Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The frequency of dissenting opinions accompanying arbitration awards in international arbitration has multiplied, particularly in international investment arbitration. Accordingly, dissenting opinions are now inevitable companions to majority awards. Notwithstanding the fact that dissenting opinions neither form part of an arbitral award nor constitute a separate award, the escalation of dissenting opinions spawns anxiety in scholars and practitioners. This trepidation ignited a crusade whereby those opposed to the practice of rendering dissent challenge the role and usefulness of these opinions. In this respect, this Article initially considers and critiques specific arguments raised by those opposed to dissenting opinions in international arbitration. Following analysis of the criticisms, this Article explores the beneficial and constructive aspects of dissenting opinions. Evident from this discussion is that dissenting opinions are not only integral to supplement an arbitrator’s quasi-judicial capacity, but also encourage issuance of well-reasoned awards. Clear from the benefits of dissenting opinions in international arbitration, any departure from the present clemency espoused toward the practice will eventuate in the field’s regression.

In recent years, investor-State tribunals have often permitted shareholders' claims for reflective loss despite the well-established principle of no reflective loss applied consistently in domestic regimes and in other fields of international law. Investment tribunals have justified their decisions by relying on definitions of "investment" in investment agreements that often include "shares", while the no-reflective-loss principle is generally justified on the basis of policy considerations pertaining to the preservation of the efficiency of the adjudicatory process and to the protection of other stakeholders, such as creditors. Although these policy considerations militating for the prohibition of shareholders' claims for reflective loss also apply in investor-State arbitration, they are curable in that context and must be balanced with policy considerations specific to the field of international investment law that weigh in favor of such claims: the protection of foreign investors in order to promote trade and investment liberalization.

Este trabajo trata del régimen especial de responsabilidad de los administradores por la llevanza de las páginas web corporativas de las sociedades de capital no cotizadas, establecido por el art.11-ter LSC. Este régimen, que solo se aplica al deber de mantenimiento de lo insertado y a la garantía de ausencia de interrupción al acceso, descarga e impresión gratuitos de la información publicada, parece diferir del régimen general de responsabilidad de administradores, establecido en los arts.236 a 241-bis, en algunos aspectos. El autor analiza esas diferencias, que pueden constituir la causa del pobre empleo en la actualidad de este instrumento en las sociedades de capital españolas.

Upon the recognition that the implementation of the judicial management process would not be the success that it was anticipated it would be, it became apparent that there was need for a system of corporate rescue appropriate to the needs of a modern South African economy. The legislature then introduced a new business rescue regime when the Companies Act 71 of 20082 (the Act) came into effect in the South African law. This new Act remarkably changed corporate law. One of the central features of the Act is the introduction of business rescue- a procedure which provides for the rehabilitation of financially distressed companies in a manner that seeks to balance the rights of all stakeholders. These provisions are said to be the appropriate method for modern South African economy and they differently affect the stakeholders of a company. This thesis will be discussing the different rights given to affected persons in the new Companies Act and examine how the provisions of business rescue affect different stakeholders of the company and compare such effects with those experienced under judicial management, specifically in light of the improvements of the positions of the stakeholders. Although the new business rescue is a remarkable improvement from the old judicial management system, there is still room for improvement.

Arbitration is a way to resolve disputes outside the courts as a form of an alternative dispute resolution. The submitted dispute will be decided by one or more arbitrators, who will then render an arbitral award. One of the most fundamental principles of arbitration that must be adhered to by all arbitrators worldwide is the impartiality and independence of arbitrators, which have been regulated in various International laws. Arbitrators are not allowed to communicate with any party related to the case they are hearing. Further, arbitrators should not be influenced by others in making their decision and drafting the arbitral award to ensure objectivity and prevent any bias. An arbitrator's failure to act impartial and independent can lead to the invalidity or annulment of an arbitral award.

