Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La réflexion sur la nature juridique et l'effectivité du droit à l'exécution forcée s'inscrit dans un mouvement d'ensemble incontournable en droit interne comme en droit international. L' approche comparative fondée sur les systèmes juridiques camerounais et français, enrichie de divers instruments et systèmes internationaux et régionaux, permet d'affirmer que le droit à l'exécution forcée est un droit subjectif et fondamental. Il est reconnu à toute personne titulaire d'un titre exécutoire. La recherche permanente d'un équilibre délicat mais nécessaire entre les droits et intérêts des différentes parties ainsi que la prise en compte des impératifs de l'ordre public et de l'intérêt général, délimitent le domaine du droit à l'exécution forcée. Pour être plus efficace, ce droit doit être construit autour des principes de négociations et de transparence. A ces deux principes nous proposons d' ajouter un autre, celui de la gestion préventive du risque d'inexécution. Consideration of the judirical nature and effectiveness of the right to compulsory execution falls within a general trend that is inescapable as much in internal law as an international law. A comparative approach based in the Cameroon and French legal systems, enriched by diverse instruments and international and regional systems allows us to assert that the right to compulsory executionis a sujective and fundamental right. It is granted to any person who holds an enforceable right. The continuous seeking out of a delicate but necessary balance between the rights and interests of different parties and consideration of the paramountcy of public policy and the general interest, delineate the scope of application of the right to compulsory execution. To be more effective, this right must be built around the principles of negociation and transparency. To these two principles we suggest addind another, that of preventive management of the risk of non-execution.

It is widely accepted that inter-state relationships have entered an era of globalisation. The economic theory of convergence explains that it is this phenomenon which has spearheaded, amongst others, the development of international rules in the field of trade, finance and taxation.

L’émergence des espaces d’intégration devant aider au renforcement des structures d’intégration économique et politique créées en Afrique au lendemain des indépendances a eu pour conséquence, l’apparition d’un droit matériel essentiellement économique. L’objectif affiché par les différents législateurs communautaires est de moderniser les règles juridiques applicables dans le domaine économique afin de les rendre conformes aux exigences du commerce international et favoriser la sécurité juridique propice au développement des investissements. Or, parce que les contrats constituent les mécanismes juridiques par excellence de l’organisation de la vie économique, ces nouvelles réglementations ne pouvaient manquer d’influencer directement ou indirectement le droit des contrats. L’influence du droit communautaire sur le droit des contrats s’observe en premier lieu dans les réglementations éparses, adoptées aussi bien dans le cadre de l’OHADA, de la CEMAC que de la CIMA. Ces institutions harmonisent en les modernisant les contrats spéciaux dont la plupart ont été hérités du législateur colonial par les Etats membres. C’est ainsi que les perturbations à la théorie générale des contrats relevées dans ces contrats étaient déjà connues dans les Etats membres bien avant l’avènement du droit communautaire. Cependant, cette réaction face aux insuffisances de la théorie générale des contrats ne pouvait s’éterniser au risque de voir celle-ci se vider de sa substance. C’est pourquoi, en second lieu, par un avant-projet d’Acte uniforme, le législateur OHADA offre de s’aligner sur la voie déjà tracée depuis les années 1990 par de nombreux pays ayant adopté le code civil de 1804, en révisant sa partie réservée au droit des contrats. Sans toutefois remettre en cause les principes fondamentaux de la théorie générale des contrats, l’auteur de ce avant-projet propose d’offrir un droit des contrats moderne, moins antagoniste, intégrant les principes de transparence et d’équilibre. Il est question d’apporter des correctifs nécessaires à la rigueur à laquelle a abouti l’interprétation libérale des règles du code civil à l’aune de la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté. Prenant en compte la diversité du droit communautaire applicable au Cameroun, ce travail met en exergue les transformations que connaît le droit des contrats actuellement applicable et propose les voies et moyens par lesquels la théorie générale du droit des contrats peut évoluer grâce à l’avènement des nouvelles réglementations.

Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have proliferated at an unprecedented pace since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Although the WTO legally recognizes countries’ entitlement to form RTAs, neither the WTO nor parties to RTAs have an unequivocal understanding of the relationship between the WTO and RTAs. In other words, the legal controversies, the result of uncertainty regarding the application of the WTO/GATT laws, risk undermining the objectives of the multilateral trade system. This thesis tackles a phenomenon that is widely believed to be heavily economic and political. The thesis highlights the economic and political aspects of regionalism, but largely concentrates on the legal dimension of regionalism. The main argument of the thesis is that the first step to achieving harmony between multilateralism and regionalism is the identification of the legal uncertainties that regionalism produces when countries form RTAs without taking into account the substantive and procedural aspect of the applicable WTO/ GATT laws. The thesis calls for the creation of a legal instrument (i.e. agreement on RTAs) that combines all of the applicable law on RTAs, and simultaneously clarifies the legal language used therein. Likewise, the WTO should have a proactive role, not merely as a coordinator of RTAs, but as a watchdog for the multilateral system that has the power to prosecute violating RTAs. The author is aware that political concerns are top priorities for governments and policy makers when dealing with the regionalism problematic. Hence, legal solutions or proposals are not sufficient to create a better international trade system without the good will of the WTO Members who are, in fact, the players who are striving to craft more regional trade arrangements.

