Bibliographie sélective OHADA

ukuk davaları yaygın şekilde mahkemeden istenen hukuk himayeye göre bir sınıflandırılmaya tabi tutulmaktadır. Kişiler arasında geçerli olarak kurulan bir hukuki ilişkiyi bertaraf ederek yeni bir hukuki durum tesis eden davalar inşai davalar, bu davaların kabulü üzerine verilen mahkeme kararları ise inşai hükümler olarak adlandırılır. İnşai hükümler o zamana kadar var olmayan, ancak hükmün kesinleşmesiyle birlikte ortaya çıkan bir yeni bir hukuki durum yaratırlar. Kural olarak inşai hükümler herkese karşı etkilidir ve istenilen etkiyi doğurmak için icraya ya da herhangi bir aracıya ihtiyaç duymazlar. Özel hukuk alanında inşai davalar aile hukuku ve ticaret hukukunda yoğunlaşmakla birlikte, usul hukuk ve takip hukuk alanında inşai dava örnekleri de bulunmaktadır. Keza çekişmeli yargıda olduğu kadar çekişmesiz yargı işlerinde, geçici hukuki koruma tedbirleri görünümünde de inşai sonuç doğuran mahkeme kararlarına rastlanır. Bu tezde inşai hükümle ilgili temel kavramlar ele alındıktan sonra inşai hükmün özellikleri, türleri ve hükmün inşai etkisi başlıkları ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınacak; problemli gördüğümüz hususlarla ilgili kişisel önerilerde bulunulacaktır. Civil lawsuits are commonly subject to a classification according to the legal protection required from the court. Lawsuits which establish a new legal situation by eliminating a legal relationship established between individuals, are called constitutive lawsuits, and court verdicts made upon the acceptance of these lawsuits are called constitutive judgments. The constitutive judgments create a new legal situation that did not exist until then, but emerged with the finalization of the judgment. Likewise, as a rule, constitutive judgments are inter omnes effective against everyone and do not require execution or any means to produce the desired effect. In the field of private law, constitutive lawsuits are concentrated mostly in family law and commercial law, but there are also examples of constitutive lawsuits in the field of procedural law and law of execution. Moreover, in the area of non - contentious jurisdiction and temporary legal protections, constitutive court decisions are also exist. After considering the basic concepts related to the constitutive judgments, the features, the types and the titles of the constitutive judgments will be discussed in detail in our dissertation. Later on personal suggestions will be made on issues we consider problematic.

Çokuluslu şirketlerin etki alanı küresel olmakla birlikte, gerçekleştirdikleri faaliyetlerdeki menfaatleri özeldir ve nihai hedefleri de kârlılıklarını arttırmaktır. 1970'lerden itibaren çokuluslu şirketlerin dünyanın ekonomik kalkınmasına hizmet edebileceğine yönelik toplumsal beklentinin gerçekçi olmadığı ciddi insani ve çevresel maliyetleriyle birlikte anlaşılmıştır. Gerçekten de, neoliberal politikalar, ekonomik küreselleşme ve uluslararası yatırım antlaşmaları rejimiyle daha da güç ve nüfuz kazanan çokuluslu şirketlerin sebep olduğu siyasi, ekonomik, hukuki, çevresel ve sosyal sorunlar günümüzde belirgin bir hale gelmiştir. Toplumsal ve küresel eşitsizliklerin ve adaletsizliklerin daha da derinleşmesi kamuoyunda büyük endişe yaratmaktadır. Yaşanmakta olan bu süreç, insan haklarını koruma ve mağduriyetleri telafi mekanizmalarının yetersizliklerini gözler önüne sermektedir. Çokuluslu şirketlerin faaliyetlerini nasıl gerçekleştirdiğine veya güçlerini ne yönde kullandıklarına ilişkin hesap verilebilirliğin sağlanabilmesi için ortaya çıkan toplumsal beklentinin karşılanabilmesi amacıyla, 2011 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Konseyi tarafından oybirliğiyle kabul edilen Rehber İlkeler çerçevesinde, devletlerin insan haklarını koruma ödevlerinin yanı sıra şirketlerin de insan haklarına saygı gösterme sorumluluğunun olduğu ve bu sorumluluğun gereklerini yerine getirmek için insan hakları etki incelemesi (HRDD) yapmaları gerektiği açık bir şekilde ifade edilmiştir. Şirketlere atfedilen bu insan hakları sorumluluğunun uluslararası hukukta ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukunda temellendirilmesi önem taşımaktadır. Zira, çokuluslu şirketlerin tedarik zincirlerindeki uygulamaları, uluslararası hukukun emredici kurallarının (jus cogens) ihlallerini de içeren birçok insan hakları ihlallerine sebebiyet vermektedir. Ancak, iç hukuk sistemlerinde çokuluslu şirketlerin örgütlenme biçimleri ve tüzel kişilik perdesinden kaynaklanan kısıtlar nedeniyle hesap verilebilirlikleri sağlanamamaktadır. Gerçekten de, iş dünyası ve insan hakları alanının esas tartışması ve sermayenin insan hakları ihlalleri kaynaklı yaşanan adaletsizliklerin