice: my political commitment is that Latin America is not merely a recipient of international legal frameworks developed elsewhere but an important site in their production. I do not take Colombia as my object because it is exceptional. I take it because the claim that it is, and what that claim conceals, is precisely what this dissertation contests. Cette thèse interroge le caractère extraordinaire de la justice transitionnelle en tant que projet juridique. Mon argument central est que traiter la procédure comme accessoire, au nom d'objectifs transformateurs ambitieux, dessert le projet lui-même. L'hypothèse dominante a été que les batailles décisives d'une transition se gagnent au niveau macro : dans les accords de paix, les réformes constitutionnelles, les grands engagements normatifs en faveur de la vérité et de la réparation. Je montre que certaines des distributions de pouvoir les plus importantes se jouent ailleurs : dans les règles procédurales qui gouvernent le fonctionnement concret des tribunaux. L'analyse procédurale est ici à la fois méthode et argument : elle désagrège les règles juridiques pour révéler qui supporte les coûts et qui capte les bénéfices, et met en évidence comment l'opacité procédurale crée un espace pour l'émergence de sources alternatives du droit. Je soutiens que l'exception dans la justice exceptionnelle ne devrait pas s'étendre à la rigueur procédurale, et que soumettre les tribunaux transitionnels aux mêmes exigences que tout autre tribunal de rang supérieur n'est pas une limite à ce que la justice transitionnelle peut accomplir, mais la condition sous laquelle ses accomplissements peuvent être considérés comme légitimes. Ces arguments avancent une thèse théorique plus large : la justice transitionnelle maintient et renforce les mêmes distributions que la justice ordinaire, plutôt que de les remettre en cause. Je les développe en examinant le processus de paix colombien de 2016 - terrain privilégié pour observer la transition en train de se faire. J'aborde la Colombie comme une question de justice épistémique : l'Amérique latine n'est pas simplement destinataire de cadres juridiques élaborés ailleurs, mais un lieu important de leur production.

This article examines the effects of oil revenues on human capital in CEMAC countries over the period 1995–2020. The study is based on a dynamic panel of five countries (Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Chad). The data are sourced from the IMF, the World Bank (WDI), the UNDP and the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The author employs the Blundell and Bond (1998) GMM system estimator to address the endogeneity and persistence of human capital, supplemented by interaction term models and robustness tests (stationarity, cross-sectional dependence). The analyses reveal a negative or non-significant effect of oil revenues on human capital indicators (school enrolment, life expectancy, HDI-education). Institutional quality acts as a powerful positive moderator, whilst revenue volatility has a detrimental effect. These results highlight the need for better governance, stabilisation funds and a more efficient allocation of oil revenues towards education and health.

2008年5月1日《中华人民共和国劳动争议调解仲裁法》正式施行，结合我国目前劳动争议处理机制的特点，创设性地设立了劳动争议一裁终局制度。该制度的设立是为了缩短劳动争议处理周期，减轻劳动者诉累，更好地维护劳动者的权益，这是中国首创且独有的一种制度。该制度运行已十多年，已成为劳动争议仲裁的一项重要制度，但该制度在实践运用中，暴露出许多法理及操作上的问题，阻碍了该制度的实施以及劳动仲裁功能的发挥。 The Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China was officially implemented on May 1, 2008. In light of the characteristics of China’s current labor dispute resolu-tion mechanism, the law innovatively established the final arbitration award system for labor dis-putes. Designed to shorten the processing cycle of labor disputes, reduce the burden of litigation on workers, and better protect workers’ rights and interests, this system is an original and unique in-stitution in China. Having been in operation for more than a decade, it has become an important mechanism in labor dispute arbitration. However, in practical application, the system has exposed numerous problems in both legal theory and operational practice, hindering its implementation and the full functioning of labor arbitration.

