Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Cette thèse a pour objet de déterminer à quelles conditions l’arbitre international, saisi d’un litige relatif à un contrat de joint venture sino-étrangère, est susceptible d’apporter une solution aux cocontractants et une contribution à la construction du droit de l’arbitrage des investissements étrangers en Chine. L’examen des conditions d’accès à l’arbitrage et de la détermination et de la mise en oeuvre, par l’arbitre international, des règles de droit permettra de cerner les limites du caractère véritablement international de l’arbitrage auquel est soumis le contrat de joint venture sino-étrangère. La limitation de l’autonomie des parties en droit chinois de l’arbitrage et en droit international privé chinois impose des contraintes à l’arbitre international, siégeant en Chine ou à l’étranger tant pour apprécier la validité de la clause compromissoire et l’existence et l’étendue ratione personae et ratione materiae du consentement à l’arbitrage, que pour déterminer et appliquer les règles de droit auxquelles est soumis le litige. L’examen des solutions apportées par l’arbitre international permettra d’apprécier son apport substantiel à la clarification des conditions de formation du contrat de joint venture sino-étrangère, qu’il s’agisse des conditions de fond, tirées de la qualification des parties et de l’existence et de la sincérité de leur consentement au contrat de joint venture, que des conditions de forme, tirées de l’approbation des contrats d’investissement. Cet apport est confirmé en matière d’obligations des parties, par la reconnaissance et la diversification des obligations pécuniaires, de participation et de coopération auxquelles sont tenus les associés de l’entreprise commune

Post-independent Cameroon has grappled with the problem of systemic violation of civil and political rights (CPR) despite a transition from single party dictatorship to multiparty democracy in the 1990s. Various legislative measures including the adoption of a supposedly ‘rights friendly’ constitution in 1996 have done little to ameliorate that problem. This thesis adopts a concept of constitutionalism, based on contemporary international standards, to analyse the problem of CPR violations from the perspective of the constitutional arrangements in Cameroon. It examines the system of separation of powers, the method of securing judicial independence and the mechanisms for judicial review. The argument is made that the problem can be attributed in part to the predominant influence of the French civil law system in Cameroon’s bijural legal system. Although for historical reasons, Cameroon operates both the English common law and the French civil law, constitutional developments have continued to be influenced by the latter which lends itself to practices that are not sufficiently supportive of constitutionalism as defined herein. The thesis, however, goes further to explore how the constitutional system could be reinforced to provide a more conducive framework for the protection and enhancement of CPR. Drawing on two strands of arguments, one highlighting features of the common law system that can be more supportive of constitutionalism and the other which highlights the value of indigenous antecedents of constitutionalism, the thesis proposes the development of a contextual model which is more reflective of Cameroon’s peculiar legal and socio-political circumstances. It proposes what is described as an Optimal Integrative Approach (OIA) as a framework for developing a contextual model, more conducive for the protection and enhancement of CPR in Cameroon.

L’ensemble des disciplines du droit connaît le phénomène des situations de fait. Ces dernières constituent des cas de malformation des institutions promues et protégées par le droit. En réaction, celui-ci les répugne souvent en les privant d’effets. Mais la rencontre des situations de fait avec le droit des sociétés vient bouleverser cet état de choses. En effet, non seulement elles y prolifèrent, mais encore elles ne sont pas systématiquement combattues comme dans les autres disciplines juridiques. Cette étude ambitionne donc de montrer comment le droit des sociétés, en s’appuyant sur les situations de fait, atteint son efficacité. La problématique est alors orientée vers le point de savoir qu’elle est la place qu’occupent les situations de fait dans le droit des sociétés. La réponse en est donnée à travers le constat de leur acceptation par la discipline et à travers l’examen de leur contribution à l’efficacité de cette dernière.

