Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La présente thèse renvoie à un essai théorique et comparatif sur le concept d'illicéité en matière de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle pour le fait personnel. L'impérieuse nécessité d'une étude de l'illicéité se déduit de la volonté de reconnaître explicitement un tel concept et de le concevoir comme un fait générateur de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle dans le système québécois, c'est-à-dire de lui conférer une autonomie et une fonctionnalité propres. Une telle reconnaissance de l'illicéité apparaît sans conteste novatrice dans la doctrine juridique québécoise et exige une clarification de notions périphériques à l'illicite, que ce soit l'illégalité ou la faute. Le Titre premier se confine à poser les assises dogmatiques de l'illicéité au regard de sa signification et des acteurs en présence, dans la sphère civiliste de la responsabilité extracontracruelle pour le fait personnel. Il poursuit un objectif essentiel de clarification : d'abord, l'identification des couches conceptuelles de l'illicéité dans ses prédicats objectif et subjectif; ensuite, son sens envisagé du point de vue de l'auteur responsable et que l'on doit réfuter du point de vue de la victime exclusivement. Le Titre second ouvre la voie à un questionnement sur l'opportunité d'introduire la notion d'illicéité dans le système québécois de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle pour le fait personnel. Il est alors indispensable d'investiguer dans des traditions juridiques civilistes helvétique et française qui manient le concept afin d'appuyer sa reconnaissance dans notre droit. Il poursuit un dessein primordial d'innovation qui consiste à jauger les avantages et les obstacles dirimants à la reconnaissance d'une portée normative propre de l'illicite.

<p>This thesis analyzes the concept of corporate residence, with particular reference to the law in the UK and Canada. It explores why corporate residence is relevant in tax policy, how corporate residence is understood in law, and how revenue authorities respond to the use and alleged 'abuse' of residence rules. Part I argues that the residence of taxpayers generally (individual or corporate) remains a relevant factor in international tax design, that taxation of corporations on the basis of residence has some justification, but that there is a disjunction between meaningful residence-based taxation and current definitions of corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties. The formulations of residence based on incorporation, central management and control, and place of effective management, particularly as applied to multinational enterprises, are considered and are found to be deficient. Part II critically analyzes the major policy responses of the UK and Canadian governments to the exploitation of corporate residence. It argues that key legislative and administrative responses to international tax avoidance activities, for both outbound and inbound investment, are purportedly based on the acceptance of formal corporate residence yet undermine that concept in an effort to impose tax or refuse treaty relief based on where economic interests actually exist. The responses considered are the application of controlled foreign companies legislation to offshore subsidiaries, the invocation of treaty anti-abuse rules with respect to offshore intermediaries, and the use of overarching general anti-avoidance measures to challenge varied structures that rely on offshore entities. These haphazard anti-avoidance rules are overlaid with revenue authorities' indignation at the motivations that underlie many corporate relocations. It is argued that a more coherent approach would be to focus on the objective reality or unreality of corporate establishment, by reformulating corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties.</p>

In this thesis space technology trade and proliferation controls are analyzed, focusing on two substantive issues that illustrate the challenges and opportunities of reform. The first substantive issue examined is the challenge of domestic law and policy reform in light of international regulatory divergence. This issue is examined through a case study of the U.S. commercial communication satellite export control regime. The second issue is the international implications of space technology trade and proliferation control on global civil space cooperation. The unifying demonstration of this doctoral thesis is that States operate in an international legal system that perpetuates a self-justified security dilemma whose basis originates in the sovereign legal right of States to produce, procure, and maintain space technologies of a military nature. As a result, the international legal system governing space technology trade and proliferation creates a tension between perceived national security needs and the benefits of global cooperation.

The Southern African Development Community (SADC), formerly known as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), is an organization of Southern African states initially formed to reduce economic dependence on South Africa (then an Apartheid state) and to harmonize and coordinate development in the region. The vision and mission of SADC reach well beyond the harmonization of development within the region. It extends to fields that include political stability, peace building, the maintenance of security and justice as well as economic cooperation. The attainment of these goals requires well co-ordinated regional mechanisms; as such over the past decade member states have paid particular attention to the possibility of attaining these goals through regional integration. The transformation from SADCC to SADC indicated that the body would no longer be a loose association (conference) of states but rather a regional body that would have a legally binding effect on its member states. The question is, when the member states assembled in Windhoek, August 1992, did they create an institutional framework, and policies that would have enough legal force to ensure that the institutional agenda of integration is not defeated by member states? The argument of this dissertation is that the Treaty and the policies established afterwards contain principle imperfections that are self defeating for the pursuance of regional integration. The work will begin by discussing regional integration in general, highlighting the historical origins of SADC as well as the role of the African Union. The work will then discuss the dimensions and functioning of SADC, laying the foundation for a proper critique on how the institutional framework contains inherent weaknesses that eventually hinder the progression of SADC. The dissertation ultimately will discuss and benchmark the European Union against SADC, in an attempt to extract important lessons for the progression of SADC.