The rapid proliferation of generative artificial intelligence has forced a fundamental re-examination of a question copyright law has never had to answer: can authorship exist without a human author? This article undertakes a comparative analysis of the international copyright frameworks operative in five jurisdictions — the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, and the People's Republic of China — set against the foundational international instruments of global copyright protection: the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty. Drawing on landmark judicial decisions including Thaler v. Perlmutter (D.C. Circuit, 2025), Li Yunkai v. Liu Yuanchun (Beijing Internet Court, 2023), and the CJEU's Infopaq line of cases, as well as the U.S. Copyright Office's January 2025 Part 2 Report on Copyrightability, this article demonstrates that the current international legal architecture is anchored to a human-centred conception of authorship that precludes autonomous AI systems from holding copyright. It further identifies significant and growing divergence in how jurisdictions treat the human-AI collaborative spectrum, and argues that this fragmentation creates regulatory arbitrage, impedes cross-border creative industries, and demands multilateral reform. The article concludes with a proposal for a WIPO-led harmonisation instrument built on the concept of qualified human creative control.

This empirical study examines the important factors impacting enterprises' e-commerce deployment in Nigeria using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Utilization of Technology and the Technology–Organization–Environment framework. While these models have been widely utilized in a variety of contexts, they may not include all of the characteristics necessary for the e-commerce market. To close this gap and improve their explanations of users' decisions to embrace and use e-commerce, the study introduced new characteristics that can help organizations make successful digital transformations while also increasing the model's ability to characterize consumer e-commerce acceptance behaviour. A quantitative survey of 336 respondents was carried out utilizing the convenience sample technique to obtain measurable data for the investigation of relationships between multiple influencing variables. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods. The findings revealed that, while effective e-commerce implementation could significantly improve the socioeconomic well-being of businesses and consumers, insufficient Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, concerns about transaction security, high internet service costs, and e-commerce technology implementation all pose significant barriers to mainstream e-commerce adoption and utilization in Nigeria. To improve living standards and promote inclusive economic growth, the study recommended that the government and network providers address the barriers to e-commerce adoption, such as insecurity, high data subscription fees, electricity, and poor network services.

Temporary labour migration constitutes both a historical phenomenon and an enduring central issue within the European Union. This thesis adopts a socio-legal approach to analyse the cases of France and Spain, focusing on seasonal work and posting of workers in the agricultural sector. It examines the experiences of temporary migrant women workers at the intersection of migration law and labour and social security law, in particular with regard to social security. Drawing on an intersectional perspective articulated around the concept of vulnerability, this research highlights the structuring role of law in these women’s experiences. This thesis demonstrates that the applicable legal framework contributes to reinforcing their vulnerability by establishing a system of exclusion and invisibilisation based on migration status, employment status and a gendered and racialised labour division, thereby limiting these women’s effective access to rights linked to their participation in the labour market, such as unemployment benefits, as well as to those relating to their reproductive lives. La migration temporaire de travail constitue à la fois un phénomène historique et un enjeu toujours central au sein de l’Union européenne. Cette thèse analyse, dans une perspective sociojuridique, les cas de la France et de l’Espagne, en se concentrant sur le travail saisonnier et le travail détaché dans le secteur agricole. Elle examine l’expérience des travailleuses migrantes temporaires à l’intersection du droit des migrations et du droit social, notamment en matière de sécurité sociale. Mobilisant une perspective intersectionnelle articulée au concept de vulnérabilité, cette recherche met en lumière le rôle structurant du droit dans l’expérience de ces femmes. La thèse démontre que le cadre juridique applicable contribue à renforcer leur situation de vulnérabilité en instaurant un système d’exclusion et d’invisibilisation fondé sur le statut migratoire, le statut d’emploi, et une division du travail genrée et racialisée, limitant ainsi l’accès effectif de ces femmes aux droits liés à leur participation au marché du travail, tels que le droit au chômage, ainsi qu’à ceux relatifs à leur vie reproductive.

The protection and promotion of land acquisition in Cameroon is ensured through a number of legal and administrative institutions established by the State to regulate land ownership, guarantee security of tenure and ensure land transactions are conducted in accordance with the law. These institutions operate within the framework established by the 1974 Land Ordinances, which reorganized the Land tenure system and create mechanisms for the management and allocation of land. Key institutions such as the Ministry of State Property, Surveys and Land Tenure, Land Consultative Boards, local administrative authorities and the courts play significant roles in supervising land registration, resolving disputes and ensuring that the procedures for acquiring both private and public land are respected. Despite the important, the effectiveness of these institutions is sometimes challenged by administrative delays and corruption. Nevertheless, their existence remains fundamental in promoting secure land tenure, facilitating lawful land transactions and strengthening confidence in the administration system in Cameroon. This article is based on the hypothetical premise that the role the institutions put in place to protect and promote land acquisition in Cameroon is ineffective. It seeks to examine the effectiveness of the role of the institutions in protecting and promoting land acquisition. Adopting the Doctrinal research method, the paper concludes that with improved coordination, institutional reforms, greater transparency and stronger enforcement of land laws, these bodies can more effectively fulfil their mandate of ensuring secure land tenure, reducing land disputes and encouraging sustainable land development and investment in Cameroon.