The use of temporary employment services as a means to achieve flexibility in die labour market led to various complications due to a lack of proper regulation. The atypical formation of the triangular employment relationship, limited rights and less favourable employment conditions of the temporary employees, multiple authority figures and their liabilities under various circumstances and the impact thereof on such employee’ collective bargaining rights caused legal uncertainty in the absence of sufficient legislation to govern it. Temporary employment agencies developed certain methods in order to evade the restrictive labour legislation and employer duties imposed on them, namely by making use of automatic termination clauses (resolutive conditions) and by categorising the temporary employee as an independent contractor. Last mentioned would effectively exclude the temporary employee from labour legislation and the protection it provides. In reaction to abovementioned problems, trade unions have been objecting to the use of temporary employment agencies and went as far as demanding the total ban thereof. This raised the question in the South African Government whether said agencies should indeed be banned. The other option is a less restrictive approach and entails the attempt to regulate these agencies by amending the current labour legislation in order to accommodate temporary employment services. In light of the fact that various proposals to amend the current South African labour legislation (especially with regard to temporary employment services) have been published in the Government Gazette, it can be deduced that the social partners ultimately chose to regulate temporary employment agencies rather than ban them altogether. From an early stage the International Labour Organisation (ILO) provided rules and regulations for the management of employment agencies in general by way of conventions and recommendations. In 1997, in order to give effect to the labour standards identified by it, the ILO brought the Private Employment Agencies Convention into existence. This document could be applied to all temporary employment agencies on an international level. This document provides for administrative regulations, the duties of the agency and the client as well as the rights of the temporary employees concerned. The ILO recommends that all of its member states incorporate the principles contained within this document in their own legislation. Temporary employment services are also used in other legal systems. For purposes of this study, the English law (United Kingdom (UK)) and the Namibian law will be scrutinised. Similar issues to those recognised in the South African law have been identified in these countries. However, each has approached said problems in different ways. The Namibian Government banned the conducting and provision of these services by way of legislation in 2007. The constitutionality of the ban has however been questioned by the Supreme Court of Namibia, after which it had been found to infringe upon the fundamental freedom to carry on any business, trade or occupation. The ban was struck down as unconstitutional. The Namibian Government has since promulgated new legislation in which it removed the ban and replaced it with numerous amendments providing for the regulation of temporary employment services. Since 1973 the UK has been promulgating various instruments for the thorough regulation of temporary employment agencies. These instruments provide for the management of temporary employment agencies and the rights of the employees involved. The relevant legislative instruments have been updated regularly with the purpose of ensuring that the needs of all the parties concerned are met. The UK, as a member state of the European Union (EU), (which has also been providing for the regulation of temporary employment services in various directives), promulgated legislation specifically with the aim to give effect to the principles in the mentioned directives. By way of doctrines and the creation of a third category ―worker‖ the UK has been attempting to prevent any loopholes in their legal system with regard to temporary employment services and the rights of the employees involved. The aim of this study is to investigate all the important complications experienced with temporary employment agencies in order to indicate the impact the atypical circumstances have on the rights of the temporary employees. The degree to which, if at all, the South African law complies with the preferred labour standards identified by the ILO will be pointed out. A comparative study will be conducted, first by ascertaining in detail how the comparable issues in the UK and Namibian law are dealt with, and second by identifying which aspects in these legal systems could be of value to the South African law. Finally the potential effectiveness of the proposed amendments to the South African labour legislation will be analysed, during which recommendations for the unresolved issues will be provided. The recommendations are mainly aimed at achieving sufficient rights and legal certainty for the temporary employees associated with temporary employment agencies.

Cette thèse se propose d'analyser l'accès à la justice civile pour les victimes de violations de droits de l'homme commises par des entreprises multinationales, au regard des règles de compétence internationale des tribunaux de international privé en matière de responsabilité civile délictuelle. La recherche mettra en exergue la double fonction que peuvent endosser les règles de compétence de droit international privé dans ce domaine, en assurant, d'une part, un accès effectif à la justice et à la réparation pour les victimes de tels abus, et en participant, d'autre part à l'effort de régulation des entreprises multinationales sur le plan global.

