Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This research consists of verifying whether CIT has an effect on capital given the financing risk incurred. A review of several capital theories has shown that CIT is one of the main determinants of a firm's capital structure. The inclusion of CIT in capital structure models continues to divide the world of corporate finance. Debt interest deduction in computing CIT reinforces the controversy over the question of the capital structure that optimizes the tax savings provided by this deduction. The consequence is the existence of two opposing groups on the optimum capital structure: on the one hand, the group of those who believe that there is one and only one optimal capital structure, and on the other, the group of those who reject out of hand any possibility of an optimal capital structure. The sample starts with a case study of two hypothetical identical firms, one indebted and the other non-indebted, with the same profitable investment project over a period of time, and ends with 101 pairs of identical firms belonging to different classes of financing risk. The hypothesis of non-gratuity of cost and income is used, and capital markets are assumed to be pure and perfect. The results confirm that CIT has no effect on the structure, value, cost and return of capital for a given financing risk, and reveal the existence of a third source of financing called "public capital", whose cost is the corporate capital tax rate (CCTR). There is no longer any question of thinking about the optimum capital structure, which is a pure financial illusion. This paper is one of the first to show that CIT does not affect capital, and to propose a model that explains capital structure behavior in the presence of CIT. Paper type: Empirical Research  Stanislas Théodule Médard Dèwanou Comlan AGOSSADOU, (Researcher) Laboratory for Research on Performance and Development of Organizations (LARPEDO)  Faculty of Economics and Management (FASEG) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) - Benin,

Consentement à l’acte médical, à l’adoption, au traitement de données personnelles, aux relations sexuelles : le terme de consentement occupe une place particulière en droit des personnes. Cette thèse propose d’apporter des réponses à cette problématique sociale fondamentale à partir d’une approche critique du droit. Un nouveau regard peut ainsi être porté sur le consentement en l’appréhendant à la fois comme un phénomène politique et comme une réalité sociale. Le consentement en droit français correspond en premier lieu à un phénomène politique. Loin de jouer le rôle libéral qui lui est classiquement prêté, il représente plutôt une norme idéologique humaniste. Norme également fonctionnelle, le consentement permet aux pouvoirs publics de préserver l’ordre social. Le consentement représente en second lieu une réalité sociale. Les théories générales civilistes ne permettent pas de se saisir de cette réalité car, malgré leur attrait, elles présentent des limites. Nous proposons de nous tourner vers les analyses de justice sociale. Elles permettent d’identifier les inégalités sociales intersectionnelles qui affectent les consentements. Des analyses de justice sociale offrent également un cadre pour y répondre juridiquement. Le consentement peut ainsi être conçu comme un processus de reconnaissance et être encadré comme tel en droit.

Os acadêmicos divergem desde sempre a respeito do objetivo da companhia: atender ao interesse dos acionistas e buscar a maximização dos resultados ou, alternativa ou sucessivamente, atender ao interesse de outras partes interessadas? Porém, as linhas entre uma e outra correntes não são mais nítidas como antes. Com o crescente interesse nas chamadas métricas de ESG a sigla para Environmental, Social and Governance, modelos híbridos de governança têm sido pensados a partir da combinação de lucro e propósito. Nesse sentido parece evidente a consolidação de uma tendência no direito societário que, por falta de um termo melhor, possa ser qualificada como preponderantemente social. Sem prejuízo dessa evidência, o objetivo do trabalho não é o de defender uma ou outra corrente sobre a função da companhia. Num olhar pretensamente original, o estudo propõe outro enfoque: traçar a disciplina legal dos atos societários de orientação social, como materialização do interesse que os precede. Academics have always disagreed about the company\'s objective: to serve the interests of shareholders and seek to maximize results or, alternatively or successively, to serve the interests of stakeholders as other interested parties? However, the lines between one theory and another are no longer as clear as before. With the growing interest in the so-called ESG metrics the acronym for Environmental, Social and Governance, hybrid governance models are being designed based on the combination of profit and purpose. The consolidation of a trend in corporate law that, for lack of a better term, can be qualified as predominantly social is now clear. Notwithstanding the before, the objective of the study is not to defend one or another theory of the corporate objective. In an allegedly original perspective, the study proposes another approach: tracing the legal discipline of socially oriented corporate acts, as the externalization of the interest that precedes them.