Litigation in developing countries has many defects which has prompted a need for the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Arbitration, being one such substitutive mechanism as a type of private litigation is the most suitable for the same. This paper deals with the need to develop institutional arbitration to co-exist with ad hoc arbitration and scale it down to be available for dispute resolution in developing countries using an illustration of India. Certain recommendations to make institutional arbitration, which is considered to be appropriate for International commercial dispute resolution, suitable for domestic disputes in developing countries have been highlighted.

Si la révocation du dirigeant social, mandataire social et le congédiement du salarié sont admis, peut-on concevoir qu'un associé puisse être exclu de la société dont il est membre? La qualité d'associé pésente a priori un caractère permanent que justifie son origine contractuelle. La question se pose de savoir si, dans le cadre d'une société et dans le droit OHADA, pourrait s'appliquer une sanction consistant à retirer la qualité d'associé à un membre de la société en l'en excluant, sur le fondement de l'intérêt de l'entreprise. C'est ce que l'on appelle le 'squeeze out' de l'associé, expression d'origine anglo-saxonne, consacrée en droit boursier. Il s'agit d'une opération qui s'apparente à l'offre publique de retrait obligatoire: une entreprise indemnise ses actionnaires minoritaires afin qu'ils retirent leurs titres du marché. Dans le cas du 'squeeze out', l'utilité publique aura tendance à s'exprimer au travers de l'utilité sociale. L'exclusion doit être non seulement utile, mais surtout nécessaire. La compréhension du 'squeeze out' comme sanction de celui qui, par son fait ou sa situation, compromet la relation contractuelle, doit être complétée par celle du 'squeeze out' remède, afin que la notion soit susceptible d'être admise dans l'espace OHADA (première partie); appréhendé de manière large comme une exclusion, le 'sqeeze out' est une notion concernant plusieurs disciplines juridiques. Son domaine naturel est le droit boursier, et plus largement le droit des sociétés. Ses applications débordent cependant de ce cadre étroit pour se retrouver dans d'autres domaines que l'auteur qualifie d'artificiels, tout en se limitant au droit du travail et au droit des procédures civiles (deuxième partie)

La compétence d'un arbitre chargé d'appliquer le droit international des investissements exige l'existence préalable d'un investissement étranger. Cette étude vise à identifier ce qui constitue un investissement parmi l'ensemble des opérations économiques et financières et à déterminer les conditions auxquelles il doit répondre pour être considéré comme étranger. L'importance de la Convention de Washington explique l'attention particulière portée au Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI). La diversité des traités bilatéraux et des autres sources normatives dans ce domaine a conduit à proposer une approche fondée sur une dissociation du contrôle sur la base des sources normatives de la compétence arbitrale. Après un exposé introductif sur l'évolution des modes de règlement des différends relatifs à la propriété étrangère et son aboutissement à l'arbitrage international actuel, la première partie de l'étude est consacrée à la définition de la notion juridique d'investissement dans une perspective de qualification par l'arbitre. La seconde partie analyse la seconde exigence pour établir la compétence de l'arbitre, celle d'extranéité de l'investissement, et elle expose les conditions liées à la nationalité de l'investisseur.

Competition law and intellectual property rights (IPRs) have evolved historically as two separate systems of law. There is a considerable overlap in the goals of the two systems of law because both are aimed at promoting innovation and economic growth. Yet there are also potential conflicts owing to the means used by each system to promote those goals. IP laws generally offer a right of exclusive use and exploitation to provide a reward to the innovator, to provide an incentive to other innovators and to bring into the public domain innovative information that might otherwise remain trade secrets. Competition authorities regulate near monopolies, mergers and commercial agreements with the aim of maintaining effective competition in markets. This article introduces the concept of IPRs and Competition law. It highlights important areas of conflict between the two laws and also deals with the Indian antitrust law. It concludes by trying to harmonize the conflicts.

To be made effective, class action settlements must be negotiated fairly, be perceived as fair and reasonable by the settlement parties such that they agree to their terms and substance, and be characterized as fair, reasonable and adequate by a court at the occasion of a settlement approval hearing. But how is settlement fairness defined, in a collective litigation context? By which process is the evaluation of fairness made and the approval given by the court? What role does the court correspondingly have, in that context? This thesis explores the legal policy and reasoning behind the mandatory judicial approval of class settlements, the process by which it is sought and obtained, the currently relevant factors and indicia of settlement fairness which support all decisions to approve, and the roles of the principal settlement actors, particularly the settlement judge. It suggests hypotheses for reform applicable to these approval processes, roles of the actors and standard of settlement fairness. These hypotheses are tested, for their plausibility, against empirical data obtained from the qualitative interviews of seventeen judges conducted by the author in four target jurisdictions that have similar approaches to class action settlement approvals, and where class action litigation activity is heavy: Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia, and the United States federal courts. Ultimately, the thesis proposes final recommendations for reform of the class action settlement approval procedure.