Long ago before the creation of the state courts, men had resorted to arbitration for the resolution of diputes. Today, based on the principle of monopoly of the state to render justice, the power to judge is given only to the state. Rendering of justice is one of the areas where the state exeercises its sovereign powers. This has made us to ask the question : is arbitration a violation of the sovereignty of the state in the domain of dispute resolution ? Arbitration is not a violation of the sovereign powers of the state because, it is not all disputes that are resolved via arbitration (for example, crimnal, tax disputes etc can not be settled via arbitration) and the state courts intervene in arbitratin when ever it is necessary. The sate courts intervene in arbitration to grant exequatur, order interim mesaures etc. Nonetheless, since OHADA legislator has not given a complete list of all disputes that can not be resolve via arbitration, we recomend that OHADA should provide a list of all disputes whcih can be settle via arbitration as it is the case with the Arbitration Act of Zimbabw. This article aims at identifying those cases that can not be settled by way of arbitration and those instances in which the state courts intervene in arbitration. Avant la création des tribunaux étatiques, les hommes ont eu recours à l'arbitrage pour la résolution des litiges. Aujourd'hui, sur la base du principe du monopole de l'État à rendre la justice, le pouvoir de juger n'est conféré qu'à l'État. Le fait de rendre la justice est l'un des domaines dans lesquels l'État exerce ses pouvoirs souverains. Cela nous a amenés à poser la question : l'arbitrage constitue-t-il une violation de la souveraineté de l'État dans le domaine du règlement des différends ? L'arbitrage n'est pas une violation des pouvoirs souverains de l'État car, d'une part, tous les litiges ne sont pas résolus par voie d'arbitrage (par exemple, les litiges pénaux, fiscaux, etc. ne peuvent pas être réglés par arbitrage) et, d'autre part, les tribunaux étatiques interviennent dans l'arbitrage chaque fois que cela est nécessaire. Les tribunaux étatiques interviennent dans l'arbitrage pour accorder l'exequatur, ordonner des mesures provisoires, etc. Néanmoins, étant donné que le législateur de l'OHADA n'a pas établi une liste exhaustive de tous les litiges qui ne peuvent pas être résolus par arbitrage, nous recommandons que l'OHADA fournisse une liste de tous les litiges qui peuvent être réglés par voie d'arbitrage, comme c'est le cas dans la loi sur l'arbitrage du Zimbabwe. Cet article vise à identifier les litiges qui ne peuvent pas être réglés par voie d'arbitrage ainsi que les situations dans lesquelles les tribunaux étatiques interviennent dans l'arbitrage.

This paper examines how coloniality continues to shape international trade procedures and processes, thereby contributing to persistent underdevelopment in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Although formal colonial rule has ended, the paper argues that its underlying power structures remain embedded in global economic systems. These manifest in countries of sub-Saharan Africa through unequal terms of trade, dependence on primary commodity exports, and externally driven development agendas. Drawing from dependency theory and Schumpeter’s notion of creative destruction, the paper specifically analyzes how historical patterns of exploitation and knowledge hierarchies are reproduced through contemporary trade agreements, financial institutions, and global value chains. The paper highlights how structural constraints of limited industrialization, vulnerability to price fluctuations, and asymmetrical bargaining power perpetuate economic dependency and destabilize social productive forces in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, creative talents to create new products and technologies to transform societies in sub-Saharan Africa are befuddled and crumpled. The paper concludes that addressing underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa requires confronting the colonial logics embedded in global trade structures and advancing alternative models grounded in economic sovereignty, regional integration, and equitable global governance. Thus, there is a need for the formation of capital for competitive innovation to support indigenous businesses in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. This is necessary because innovation tends not to occur in a free market; instead, innovation is deeply shaped by choices and investments made by the State in industrial policy (subsidies), research and development (R&D) funding, infrastructure, education, and human capital development.