A tese aborda as empresas estatais no contexto da Constituição Federal de 1988, destacando seu papel como instrumentos de ação do Estado na busca pela concretização dos objetivos constitucionais. O texto explora as características das empresas estatais, ressaltando sua submissão aos princípios da Administração Pública, bem como aos controles inerentes a essa esfera, como a tutela administrativa, o controle dos tribunais de contas e o controle jurisdicional. Destaca-se a importância do preenchimento do conteúdo do interesse público como guia para o exercício do poder de controle acionário e para a atuação dos órgãos sociais das empresas estatais. Nessa tarefa, propugna-se pela utilização de fontes legítimas de expressão do interesse público que, preferencialmente, e em alguma medida, passaram por processos de inclusão participativa daqueles afetos ao interesse público, seja direta ou indiretamente. Argumenta-se pela maior efetividade de políticas públicas que contam com essa natureza, baseados em experiência desenvolvimentista e na teoria da nova governança pública. Defende a organização e formalização do exercício do poder de controle societário, apoiando a criação de um colegiado para concentrar essa atividade, de modo a garantir formalização das orientações, devida consideração ao conteúdo do interesse público, e sopesamento da matéria vis-à-vis os demais interesses que o acionista controlador deve lealmente respeitar e atender. A tese destaca a necessidade de acomodar o interesse público nos órgãos da administração das empresas estatais, defendendo a nomeação de representantes dos titulares desse interesse no conselho de administração, assim como o estabelecimento de órgão interno com competência técnica de pesquisa, interação com a comunidade e elaboração de políticas relacionadas ao interesse público tutelado. Além disso, expõe sobre o conteúdo do interesse social da empresa estatal e aborda questões relacionadas aos deveres fiduciários do acionista controlador e dos administradores, enfatizando as peculiaridades resultantes da centralidade do interesse público no interesse social. Destaca os mecanismos de organização do exercício do poder de controle, para prevenção e controle de abusos de poder e situações de conflito de interesses. Destaca a contribuição dos mecanismos de tutela do interesse público no interior dos órgãos sociais da empresa estatal para o cumprimento dos deveres de diligência e lealdade dos administradores, prevenindo desvios de poder e assegurando a comutatividade nas operações da empresa estatal com partes relacionadas. The thesis addresses the state-owned enterprises within the context of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, highlighting their role as instruments of state action in pursuit of constitutional objectives. The text explores the characteristics of state-owned enterprises, emphasizing their adherence to the principles of Public Administration, as well as the controls inherent in this sphere, such as administrative supervision, oversight by audit courts, and judicial control. The importance of defining the content of the public interest as a guide for exercising shareholder control and the functioning of the corporate bodies of state-owned enterprises is emphasized. In this endeavor, the thesis advocates the use of legitimate sources for expressing the public interest that, preferably, to some extent, have undergone participatory inclusion processes of those affected by the public interest, either directly or indirectly. The argument is made for the greater effectiveness of public policies with this nature, based on developmentalist experiences and the theory of new public governance. The thesis advocates for the organization and formalization of the exercise of shareholder control, supporting the creation of a board to centralize this activity, ensuring formalization of orientations, due consideration of the content of the public interest, and weighing the matter against other interests that the controlling shareholder must respect and uphold within its duty of loyalty. The thesis highlights the need to accommodate the public interest in the administration of state- owned enterprises, advocating for the appointment of representatives of those holding this interest on the board of directors, as well as the establishment of an internal body with technical role for research, interaction with the community, and the formulation of policies related to the protected public interest. Additionally, it discusses the content of the company interest of the state-owned enterprise and addresses issues related to the fiduciary duties of the controlling shareholder and administrators, emphasizing the particularities resulting from the centrality of the public interest in the company interest. It emphasizes the mechanisms for organizing the exercise of share control power, for the prevention and control of abuses of power and conflicts of interest. The thesis highlights the contribution of mechanisms to protect the public interest within the corporate bodies of the state-owned enterprise to fulfill the duties of diligence and loyalty of administrators, preventing abuses of power and ensuring arms length basis in the operations of the state-owned enterprise with related parties.

As sociedades de propósito específico (SPEs) não configuram um tipo societário próprio, mas sim mera categoria eficacial autônoma. A investigação histórica do instituto evidencia raízes desde os tempos romanos, tendo reverberado, ainda, nos arranjos típicos do período medieval e nas codificações oitocentistas, revelando sua essência como uma necessidade comercial da vida prática de separar patrimônios em função de um propósito específico, com projeções internas e externas que foram moldadas ao longo do tempo para viabilizar a consecução de empreendimentos de alto risco e promover o desenvolvimento econômico. No Brasil, está presente desde o Código Comercial de 1850, tendo sido adotada por diversas legislações esparsas ao longo dos últimos séculos para as mais diversas funções, servindo como mola propulsora ao desenvolvimento econômico. Como categoria eficacial autônoma que é, goza de flexibilidade para ser aplicada a qualquer tipo societário, modulando os efeitos típicos que lhes são assegurados aos seus ordenamentos societário, patrimonial e da atividade em função do propósito específico almejado. Não por outro motivo, seguindo o que nos parece ser a melhor técnica, o legislador tratou sua previsão normativa expressa no dispositivo de que trata do objeto social, restringindo-o em função de um propósito específico. Aos aplicadores do direito, diante do desenvolvimento histórico do instituto de seus efeitos, cabe saber distingui-los e aplicá-los, de modo a assegurar a efetividade da categoria em nosso ordenamento jurídico e o desempenho de sua função socioeconômica moldada ao longo de tantos anos.