In a globalized world, arbitration plays an increasing role in settling international disputes. Almost all areas of Law are or might be concerned. Until very recently, [international] taxation was - as a rule - seen as a not ‘arbitrable-friendly’ matter. As the ‘classical’ method of settling international tax disputes - i.e., based on the so-called ‘Mutual Agreement Procedure’ (shortly, ‘M.A.P.’) - has shown its limits (mainly: lack of efficiency and involvement from the taxpayers themselves), arbitration became a subject of study for well-known and established academics and even an appropriate method of settling such international tax issues. As a result, both on international (O.E.C.D.) and European levels, legal initiatives have been taken, in order to promote arbitration as an additional tool of settling disputes in the field of international taxation. The purpose of the present article is, therefore, to describe and scrutinize these [very] recent legal initiatives and raise some potential issues that, at least in the author’s view, need to be addressed. One of these issues concerns the enforcement of such arbitral decisions.

No abstract available.

أعدت قواعد روتردام بهدف ارساء مجموعة حديثة من القواعد الموحدة على الصعيد الدولي ، لتزويد أطراف عقد النقل البحري باليقين القانوني من أجل السير الحسن لعملية نقل البضائع عن طريق البحر وفق تبادل عادل للأعباء و المسؤوليات، لذلك يتعين على الدول النظر بعناية في مزايا الاتفاقية الجديدة حتى تقرر ما اذا كانت قواعد روتردام تلبي توقعاتها من حيث أحكامها الموضوعية و انعكاساتها الاقتصادية و كذلك من حيث قدرتها على توفير توحيد دولي للقوانين البحرية.لذا تجسد بحثنا من أجل دراسة أبعاد قواعد روتردام بالنسبة للدول الشاحنة.

عالجت هذه الرسالة النظام القانوني للسفينة .و في محاولة لتعريفها تبين ان الامر ليس بالشيء الهين نظرا لظهور اليات جديدة و عمارات بحرية مختلفة الشكل عن السفينة التقليدية اوجدها التطور التكنولوجي. ان هذا التنوع ترتب عنه اختلاف كبير في التعريفات ، و نجد عن كثرة المفاهيم غموض لم يكن من السهل تجاوزه لولا تدخل الفقه و القضاء الذين ساهما بشكل كبير في توضيح مفهوم السفينة عن طريق ايجاد معايير كان لها اثرها في بيان ما يعتبر سفينة و ما لا يعتبر كذلك . ثم تم التسائل في القسم الاول عما اذا كانت السفينة تشكل ذمة بحرية تتميز باستقلالها عن الذمة البرية . قد عولجت مسألة تخصيص هذه الذمة في القسم الثاني على ضوء النصوص الدولية و الوطنية و خاصة القانون البحري الجزائري و منها تبين ان السفينة ، و لاعتبارات معينة اصبحت تشكل ذمة تخصيص يعتمد عليها الدائنون البحريون عند منحهم لاي اعتماد مسحوب للسفينة و ذلك عن طريق حجزها ضمانا للديون البحرية دون غيرها

للاستثمار العربي في الج ا زئر أهمية خاصة لسببين: أحدهما يتعلق بأهمية الاستثمار في حد ذاته لما يلعبه من دور لا يستهان به في التنمية الاقتصادية للدولة، مؤث ا ر على كل جوانب الحياة في المجتمع بما يوفره من تطور اقتصادي وازدهار واستق ا رر، وثانيهما يرتبط باتخاذه وسيلة لتجسيد التعاون العربي المشترك وتحقيق التكامل المنشود منذ عقود، والذي تأكد عدم تحققه الا بالاعتماد على المدخل الإنتاجي من خلال توظيف رؤوس الأموال العربية في الدول العربية. بدافع هذين العاملين وجذبا لرؤوس الأموال العربية وضعت الج ا زئر اطا ا ر قانونيا ا زخ ا ر بالضمانات والامتيا ا زت بعد تحديد مفهوم الاستثمار العربي، هذا الإطار يتألف من الاحكام الاتفاقية السامية على التشريع الوطني الواردة في الاتفاقيات المبرمة بين الج ا زئر والدول العربية بعد المصادقة عليها، ومن احكام التشريع الوطني الذي يعد آلية قانونية تنفذ بها الدولة است ا رتيجياتها. ت ا زمن ذلك مع تهيئة مناخ الاستثمار بصفة عامة من خلال الإصلاحات التي طالت مختلف التشريعات المتعلقة بإقامة الاعمال اولاستثمار في الج ا زئر. جاءت هذه الد ا رسة لتبين معالم هذا الإطار القانوني، مكوناته ومدى تأثيره في رفع مست وى الاستثمار العربي في الج ا زئر كما ونوعا، ضمن مشاريع التكتل الإقليمي والجهوي او المبادلات الثنائية مع الدول العربية.