Denizciliğin kendine özgü ihtiyaç ve sorunlarından ortaya çıkmış bir kurum olan kurtarmayardım, TTK. m. 1222-1234'de düzenlenmiş olup köken itibariyle Alman hukukundanalınmıştır. Alman Hukukunun bu konudaki kaynağı ise Türkiye'nin de taraf bulunduğu 1910tarihli Brüksel Konvansiyonu'dur. 1910 tarihli konvansiyona 1967 yılında eklenen protokoleTürkiye taraf olmamıştır. 1989 Londra Konvansiyonuna taraf olma ise gereklidir. Zira 1989konvansiyonu gelişen ve değişen kurtarma teknikleri ve sorunlarını hukuki açıdan çözmekiçin uluslararası alanda düzenlenmiş en son konvansiyondur.Kurtarma yardım ücretinde sorunlardan biri, ücretin nasıl hesaplanacağıdır. Bu husus, 1910Brüksel Konvansiyonu hükümleri ve bu konvansiyona eklenen özel tazminat ve çevre zararınıönleme kriterlerini düzenleyen 1989 Londra Konvansiyonu hükümleri ile düzenlenmiştir.Kurtarma yardım ücreti hesaplanırken mahkeme bu kriterlerin ışığında hakkaniyete uygun birücret belirleyecektir.Kurtarma yardım ücretinin ödenmesi meselesinde önemli bir konu da bu ücretten denizsigortalarının teminat kapsamı doğrultusunda sigortacının sorumluluğu hususudur. Birkurtarma yardım hizmeti gerçekleştirildiğinde öncelikle uygun bir kurtarma yardım ücretibelirlenir. Bu kurtarma yardım ücreti olayın şartlarına göre müşterek avarya teşkil ettiğitakdirde kurtarma ücreti dispeçte alacaklı masasına kaydedilir ve müşterek avaryapaylaşımında yerini alır. Bu paylaşımda sigortacının tazminat sorumluluğu TTK hükümleri,genel şartlar ve İngiliz Hukuku özel şartları (Klozlar) ile York Anvers kuralları ışığındabelirlenir.Kurtarma yardım teşkil etmediği halde ise paylaşıma girmeden kurtarılan değerinsigortacısının kurtarma ücreti ve zararlarından sorumluluğu TTK hükümleri, genel şartlar veİngiliz Hukuku özel şartları (Klozlar) ile belirlenir. Emerged from own specific needs and problems of maritime Salvage, legislated in TTK.m.1222-1234, which has been originated from the German law. The source of German law inthis subject is the Convention dated 1910 in which Turkey is also a party. Turkey has not beenparty of the protocol in 1967 added to Convention dated 1910. Being a party to LondonConvention 1989 is necessary. Because Convention 1989 is the last convention to solvedeveloping and changing salvage techniques and problems from a legal perspective atinternational level.One of the problems of salvage payments is about how to calculate. This issue has beenregulated by provisions of Brussels 1910 Convention and London 1989 Convention whichregulates special compensation and prevention criteria of environmental damage. Whencalculating salvage payment, the court will determine a fair cost in the light of these criteria.An important subject matter of the payment of Salvage is the liability of insurer oriented withthe scope of maritime insurance assurance. When the salvage operation was done paymentwas determined primarily. When general average was established according to thecircumstances of this case this payment is recorded to creditor table at adjustment and takesplace in general average. This shared responsibility in the insurer's indemnity provisions aredetermined in light of the TTK provisions, general terms and specific terms of English Lawand York Antwerp Rules.In the case of without salvage, insurer liability of rescued value from salvage cost and lossesis determined by TTK, general terms and specific terms of English Law without sharing.

Libya is a predominately Muslim country where Islamic finance has not yet been established. However, given the current extensive program of financial reform in Libya and the rapid growth and appeal of Islamic finance in comparable economies, there is growing pressure for a system of Islamic finance to be provided. There is then a pressing need for research into the prospects for Islamic finance from a consumer and provider perceptive to inform this debate and thereby meet the needs of policymakers, financial service providers and prospective users. Accordingly, this study of Libyan attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance, the first study attempted in the Libyan context and one of few studies globally, applies a model derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action to analyse attitudes towards Islamic finance. The particular focus is to understand how the Theory of Reasoned Action can be used for predicting and understanding attitudes towards the potential use of Islamic methods of finance by Libyan retail consumers, business firms and banks. Four main research questions are posed to address this objective. First, does awareness of Islamic methods of finance influence attitudes towards the use of Islamic finance? Second, do socioeconomic, demographic and other factors influence attitudes towards Islamic finance? Third, what are the principal motivating factors towards the potential use of Islamic finance? Finally, is religion the major influence on the likelihood of engaging in Islamic finance? Three surveys of 385 retail consumers, 296 business firms and 134 bank managers in Libya are conducted in 2007/08 to achieve this objective. Descriptive analysis and multivariate statistical analysis (including factor analysis, discriminant analysis and binary logistic regressions) are used to analyse the data. The principal findings are that awareness of Islamic methods of finance and socioeconomic, demographic and business characteristics are key determinants of the likelihood of the use of Islamic finance. Further, religion plays a key, though not the only, role in influencing these attitudes. The thesis findings are of key importance in informing future financial industry practice and financial policy formation in Libya.