Esta Tese de Doutorado apresenta uma análise da legitimidade das deliberações em assembleias-gerais de credores em processos de recuperação judicial no Brasil, sob a ótica das normas estabelecidas pela Lei 11.101/05 e suas alterações pela Lei 14.112/20. O estudo é estruturado em seis capítulos. O primeiro capítulo corresponde à introdução. O segundo capítulo trata do papel dos credores na recuperação judicial, examinando os objetivos da recuperação judicial enquanto um processo de negociação estruturada. O terceiro capítulo aborda a estrutura rígida de divisão dos credores em classes, evidenciando problemas decorrentes da reunião de credores com interesses heterogêneos na mesma classe. Também no terceiro capítulo, a pesquisa analisa a criação de subclasses nas recuperações judiciais, com a possibilidade de tratamento diferenciado de credores, com vistas a avaliar se tais práticas mitigam o problema da legitimidade das deliberações quanto ao plano de recuperação judicial e atendem aos objetivos de uma recuperação judicial eficiente. O quarto capítulo analisa como a organização dos credores em classes ocorre em sistemas de outros países, buscando alternativas e soluções para os desafios identificados no sistema brasileiro. O quinto capítulo propõe soluções e medidas mitigatórias aos problemas identificados no estudo, visando a otimizar o processo deliberativo e garantir uma representação mais efetiva dos interesses dos credores, incluindo possíveis alterações legislativas. No último e sexto capítulo, serão sintetizadas as conclusões que podem ser extraídas do trabalho como um todo. This Doctoral Thesis presents an analysis of the legitimacy of deliberations in general meeting of creditors in judicial reorganization proceedings in Brazil, under the perspective of the norms of the Law 11.101/05 and its amendments by Law 14.112/20. The study is structured in six chapters. The first chapter corresponds to the introduction. The second chapter deals with the role of creditors in judicial reorganization proceedings, examining the objectives of a judicial reorganization proceedings as a proceeding of structured negotiation. The third chapter addresses the rigid structure of division of creditors into classes, highlighting problems arising from the gathering of creditors with heterogeneous interests in the same class. Also in the third chapter, the research analyzes the creation of subclasses in judicial reorganization proceedings, with the possibility of different treatment to creditors, to assess whether such practices mitigate the problem of the legitimacy of deliberations regarding the judicial reorganization plan and meet the objectives of an efficient judicial reorganization proceedings. The fourth chapter examines how the organization of creditors into classes occurs in systems of other countries, seeking alternatives and solutions to the challenges identified in the Brazilian system. The fifth chapter proposes solutions and mitigating measures to the problems identified in the study, aiming to optimize the deliberative process and ensure a more effective representation of the interests of creditors, including possible legislative changes. In the last and sixth chapter, the conclusions that can be drawn from the work will be synthesized.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a mobilização de acionistas para as assembleias gerais de acionistas das companhias abertas. Em caráter preliminar, são traçadas algumas premissas sobre o direito de voto, o princípio majoritário, o absenteísmo dos acionistas nas assembleias gerais e algumas considerações sobre dispersão acionária e certos aspectos das minorias societárias. Em seguida, dedicam-se algumas seções aos interessados na mobilização dos acionistas, que podem ser múltiplos e incluem o próprio controlador ou o bloco de referência da companhia, a administração da companhia, os acionistas minoritários na manifestação mais comum da mobilização , e outros interessados que podem consistir em empregados, credores ou membros da sociedade em geral. Feitas essas considerações, a dissertação trata das finalidades jurídicas mais comuns buscadas com a mobilização dos acionistas como, exemplificativamente, a própria convocação das assembleias gerais, tomada das contas, deliberação sobre as demonstrações financeiras, destinação de resultados, eleição de membros do conselho de administração, instalação e eleição dos membros do conselho fiscal, a responsabilização do controlador ou dos administradores e certos eventos que diluem a participação acionária dos acionistas. Por fim, a dissertação trata de alguns instrumentos disponíveis no ordenamento jurídico que podem ser utilizados para a mobilização dos acionistas, como as assembleias digitais ou híbridas, o boletim de voto a distância, a representação de acionistas, o pedido público de procuração, o pedido de lista de acionistas, as mídias sociais, os voting advisors, o empréstimo de ações e o usufruto de ações. This work aims to analyze the mobilization of shareholders for general shareholders\' meetings of publicly traded companies. Preliminarily, some assumptions and premises are outlined regarding the right to vote, the majority principle, shareholder absenteeism at general meetings, and considerations on share dispersion and certain aspects of minority interests. Subsequently, several sections are dedicated to the stakeholders involved in mobilizing shareholders, which may include the controlling shareholder or the company\'s reference block, the company\'s management, minority shareholders in the most common form of mobilization and other interested parties that may consist of employees, creditors, or members of society in general. With these considerations in mind, the dissertation addresses the most common legal purposes sought with the mobilization of shareholders, such as, for example, convening general meetings, approval of financial statements, determination of results allocation, election of members of the board of directors, installation and election of members of the fiscal council, holding the controller or administrators accountable, and certain events that dilute shareholders\' equity participation. Finally, the dissertation discusses some legal instruments available that can be used for shareholder mobilization, such as digital or hybrid assemblies, distance voting bulletins, shareholder representation, public proxy solicitation, shareholder list request, social media, voting advisors, stock lending, and share usufruct.