The intent of shareholders of a commercial company is to make profits and never to lose; that is why the OHADA (Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa) law has created, partly for the protection of shareholders and their investments in the commercial company. Before the advent of the OHADA law in 1993, commercial companies were subject to a mixture of different laws from different eras, which could benefit neither the company nor the shareholders. With the advent of this new and harmonised law, the climate for business is favourable for the partners and the legal entity that carries the business (the commercial company). Through its different Uniform Acts, the OHADA law provides provisions with the aim of protecting the commercial company and its partners. The objective of this article is to analyze the different Uniform Acts to assess how far the OHADA law has advanced in guaranteeing shareholder and company protection. From analytical findings, the attractiveness of the OHADA law is revealed through the different measures of protection of commercial companies from internal and external pressures. These efforts cover every stage of corporate existence, from incorporation to liquidation. Though the effort of protection encounters some difficulties, such as language problems and the phenomenon of the concentration of companies, the OHADA Law has established enough measures for the development and sustainability of commercial companies under the OHADA legislation. We intend to use the doctrinal and legal analytical method to attain this objective.

This paper analyses the minimum wage as an instrument to provide a sustainable livelihood for employees and their families. In addressing this topic, the paper questions whether the present- day minimum wage of the country can actually enhance a sustainable livelihood for workers and their families in urban centres in general, and in the Buea municipality in particular. The paper further examines the relevant international and domestic instruments, such as the ILO Minimum Wage Fixing Convention No. 131 and the 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon. Findings reveal that the current minimum wage, which stands at 43,969 FRS, is grossly inadequate and does not match the prices of basic commodities needed for survival in the country as a whole and in Buea specifically. This, therefore, necessitates an increase in the current minimum wage. Given this situation, workers struggle to attain a sustainable livelihood. A new minimum wage policy considering Cameroon’s current economic situation could alleviate the suffering of these workers. Cet article analyse le salaire minimum en tant qu’instrument permettant d’assurer des moyens de substance durable aux travailleurs et leurs familles. Abordant cette problématique, l’étude s’interroge sur la capacité du salaire minimum actuellement en vigueur dans le pays à garantir effectivement un niveau de vie durable aux travailleurs et à leurs familles dans les centres urbains en général, et dans la municipalité de Buea en particulier. L’article examine en outre les instruments internationaux et nationaux pertinents, tel que la Convention (n° 131) de l’OIT sur la fixation des salaires minima et le Code du travail camerounais de 1992. Les résulta révèlent que le salaire minimum actuel, fixé à 43,969 FCFA est largement insuffisant, et ne correspond pas au coût des produits de première nécessité indispensables à la survie, tant a l’échelle nationale qu’à Buea en particulier. Cette situation rend donc nécessaire une revalorisation du salaire minimum en vigueur. Dans ces conditions, les travailleurs éprouvent de sérieuses difficultés à atteindre des moyens de subsistance durables. L’adoption une nouvelle politique de salaires minimum, tenant compte de la situation économique actuelle du Cameroun, pourrait contribuer à atténuer les souffrances de ces travailleurs.

L'Internet est devenu une partie essentielle de la vie moderne. Un développement important est «l'Internet des objets» (IoT), qui connecte des dispositifs physiques à Internet. Plus récemment, un concept plus large est apparu: «l'Internet de tout» (IoE), intégrant quatre composantes, les personnes, les processus, les données et les objets. L'ajout de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) à l'IoE a donné naissance à «l'Intelligence Artificielle de Tout» (IAdT). Cette combinaison offre des avantages significatifs pour le secteur de l'énergie en optimisant la production, la distribution et la consommation d'énergie. Cependant, elle soulève également des défis critiques en matière de protection des données, de cybersécurité et de localisation des données. Dans cette thèse, j'explore comment les gouvernements et les entreprises énergétiques peuvent collaborer pour répondre aux risques liés à la confidentialité et à la cybersécurité des technologies IAdT. J'analyse également les exigences de localisation des données et j'examine les cadres réglementaires pertinents, en particulier au sein de l'Union européenne (avec un accent sur l'Irlande) et au Canada (y compris la province de l'Ontario). The Internet has become an essential part of modern life. One significant development is the “Internet of Things” (IoT), which connects physical devices to the Internet. More recently, a broader concept has emerged: the “Internet of Everything” (IoE), which integrates four key components: people, processes, data, and things. The addition of artificial intelligence (AI) to IoE has given rise to the "Artificial Intelligence of Everything" (AIoE). This combination offers significant benefits to the energy sector by optimizing energy production, distribution, and consumption. However, it also introduces critical challenges related to data protection, cybersecurity, and data localization. In this thesis, I explore how governments and energy companies can collaborate to address privacy and cybersecurity risks associated with AIoE technologies. I also analyze data localization requirements and review relevant regulatory frameworks, particularly within the European Union (with a focus on Ireland) and Canada (including the province of Ontario).