esas nedeni, çokuluslu şirketlerin insan hakları sorumluluğunun sağlanabilmesine karşı en başta ticaret hukuku ve sözleşmeler hukuku olmak üzere iç hukukta yer alan yasal engeller, liberalizmin kalıplaşmış bakış açılarının aşılamaması ve çokuluslu sermayenin (yabancı yatırımın) ekonomik kalkınmayı ve toplumsal gönenci beraberinde getireceğine yönelik gerçekdışı beklentidir. Şirketlerin sahip olduğu insan hakları sorumluluğu uluslararası örf ve âdet hukuk normu olarak belirdikten sonra Rehber İlkeler kapsamında beyan edilmiş, HRDD de bu sorumluluğunun gereklerini ifa edilebilmesi için önemli ve gerekli bir risk tespit aracı olarak öngörülmüştür. Devletlerin insan haklarını koruma ödevleri gereği, şirketlerden hesap sorulabilirliğin ve hak mağdurlarının adalete erişimlerinin sağlanabilmesi için iç hukuk engellerini kaldırması ve/veya hesap sorulabilirliği kolaylaştırıcı iç hukuk düzenlemeleri yapması gerekmektedir. Son dönemde özellikle Avrupa Birliğinde ve Avrupa Birliğine üye olan devletlerde yaşanan yasal gelişmeler de bu gerekliliğin bir sonucudur. Even though the domain of multinational companies is global, their interests are private and their ultimate goal is to increase their profitability. Since 1970s, it has been understood that the social expectation that multinational companies can serve for the economic development of the world is not realistic and this understanding was gained with serious human and environmental costs. Indeed, the political, economic, legal, environmental and social problems caused by the mutinational companies, who have assumed more power and influence through widespread neoliberal policies, economic globalization and international investment treaties regime, have become more evident today. The intensification of social and global inequalities as well as injustice among societies raised great concern in the public opinion. This ongoing process reveals the shortcomings and inadequacies of human rights protection and remediation mechanisms. In order to meet the social expectation for ensuring legal accountability of multinational companies regarding their global activities, in 2011 the United Nations Human Rights Council unanimously adopted the 'Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights', which explicity sets forth corporate responsibility to respect human rights in addition to already existing state duty to protect human rights. Guiding Principles also states that business actors should make human rights due diligence (HRDD) to fulfill the requirements and conditions of their human rights responsibility. It is important to establish legal basis of corporate responsibility to respect human rights within the scope of international law and international human rights law. Otherwise, such responsibility would not be legally enforceable and thus, one can easily argue that this responsibility exists in vacuum juris. However, we have been witnessing various practices and operations of multinational companies within their supply chains, which would constitute human rights violations - in fact, some of these violations are breaches of jus cogens. Nonetheless, it is not possible to ensure the legal accountability of multinational companies in the current national legal systems due to legal barriers arising from how multinational companies' organizations are structured and corporate veil doctrine stipulated in national laws. The main discussion in the field of business and human rights and the main reason for injustices due to human rights violations by corporate actors; legal barriers arising from domestic law – particularly, commercial and contractual law – for establishing human rights responsibility of multinational companies, inability to go beyond streotypical approach of liberalism, and the unrealistic expectation that multinational companies (as well as foreign investment) will bring economic development and social welfare. As a matter of fact, the corporate responsibility to respect human rights has been declared within the scope of the Guiding Principles after this responsibility was emerged as an international customary law norm. HRDD is also envisaged as an important and necessary risk assessment tool for the fulfillment of this responsibility's requirements. As precribed by the duty of states to protect human rights, in order to ensure legal accountability of corporate actors and to enable victims' access to justice, removing domestic legal barriers and enacting necessary regulations that would facilitate accountability are required. Recent legal developments, especially in the European Union and the member states of the European Union, are also a result of this necessity.