Workforces are made up of individuals with differences in personal characteristics, differences that may be traced back to unique personality types and traits and – sometimes – neurodivergence. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the interpersonal relationships that form the foundation of a work environment, these differences in personal characteristics inevitably lead to tension. In addition, as part of managing a work environment employers frequently take decisions that may be influenced by views and perceptions regarding employees’ personal characteristics. This study starts with a descriptive examination of the meaning of personality and the influence that personality traits and types may have on employment. This is followed by a descriptive examination of neurodivergence, the various forms of neurodivergence, and the impact of these conditions on the work environment. Building on these descriptive and conceptual underpinnings, the legal implications of neurodiversity in the workplace are investigated by identifying which principles of the existing South African employment law framework may be utilised to provide protection and promote respect for neurodiversity and the neurodiverse differences between employees. This encompasses a discussion of the South African employment law rules relating to recruitment and selection of employees, some of the rules applicable to the day-to-day management of employees, and the rules relating to termination of employment that may be (in)directly influenced by considerations of neurodiversity. The focus thereafter shifts to consider the legal principles of employment discrimination law, where it is found that the listed ground of disability and an unlisted arbitrary ground may potentially be used as the applicable grounds of discrimination by employees if they are prejudiced due to their neurodiverse characteristics. In addition, the possibility that the rules on reasonable accommodation may be utilised as primary mechanism to properly regulate neurodiversity in the work environment and protect against prejudicial treatment of employees due to their inherent personal neurodiverse characteristics is also considered. The South African position and potential employment law rules that may apply to the management of neurodiversity in the work environment is compared to the position in the United Kingdom by focusing on the meaning of disability, the right to reasonable adjustments, and the right to request flexible working arrangements. Finally, the conclusions that may be drawn from this study are emphasised and are followed by some recommendations on how (reasonable) accommodation of neurodiversity in the work environment may appropriately be used as primary mechanism to provide employees with sufficient and appropriate protection of differences in neurodiverse characteristics. Even though this study focuses on neurodiversity and neurological differences between employees, the principles and recommendations from this study may be of value in relation to the appropriate management and regulation of all inherent differences between employees.