Recently, human trafficking has been on a rise with African states fighting to put an end to the crime by protecting victims, prosecuting culprits and collaborating with other partners. As a giant step towards fighting this crime, many African states ratified the Palermo Protocol, Ouagadougou Action Plan, domesticated trafficking laws and put in place institutions. Despite these efforts, trafficking in persons remain a persistent crime due to conflicts, poverty, unemployment and corruption, which increase the vulnerability of persons within and from Africa. Adopting a doctrinal research method, this paper questions the effectiveness of African States’ efforts to protect, prosecute and prevent this crime in and from Africa. It concludes that, while African states must be applauded for their efforts to protect, prosecute and collaborate with other states and organizations to combat this crime, much still remains to be done. This is due to the existence of factors like poverty, unemployment that create vulnerabilities and enforcement challenges like corruption, victim identification, delays in cross-border collaboration and weak legal frameworks. African states should therefore address underlying socio-economic factors, strengthen their domestic legal frameworks and enhance international cooperation to fully combat this crime. Récemment, la traite des êtres humains a connu une recrudescence, et les États Africains s'efforcent d'y mettre fin en protégeant les victimes, en poursuivant les auteurs et en collaborant avec d'autres partenaires. Dans le cadre de cette lutte, de nombreux États Africains ont ratifié le Protocole de Palerme et le Plan d'action de Ouagadougou, intégré des lois nationales relatives à la traite et mis en place des institutions spécialisées. Malgré ces efforts, la traite des personnes demeure un crime persistant en raison des conflits, de la pauvreté, du chômage et de la corruption, qui accroissent la vulnérabilité des personnes en Afrique et en provenance d'Afrique. Adoptant une méthode de recherche doctrinale, cet article examine l'efficacité des efforts déployés par les États Africains pour protéger, poursuivre et prévenir ce crime sur leur territoire et à partir de leur territoire. Il conclut que, alors que les États Africains doivent être salués pour leurs efforts de protection, de poursuite et de collaboration avec d'autres États et organisations pour combattre ce crime, il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Ceci s'explique par l'existence de facteurs tels que la pauvreté et le chômage, qui créent des vulnérabilités, et par des difficultés d'application de la loi comme la corruption, l'identification des victimes, les retards dans la collaboration transfrontalière et la faiblesse des cadres juridiques. Les États africains devraient donc s'attaquer aux facteurs socio économiques sous-jacents, renforcer leurs cadres juridiques nationaux et intensifier la coopération internationale afin de lutter pleinement contre ce crime.

The book asks whether the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative AI (GenAI) in international arbitration represents a revolution or an evolution of the international dispute resolution landscape. Critically engaging with the transformative impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), this book focuses on the integration of AI and GenAI into international commercial arbitration. Set against the backdrop of rapid technological advancement, it explores how arbitral tribunals and stakeholders are cautiously yet progressively adopting these innovations in a manner that respects and preserves the foundational principles of arbitration. Through an interdisciplinary and practice-oriented approach, the book examines the evolving role of AI in arbitration. It analyzes how AI is perceived and applied by parties, arbitral institutions, and arbitrators, as well as assesses the legal frameworks in place to govern it. Offering a balanced analysis of both the opportunities and legal and ethical dilemmas posed by emerging technologies, the book asks if a duty of disclosure is relevant in relation to AI use, and what challenges this might entail. It also covers the status of AI-generated arbitral awards under international law, as well as copyright law. This book will be of interest to researchers in the field of international arbitration and commercial law