Party autonomy is a well-accepted doctrine codified by national, international and supranational organizations that enables parties to be able to not only shape their contract but also their dispute resolution methods. It is believed that parties know their best interests; therefore, it is reasonable to give parties the freedom to decide whom they contract with and on what terms. This maximizes the autonomous freedom of the parties. Therefore, today it is well accepted that parties could waive their right to go to court and choose arbitration instead. However, through history, party autonomy has been seen as a direct threat to sovereign authority. States were always suspicious that arbitration hearings may not be as fair as court hearings since parties have the right to manipulate the arbitration processes. As a direct result of this, states regulated restrictions on party autonomy in international commercial arbitrations. Unfortunately, there is not an accepted definition of these restrictions and their effects on party autonomy have not been established or regulated internationally. Since party autonomy is the backbone of international commercial arbitration, it is important to crystalize the restrictions on party autonomy in procedural issues which directly affects the wellbeing of the arbitration process. Well accepted international regulations such as the New York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards or UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration helped to establish a unified system of restrictions on party autonomy but every state and state's courts interpret these restrictions differently. As procedural issues affect the result of international commercial arbitration, restrictions on party autonomy in procedural issues should be examined carefully. It is not an exaggeration that in international commercial arbitration the real and complicated questions most of the time originate from the issues of the boundaries of party autonomy. The tension between the party autonomy and efficiency of an arbitration process affects every decision which can be made by parties, arbitrators or courts. Therefore, this dissertation will investigate these problems in three parts by outlining; the source of party autonomy, the restrictions of party autonomy and the applications of these restrictions to party autonomy in procedural issues in international commercial arbitration. In the first part, the origin of party autonomy doctrine and how the doctrine developed throughout time will be examined. The law of arbitration, lex arbitri will be examined first. There are two accepted theories to determine lex arbitri. According to the territorialism theory, arbitration gets its power from the law of the place where the arbitration takes place. This theory suggests that the place where the arbitration takes place has control power over the procedure of arbitration. On the other hand, delocalization theory suggests that arbitral tribunals are detached from and not under the control of the law of the seat of arbitration. Although it looks like delocalization theory suits the needs of the international trade practice better because it assumes that arbitration is not in control of any law, it is still important to accept the power of the seat of arbitration since arbitration always needs a law to be controlled and get help. This section will also cover how different countries and international regulations determine lex arbitri and how it is determined in Turkish law according to the Turkish International Arbitration Law, Law no.4686. In the second part, restrictive measures of party autonomy will be examined. It will start with why party autonomy in procedural issues is needed to be restricted. Then the source of these restrictions will be mentioned. Afterwards, the common notions of the restrictions will be examined under the concepts of principles and rules. Under principles, the public policy and the common due process issues such as party equality, right to be heard, independence and impartiality of arbitrators will be examined in great detail. Then, mandatory rules which are based on these principles and their effect on party autonomy will be explained. The section will be closed with the examination of the circumstances where these principles and rules contradict each other. The main purpose of the second part is to look for commonly accepted problems of restrictions of party autonomy in procedural issues and how these common problems may evolve to a uniformed standard of the law, namely lex proceduralia. In the third part, the application of restrictions on party autonomy will be examined. The application of restrictions has different effects on parties, arbitrators and courts. Parties' autonomy is restricted while they are preparing their agreement on procedural issues, arbitrators are restricted during the arbitration processes and courts are restricted while helping the arbitration or controlling the awards. Before the arbitration process is initiated, parties' autonomy to shape their agreement looks like it is almost unlimited. However, parties' autonomy is always restricted by their choices. This situation is called the autonomy paradox. Therefore, the question of what parties can decide before the arbitrators join the processes is of the upmost importance. When the process starts and arbitrators start working, they balance the choice of parties and the restrictions of party autonomy. Since it is accepted that arbitrators are bound by the parties' choice and their power comes from the agreement of parties, it should be questioned whether they need to execute every choice of parties even if the choice is against mandatory provisions of lex arbitri or general accepted due process norms. Last but not least, courts' role on determining the party autonomy will be questioned. The power of courts to intervene in the arbitral process determine the practical limits of the autonomy of parties. During the arbitration process, the court may intervene in the process to help or control the arbitration; but real control power comes from when one of the parties asks courts to set aside or enforce the arbitral awards. While courts examine the arbitral awards, they also indirectly decide the limits of party autonomy. Therefore, this section will examine, which restrictions will affect the fate of the arbitral awards and how the courts should evaluate these restrictions. In conclusion, the dissertation will mainly investigate the topic of freedom of parties to determine the procedural issues in international commercial arbitration. It will aim to interpret and make use of the party autonomy doctrine as coherent as it can in the modern age. By illustrating the definition and limitations of the party autonomy in the procedural issues in international commercial arbitration, the dissertation will try to find a common international ground. This common ground may help to keep arbitration processes efficient while it provides fair hearings.