La thèse analyse en profondeur la procédure de vente d’un immeuble saisi, en comparant les législations française, OHADA (Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) et alsacienne-mosellane. Elle montre que la saisie immobilière, bien que complexe, reste un instrument essentiel de recouvrement des créances pour les créanciers. Dans une première partie, l’auteur aborde la vente forcée, procédure judiciaire par laquelle le créancier poursuit la vente de l’immeuble du débiteur défaillant pour se faire payer. En droit français, la procédure est fortement judiciarisée : elle impose la saisine du juge de l'exécution, la rédaction d’un cahier des conditions de vente, une audience d’orientation, puis éventuellement une vente aux enchères. En droit OHADA, la procédure est moins détaillée mais tout aussi formaliste, avec une audience dite « des criées », mais sans équivalent à l’audience d’orientation. Le notaire joue un rôle plus important en Alsace-Moselle, où le droit local déjudiciarise la procédure, confiant à ce dernier la gestion des ventes.La deuxième partie traite des issues négociées, comme la vente amiable. En France, elle est encouragée sous autorisation du juge et permet d’éviter une adjudication souvent perçue comme brutale. Le droit OHADA, au contraire, ne prévoit pas explicitement la vente amiable, mais la pratique reconnaît parfois son utilité. L’auteur montre les tensions entre formalisme juridique et souplesse pragmatique, surtout quand la vente vise à préserver le logement familial du débiteur.L’approche historique enrichit l’analyse : en France, la saisie a évolué depuis les ordonnances royales, avec des réformes majeures en 1938, 1991, 2006 et la codification en 2012. En Afrique, l’OHADA, par l’adoption de l’AUPSRVE (Acte uniforme sur les procédures simplifiées de recouvrement et des voies d'exécution), a cherché à harmoniser et sécuriser les procédures civiles, souvent héritées du droit colonial français. Toutefois, la réforme de 2023 n’a pas permis de moderniser en profondeur la saisie immobilière, soulignant le besoin d’adaptation aux réalités socio-économiques africaines.Enfin, l’auteur propose une réflexion critique sur l’efficacité et l’humanité de la procédure, en insistant sur l’importance d’un équilibre entre le droit du créancier et la protection du débiteur. Il plaide pour une plus grande ouverture aux solutions amiables, notamment dans l’espace OHADA. This doctoral thesis offers a comparative legal study on the sale of seized real estate under French law, OHADA law, and the Alsace-Moselle local law system. The seizure and forced sale of property are key mechanisms for debt recovery, though they are often complex, lengthy, and emotionally charged.The first part focuses on forced sale procedures. In French law, this involves strict judicial control, including issuing an enforcement order, drafting terms of sale, holding an orientation hearing, and eventually organizing a public auction. In OHADA law, the process is also formalistic but lacks the nuanced judicial orientation stage seen in France. Instead, there is a “criée” hearing. In Alsace-Moselle, the process is unique: it is largely non-judicial, with the notary conducting the entire sale procedure after the initial court authorization.The second part explores negotiated outcomes, particularly the amicable sale. French law encourages out-of-court sales with judicial approval to avoid public auctions, which are often distressing for debtors. OHADA law does not formally allow for amicable sales, but informal practices sometimes accommodate them. The thesis highlights the tension between legal formalism and practical flexibility, especially when the debtor's home is at stake.The historical perspective strengthens the comparative study. France underwent several legal reforms: 1938, 1991, 2006, and the 2012 codification of enforcement procedures. In contrast, OHADA countries inherited fragmented colonial laws. The 1998 AUPSRVE was a major step toward legal harmonization across member states. However, the 2023 reform fell short of expectations, leaving key issues in seizure and sale processes unresolved, notably the lack of modernization and borrower protection.The author emphasizes the need for a fair balance between creditor rights and debtor protection. He advocates for greater use of amicable solutions, particularly in OHADA jurisdictions where formal options remain limited and social contexts differ significantly from European systems. The thesis suggests that legal systems should be both effective and humane, offering realistic tools adapted to each region’s economic and cultural realities.

La location-gérance met aux prises le loueur de fonds et le gérant libre, le premier concédant au second la gestion libre d’un fonds contre paiement d’une redevance bien souvent composite. Cela étant, on peut à juste titre relever que le particularisme et l’enjeu de ce rapport juridique suscite tout l’intérêt d’une réflexion sur la protection du gérant libre dont la simple évocation invite à une tentative de caractérisation d’une telle protection en droit OHADA. Sur la question, l’analyse fait état de l’ambivalence qui caractérise la protection du gérant libre d’un fonds de commerce en droit OHADA. En effet, si l’arsenal mobilisable, aussi bien à la formation qu’à l’exécution du contrat de location-gérance, postule pour une protection remarquable du gérant, celle-ci n’en demeure pas moins discutable quand on envisage la situation en fin de contrat ou les hypothèses de mutation du droit de propriété sur le fonds loué en cours de contrat.

La Procédure de règlement des différends opposant les opérateurs de communications électroniques au Cameroun prévoit, en premier, la saisine de l’Agence de Régulation des Télécommunications (ART). Cette dernière devra tenter de concilier les parties. Si cette tentative de conciliation échoue, alors le dossier sera transmis au Comité de Règlement des Différends (CRD) qui devra trancher le litige. Au cas où la décision intervenue est contestée par une des parties, elle pourra saisir soit les juridictions de droit commun, soit l’arbitre. Cependant, le législateur de 2010 n’a pas résolu toutes les questions relatives à l’intervention de cet arbitre. Par exemple, qui le constitue ? Quelles règles gouvernent la procédure et sur la base de quelles normes doit-il trancher ? Où aura lieu l’arbitrage ? L’examen de la loi de 1998 qui a été abrogée par celle de 2010, plus explicite sur la question, nous livre un régime qui tantôt rapproche le régulateur d’un centre d’arbitrage sur certains aspects, tantôt l’éloigne sur d’autres.