La stratégie contemporaine des entreprises et du mouvement coopératif et mutualiste consiste à affirmer que les coopératives et les mutuelles se caractérisent par des valeurs alternatives. Cette stratégie comporte des faiblesses, dans la mesure où il est difficile d’observer l’impact de telles valeurs dans les principaux secteurs d’activité de ces sociétés (industrie agroalimentaire, commerce de gros, banque, assurance). En revenant à leurs origines, on peut défendre l’hypothèse que les spécificités des coopératives résident plutôt dans des règles statutaires qui constituent des garde-fous à l’emprise des forces du marché. Alors que ce dernier valorise la réactivité et l’attractivité des travailleurs qualifiés, les coopératives et les mutuelles sont plutôt caractérisées par la stabilité et la capacité à créer et à exploiter des connaissances tacites et informelles adaptées à leur contexte spécifique. Or, cette logique marchande constitue le cadre d’analyse dominant, y compris pour les parties prenantes des coopératives : les individus ont « naturellement » tendance à puiser leurs solutions dans ce référentiel. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de s’en affranchir pour penser les coopératives sans renforcer les dynamiques de banalisation. The current strategy of businesses in the cooperative and mutual movement is based on asserting their alternative values. This strategy has a weakness in that it is hard to measure the impact of those values in the main cooperative and mutual sectors (the food industry and farming, wholesale distribution, banking, insurance). Looking at the origins of the cooperative movement, it could be argued that the specificity of these businesses has more to do with their internal rules that act as a safeguard against market forces. While the market values adaptability and skilled workers, cooperatives and mutuals tend to be stable and create and utilise tacit informal skills suited to their particular environments. This market-centric thinking forms the dominant analytical framework, including for cooperative stakeholders. Individuals have a “natural” tendency to draw their own solutions from the market paradigm, and it is therefore necessary to have safeguards that protect against the paradigm. Analysing cooperatives thus requires breaking out of the dominant analytical framework rather than drawing on solutions that hasten the drive towards the mainstream. La estrategia contemporánea de las empresas y del movimiento cooperativo y mutualista consiste en afirmas que esas se caracterizan por valores alternativos. Esta estrategia tiene sus debilidades en la medida que es difícil de observar el impacto de tales valores en los principales sectores de actividad de las cooperativas y de las mutuales (industria agro-alimentaria, comercio de mayoreo, bancos, seguros). Volviendo a los orígenes de las cooperativas, se puede defender la hipótesis que las especificidades de estas empresas permanecen más bien en los estatutos legales que son garantías contra la influencia de las fuerzas del mercado. Mientras que el mercado valoriza la reactividad y el carácter atractivo de los trabajadores calificados, las cooperativas y mutuales son más bien caracterizadas por su estabilidad y su capacidad a crear y explotar conocimientos tácitos e informales adaptados a sus contextos especificados. Sin embargo, esta lógica mercantilista constituye el marco analítico dominante, incluso por las cooperativas participantes: los individuos tienen naturalmente tendencia a sacar sus soluciones en este repositorio y es necesario por lo tanto de beneficiar de pantallas qué protegen de este repositorio. Se debe entonces liberarse del marco analítico dominante para pensar las cooperativas, mas bien qué extraer soluciones que fortalecen la dinámica de la mercantilización.

<p>This book examines the law, national and/or international, that arbitral tribunals apply on the merits to settle disputes between foreign investors and host states. In light of the freedom that the disputing parties and the arbitrators have when designating the applicable law, and because of the hybrid nature of legal relationship between investors and states, there is significant interplay between the national and the international legal order in investor-state arbitration. The book contains a comprehensive analysis of the relevant jurisprudence, legal instruments, and scholarship surrounding arbitral practice with respect to the application of national law and international law. It investigates the awards in which tribunals referred to consistency between the legal orders, and suggests alternatives to the traditional doctrines of monism and dualism to explain the relationship between the national and the international legal order. The book also addresses the territorialized or internationalized nature of the tribunals; relevant choice-of-law rules and methodologies; and the scope of the arbitration agreement, including the possibility of host states presenting counterclaims in investment treaty arbitration. Ultimately, it argues that in investor–state arbitration, national and international law do not only coexist but may be applied simultaneously; they are also interdependent, each complementing and informing the other both indirectly and directly for a larger common good: enforcement of rights and obligations regardless of their national or international origin.</p>

Ever since the colonial era, attempts have been made throughout the various regions of Africa at building supranational units chiefly for administrative and legal convenience. Examples of such attempts include the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the East African High Commission and the federations in former French West and Equatorial Africa, all of which were attempts at forging a supranational nation state. These experiments laid the foundation for further supranational initiatives in post-colonial Africa. In this respect, every region in Africa has either experimented with or is currently experimenting with the idea of supranational regional organisations. This article aims at investigating selected attempts at supranationalism on the continent, the successes and failures of such experiments, and the lessons to be learnt from them. As Africa embarks on the journey of solidifying its unity through the establishment of leviathan continental institutions, efforts should be geared towards building on the experiences of past and present experiments at the sub-regional level. Such experiments offer instructive lessons as they are rooted in similar historical and social contexts. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;