Bu doktora tezi, anonim ortaklıklar hukukunda esas sözleşme özgürlüğü ve bunun sınırlarının çeşitli açılardan incelenmesini konu almaktadır. Üç bölümden oluşan tezin ilk bölümü konunun kuramsal çerçevesini çizmeyi hedeflerken, ikinci ve üçüncü bölümler ise mevcut sorunlar karşısında dogmatik hukuk bakımından çözümler geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle özel hukukta ve ortaklıklar hukukunda sözleşme özgürlüğünün kavramsal, teorik, tarihsel, anayasal, ekonomik ve ahlaki zemini ortaya koyulmuştur. İkinci bölümde sözleşme özgürlüğünün anonim ortaklıklar hukukundaki görünümü ele alınmış ve bunu hayata geçiren en önemli işlem olan esas sözleşme çeşitli açılardan irdelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise esas sözleşme özgürlüğünün genel hükümler ve anonim ortaklıklar hukuku çerçevesindeki sınırları incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda TK m. 340 hükmünde düzenlenen emredici hükümler ilkesine özel bir önem atfedilmiştir. Çalışmada disiplinler arası yöntemin esas alınması doğrultusunda ortaklık teorilerine ve hukukun ekonomik analizine başvurulmuştur. Anılan yöntemlerin katkısı hem pozitif hukuk hem de hukuk politikası açısından ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca incelemede karşılaştırmalı hukuka ve tarihsel araştırmaya geniş yer ayrılmıştır. This doctoral thesis analyzes contractual freedom in articles of association and its limits in joint stock companies from various aspects. The thesis consists of three parts. While the first part aims to set the theoretical framework of the problem, the second and third parts intend to find solutions vis-à-vis existing problems in terms of positive law. Within this scope conceptual, theoretical, constitutional, economic and ethical aspects of contractual freedom in private law and corporate law are primarily examined. The second part deals with contractual freedom in corporate law and examines articles of association from various perspectives as it is the most important legal act that brings contractual freedom into being. The last part analyzes the limits of contractual freedom in articles of association pursuant to general provisions of civil law and joint stock company law. In this regard, the principle of mandatory norms stipulated in Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 Article 340 is attached a particular importance. Theories of the corporation and economic analysis of law are applied in accordance with the interdisciplinary methodological view adopted in this study. Contribution of the mentioned methods are set forth in terms of both positive law and legal policy. Moreover, comparative legal analysis and historical analysis are used extensively.

"Bu tez çalışması ile işletme yöneticilerinin ticari belge tanzim ve hukuki süreçlerine ilişkin bilgi ve algı düzeyleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. İşletme yöneticileri içinde faaliyet gösterdikleri ülkenin hukuki kurallarına göre iş piyasası ve iş hayatında faaliyet gösterirler. Ve bu kurallar ticari hayat içinde onlar için en önemli bağlayıcı normlardır. Bu çalışma ilgi ticaret hukukunun iş hayatında en önemli faaliyet ve uygulama alanı bulan ticari belge tanzimi ve hukuki süreçlerinin yöneticiler tarafından ne seviyede algılandığının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Tez çalışma dört bölümden oluşturulmuştur. İlk bölümümüz giriş bölümüdür. İkinci bölümde yönetim konuları, ticari belgeye ilişkin hukuki argümanlara yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm uygulama bölümüdür. Dördüncü bölümde ise sonuç ve yorumlara yer verilmiştir. With this thesis, the level of knowledge and perception of business executives regarding the issuance and legal processes of commercial documents has been tried to be revealed. Business executives operate in the labor market and business life according to the legal rules of the country in which they operate. And these rules are the most important binding norms for them in commercial life. With this study, it is aimed to reveal the level of perception of commercial document arrangement and legal processes, which find the most important field of activity and application in business life, by managers. The study is composed of four parts. Our first part is the introduction. In the second part, administrative issues and legal arguments related to the commercial document are included. The third part is the implementation part. In the fourth section, results and comments are given."