Le droit OHADA des procédures collectives connaît quatre procédures collectives, deux procédures préventives et deux procédures curatives. A ces procédures il faut ajouter des variantes, c’est-à-dire des procédures simplifiées, applicables aux entreprises de petite taille. Parmi les procédures préventives note-t-on le règlement préventif, qui a toujours existé, depuis le premier Acte uniforme OHADA portant organisation des procédures collectives d’apurement du passif. Mais, avec la réforme intervenue en 2015, cette procédure a connu de légers changements, qui invitent la doctrine à porter un regard sur ce qu’est devenu la procédure de règlement préventif. Les auteurs de ces lignes ont opté pour l’analyse de la situation du créancier non-cité par son débiteur admis au bénéfice du règlement préventif.

Le règlement des différends par les parties à une relation d’affaires, à travers l’arbitrage, n’est pas un fait nouveau dans les pays africains. Seulement, la nécessité était posée d’adapter ce mode alternatif aux réalités économiques africaines. Pendant longtemps, la majeure partie des contentieux dans lesquels les parties africaines sont impliquées, était réglée en dehors de ses frontières. Ce qui ne favorisait pas leur participation active. Mais la mise en place de l’OHADA et surtout, la création de la CCJA et plus tard son Centre d’arbitrage, suivis par les différents Centres d’arbitrage des Etats ont permis de faire de l’effectivité de l’arbitrage, une réalité. De l’arbitrage traditionnel, l’OHADA, a élargi le champ d’application de ce droit, en y incluant l’arbitrage des investissements, à l’occasion de la réforme du 23 et 24 novembre 2017. Actuellement, cette réforme fait l’objet de nombreuses critiques, notamment, sur le fait que pour certains, ce mécanisme favorise plus l’investisseur étranger que l’Etat partenaire, et que la notion même de l’investissement, n’a jusque-là pas fait l’objet d’une définition claire, tant en droit, en jurisprudence encore moins en doctrine. Pour mettre en œuvre l’arbitrage, les parties font recours à des arbitres, auxquels elles confient leurs différends suivant une convention d’arbitrage ou un instrument d’investissement qui détermine leur mission. Cette dernière peut être accomplie selon les cas, sous la forme d’un arbitrage institutionnel ou ad hoc, et finira par une sentence arbitrale, qui tranchera ce conflit. Comme dans la justice étatique, cette sentence est susceptible des voies de recours. L’arbitrage ne va pas sans écueils : de la constitution du tribunal arbitral à la sentence finale, plusieurs difficultés peuvent surgir.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise da agregação dos credores em classes no âmbito da recuperação judicial, de acordo com a Lei n. 11.101/2005, e os impactos procedimentais e principiológicos neles englobados, tais como: a aprovação do plano de recuperação judicial, a agregação dos credores em classes, o sistema de votação e os princípios da par condicio creditorum e da preservação da empresa, extraindo desta análise lacunas e mecanismos criados que possam ter como consequência o desvirtuamento do fim almejado, sendo ao final apresentadas premissas e hipóteses de limitação e aplicação prática da agregação para evitar práticas abusivas. Dessa forma, são apresentadas breves noções introdutórias e fundamentais sobre a recuperação judicial acompanhada pela apresentação dos conceitos básicos referentes ao plano de recuperação judicial e a divisão dos credores em classes, demonstrando as origens, objetivos e expectativas do estabelecimento das classes na forma apresentada na Lei n. 11.101/2005. Ainda, são objetos específicos de estudo, a análise de como a divisão de classes de credores interfere na votação do plano de recuperação judicial e como tem sido tratada a possibilidade da criação de subclasses como é o caso do credor estratégico - e os efeitos diretos e indiretos ao procedimento e credores envolvidos. Em seguida, tem-se como objetivo verificar, no âmbito legal, as disposições sobre o tema a exemplo do artigo 41 da Lei n. 11.101/2005 -, as consequências e os impasses verificados ao longo dos anos de vigência de referida lei que demandam atenção e alterações para que o tratamento aos credores no âmbito da recuperação ocorra de forma mais justa e adequada aos interesses de todos os envolvidos. Assim, serão expostas soluções alternativas para a melhor condução do procedimento da recuperação judicial em relação às classes de credores e subdivisões em busca de garantir e preservar o objetivo da recuperação judicial, sempre considerando os fatores econômicos, políticos e sociais que influenciam para a análise da viabilidade econômica da empresa e que estão sempre em constante modificação. This work aims to analyze the aggregation of creditors into classes within the scope of judicial reorganization in accordance with Law No. 11.101/2005, as well as the procedural and principled impacts involved, such as the approval of the judicial reorganization plan, the aggregation of creditors into classes, the voting system, and the principles of par condicio creditorum and preservation of the company. It aims to identify gaps and mechanisms that may lead to the distortion of the intended purpose and presents premises and hypotheses for limiting and practically implementing the topic to avoid abusive practices. Thus, this work presents brief introductory and fundamental notions about judicial reorganization by the presentation of basic concepts related to the judicial reorganization plan and the division of creditors into classes, demonstrating the origins, objectives, and expectations of the establishment of classes as presented in Law No. 11.101/2005. Furthermore, specific study objectives include analyzing how the division of classes of creditors affects the voting on the judicial reorganization plan and how the possibility of creating subclasses - such as strategic creditors - has been addressed and its direct and indirect effects on the procedure and involved creditors. Next, this work verifies the legal provisions on the topic - such as Article 41 of Law No. 11.101/2005 as well as the consequences and impasses observed throughout the years of the law\'s existence that demands attention and changes to ensure that treatment of creditors in the context of reorganization occurs in a more just and appropriate manner for all parties involved. Thereby, alternative solutions will be presented for better management of the judicial reorganization procedure regarding creditor classes and subdivisions to ensure and preserve the objective of judicial reorganization, always considering the economic, political, and social factors that influence the analysis of the company\'s economic viability, which are constantly changing.