La réflexion sur la réglementation des contrats électroniques internationaux a pris, ces dernières années, une ampleur sans précédent.L’usage accru des communications électroniques à l’échelle internationale participe de manière remarquable à améliorer l’efficacité des activités économiques et sociales, à renforcer les relations entre Etats et à offrir de nouvelles possibilités de débouchés à des parties et à des marchés auparavant isolés.Pour cette raison, l’adoption de règles uniformes propres à éliminer les obstacles et valoriser les contrats électroniques internationaux serait susceptible de renforcer la certitude juridique et la prévisibilité commerciale des contrats internationaux et pourrait aider les États à avoir accès aux itinéraires commerciaux modernes.Le contrat électronique international constitue une nouvelle sphère qui mérite une recherche analytique afin de lui octroyer une sécurité juridique indispensable à son développement.Ce travail de recherche vise, donc, à élaborer une analyse systématique critique de la réglementation en vigueur qui régit le contrat électronique international et à examiner alors les textes existants aujourd’hui au regard des attentes de l’époque.Il vise à trouver les moyens juridiques susceptibles de garantir plus de sécurité au contrat électronique international.

Les difficultés qui peuvent être rencontrées par une entreprise sont multiformes et de degrés variables. Lorsqu’elles n’ont pas atteint le seuil suffisant permettant de déclencher une procédure collective, le chef d’entreprise rechigne bien souvent à dévoiler la véritable situation de leur entreprise. Les réticences à l’officialisation des difficultés tiennent parfois à des contingences socioculturelles tandis ou à des considérations d’ordre juridique. Le chef d’entreprise craint, le plus souvent, qu’il soit porté atteinte à l’exercice des prérogatives et responsabilités dont il a pratiquement seul la charge. L’apparition des difficultés peut déclencher divers contrôles de gestion de l’entreprise, mais aussi provoquer une réaction de méfiance, voire le retrait de certains partenaires financiers et/ou des collaborateurs importants. Les hésitations à révéler la situation préoccupante de l’entreprise s’expliquent aussi par le secret des affaires. En l’absence d’un véritable droit à l’information au profit des travailleurs, le chef d’entreprise peut juger de l’opportunité de donner ou non des informations. L’intérêt de l’entreprise est souvent invoqué pour justifier le silence, mais aussi pour canaliser la réaction des travailleurs. S’il s’exprime, le chef d’entreprise va pouvoir choisir les informations ainsi que le canal par lequel elles doivent parvenir aux destinataires.La procédure d’alerte en droit OHADA destinée à « réveiller les dirigeants insouciants de l’état périlleux de l’entreprise » mérite d’être saluée. L’employeur peut répondre aux difficultés par l’évitement des liens d’emplois, le développement des emplois précaires, l’externalisation et le recours aux travailleurs réellement ou non indépendants.La décision de restructuration prise par le dirigeant a des conséquences négatives sur la situation des salariés. L’article 11.8 du Code du travail qui impose le maintien des contrats de travail en cas de modification dans la situation juridique de l’employeur vise à en atténuer les conséquences. Il tente de préserver l’emploi et de permettre la poursuite de l’activité. Théoriquement, il s’agit d’une protection essentielle des salariés, mais en pratique, la "garantie d’emploi" est limitée à la seule période du changement de la situation juridique. L’ancien employeur et son successeur ne sont pas totalement privés de leur pouvoir de licencier, mais le transfert d’activité ne peut constituer en tant que tel un motif légitime de rupture des contrats. L’absence de solidarité légale entre les employeurs successifs rend difficile le paiement intégral des créances salariales.Pour autant, les travailleurs ne sont pas totalement abandonnés face à la décision patronale de procéder à des licenciements pour motif économique ; une procédure particulière doit être observée. Elle constitue l'ultime espoir de limitation de suppression d’emplois. Enfin, la