Alors que la finance traditionnelle peine à se renouveler, les nouveaux applicatifs de finance décentralisée proposent des services financiers basés sur des protocoles innovants, codés et entièrement gérés par les utilisateurs. Les classifications historiques de la finance sont largement inefficaces et des catégories telles que celle des instruments financiers ne permettent pas de construire un encadrement pertinent. Celles-ci doivent être dépassées pour pouvoir encadrer de façon plus inclusive tous les actifs décentralisés. La communication financière est rendue désuète et nécessite une refonte pour prendre en compte les nouvelles motivations des investisseurs et les impératifs environnementaux. Traditional finance is struggling to renew, new decentralized finance applications offer financial services based on coded protocols entirely managed by users. Historical classifications of finance are largely ineffective and categories such as financial instruments do not allow to construct a relevant framework. These must be overcome to be able to regulate all decentralized assets in a more inclusive manner. Financial communication has become obsolete and requires an overhaul to consider the new motivations of investors and environmental imperatives.

Este trabalho apresenta a tese de que, embora as normas constantes dos arts. 153 e seguintes da Lei no 6.404/76 continuem aplicáveis e o objeto dos deveres legais dos administradores de sociedades anônimas permaneça inalterado mesmo após a instauração de um cenário de crise econômico-financeira na companhia, em grande medida regrado pela Lei no 11.101/05, a instalação da referida crise causa uma modificação no conteúdo desses deveres. Para tanto, o trabalho adota como ponto de partida a jurisprudência e a literatura especializada norte-americanas, apresentando criticamente os casos mais recentes e relevantes julgados pelas Cortes de Delaware, bem como uma sistematização da literatura especializada pertinente. A análise crítica dos casos da jurisprudência norte-americana permite a compreensão da transição de um entendimento baseado na trust fund doctrine, segundo o qual, após a instauração da insolvência, mediante a aplicação da insolvency exception, haveria um shift por meio do qual os credores passariam a ser os destinatários dos deveres fiduciários dos administradores, para o entendimento mais recente de que o destinatário dos deveres fiduciários é apenas a companhia, ainda que devam ser levados em consideração pelos administradores os demais interesses que compõem o interesse social, tais como os interesses de credores, trabalhadores, consumidores. Em seguida, considerando que o conceito de crise econômico-financeira tem contornos incertos, o trabalho busca identificar instrumentos indicadores da instalação da crise. Para tanto, o trabalho não apenas revisita os conceitos clássicos de insolvência e insolvabilidade, mas também propõe novos enquadramento e sistematização, visando ao apontamento de elementos objetivos que, considerados em conjunto, permitam identificar com maior nitidez os contornos do estado de crise econômico-financeira. Posteriormente, o trabalho trata do tema central desta tese, começando pela lógica, os limites e a dinâmica da administração de sociedades anônimas em crise, especialmente diante da colidência de interesses de acionistas e de credores e da intensificação desses conflitos depois de instaurado o cenário de crise, passando pela contínua aplicabilidade da Lei no 6.404/76 e pelas razões que levam à alteração do conteúdo dos deveres legais dos administradores de sociedades anônimas em crise. A seguir, o trabalho demonstra que o ângulo mais adequado à análise dos deveres legais dos administradores de sociedades anônimas em crise no Brasil não é o da alteração do objeto dos deveres, nem o da alteração dos seus destinatários, tampouco o da alteração dos titulares de interesses contingentes na companhia, mas sim o da modificação do conteúdo dos referidos deveres. O trabalho adota, ainda, uma lente pragmática, buscando compreender a dimensão em que o conteúdo dos deveres é modificado após a instauração da crise, considerando uma lista exemplificativa das hipóteses mais relevantes, do ponto de vista prático e acadêmico, em que tais deveres entram em discussão: (i) dever de conhecer a situação econômico-financeira da companhia; (ii) deveres informacionais; (iii) dever de avaliar a adoção de medidas de reestruturação e de evitar o agravamento da crise; (iv) deveres relacionados à alienação e oneração de ativos; e (v) deveres relacionados à contratação de novos financiamentos. Por fim, o trabalho apresenta e discute a apuração da responsabilidade e outras possíveis consequências decorrentes do eventual descumprimento dos deveres legais dos administradores das sociedades anônimas em crise. This study presents the thesis that, although the norms set forth in articles 153 and following of Law No. 6,404/76 remain applicable and the object of the legal duties of administrators of public companies remains unchanged after the onset of a scenario of economic and financial crisis in the company, largely regulated by Law No. 11,101/05, financial distress causes a modification in the content of these duties. To this end, the study takes as its starting point the north American precedents and literature, critically presenting the most recent and relevant cases judged by the Delaware Courts, as well as a systematization of the relevant literature. The critical analysis of cases from north American jurisprudence allows the comprehension of the transition from an understanding based on the trust fund doctrine, according to which, after the onset of insolvency, through the application of the insolvency exception, there would be a shift whereby creditors would become the recipients of the fiduciary duties of directors, to the more recent understanding that the recipient of fiduciary duties is only the company, although directors should take into account other interests that compose company`s interest, such as the interests of creditors, workers, consumers. Next, the study investigates the concept of economic and financial distress. Considering that this concept has uncertain contours, the study seeks to identify indicative instruments of the installation of the economic and financial crisis. To do so, the study not only revisits classical themes, such as the concepts of insolvency and insolvability but also proposes new frameworks and systematization, aiming to highlight objective elements that, considered together, allow a clearer identification of the state of economic and financial crisis. Subsequently, the study addresses the central theme of this thesis, beginning with the logic, limits, and dynamics of the administration of companies in financial distress, especially in the face of the collision of interests between shareholders and creditors and the intensification of these conflicts after the onset of the crisis scenario, going through the continuous applicability of Law No. 6,404/76 and the reasons that lead to the alteration of the content of the legal duties of directors of companies in financial distress. Afterwards, the work demonstrates that the most appropriate approach to analyzing the legal duties of administrators of companies in crisis in Brazil is not that of changing the duties\' scope, nor altering their recipients, nor changing the holders of contingent interests in the company. Instead, the work advocates for examining the modifying content of these duties. The work also adopts a pragmatic lens, seeking to understand the extent to which the content of these duties is altered after the onset of the crisis, considering an illustrative list of the most relevant hypotheses, from practical and academic points of view, in which such duties come into discussion, namely: (i) duty to know the economic and financial situation of the company; (ii) informational duties; (iii) duty to assess the adoption of restructuring measures and to avoid the worsening of the crisis; (iv) duties related to the alienation and encumbrance of assets; and (v) duties related to the contracting of new financing. Finally, the study presents and critically discusses aspects related to the determination of responsibility and other possible consequences arising from the eventual non-compliance with the legal duties of managers and directors of companies in the brink of insolvency.

This collection of chapters tracks and explains the impact of the nine core United Nations human rights treaties in 20 selected countries, four from each of the five UN regions. Researchers based in each of these countries were responsible for the chapters, in which they assess the influence of the treaties and treaty body recommendations on legislation, policies, court decisions and practices. By covering the 20 years between July 1999 and June 2019, this book updates a study done 20 years ago.

"Chapter 16 The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Senegal" published on 09 Feb 2024 by Brill | Nijhoff.