liquidation de l’entreprise est synonyme de disparition des emplois. À cette occasion, la priorité est accordée aux mesures visant à sauver le capital. Le juge-commissaire qui a la responsabilité de se prononcer sur la réduction ou non du personnel décide presque toujours dans le sens souhaité par le dirigeant. Toutefois, lors de la formation du concordat, les travailleurs peuvent faire valoir des arguments permettant d’améliorer la consistance des mesures d’accompagnement de la suppression des emplois. La protection des intérêts des travailleurs en cas de difficultés de l’entreprise est insuffisante tant du point de vue des procédures que de l’indemnisation de la perte de l’emploi, ceci a notamment pour conséquence bien souvent d’attraire les salariés licenciés vers l’économie informelle pour assurer leur survie et celle de leur famille. The difficulties that can be encountered by a company are multiform and varying degrees. When they have not reached the sufficient threshold to trigger a collective procedure, the entrepreneur often refrains from revealing the true situation of their company. The reluctance to formalize difficulties sometimes arises from socio-cultural contingencies, or from legal considerations. In most cases, the entrepreneur fears that the exercise of the prerogatives and responsibilities of which he is almost solely responsible will be undermined. The emergence of difficulties can trigger various management controls of the company, but also provoke a reaction of mistrust, or even the withdrawal of some financial partners and / or important collaborators. The hesitation to reveal the worrying situation of the company is also explained by the secrecy of business. In the absence of a genuine right to information for the benefit of workers, the entrepreneur may decide whether or not to give information. The interest of the company is often invoked to justify the silence, but also to channel the reaction of the workers. If he speaks, the entrepreneur will be able to choose the information and the channel by which he must reach the recipients.The procedure of warning in OHADA law to "awaken the careless leaders of the perilous state of the enterprise" deserves to be welcomed. The employer can respond to difficulties by avoiding job bonds, developing precarious jobs, outsourcing and using genuine or non-independent workers.The restructuring decision taken by the manager has negative consequences for the employees' situation. Section 11.8 of the Labor Code, which requires the maintenance of employment contracts in the event of a change in the employer's legal position, is intended to mitigate the consequences. It tries to preserve employment and to allow the continuation of the activity. Theoretically, this is an essential protection for employees, but in practice the "employment guarantee" is limited to the only period of change in the legal situation. The former employer and his successor are not totally deprived of their power to dismiss, but the transfer of activity can not as such constitute a legitimate reason for breach of contract. The lack of legal solidarity between successive employers makes it difficult to pay full wage claims.However, the workers are not totally abandoned in the face of the employer's decision to make redundancies for economic reasons; a special procedure must be observed. It is the ultimate hope of limiting job losses. Finally, the liquidation of the company is synonymous with the disappearance of jobs. On this occasion, priority is given to measures to save capital. The judge-commissioner who is responsible for deciding on the reduction or not of the staff decides almost always in the direction desired by the officer. However, during the formation of the composition, the workers can put forward arguments to improve the consistency of measures accompanying the abolition of jobs. The protection of workers' interests in the event of company difficulties is insufficient both from the procedural point of view and from the compensation for loss of employment. This often leads to the attraction of redundant employees the informal economy to ensure their survival and that of their families.