Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) seeks to promote the achievement and maintenance of a fair, accessible, efficient, sustainable and responsible market place for consumer products and services in South Africa. Moreover, the CPA seeks to provide an accessible, consistent, harmonised, effective and efficient system of redress for consumers. Notably, the CPA provides that the supplier should not supply or enter into an agreement to supply any goods or services at a price that is unfair, unreasonable, or unjust. This is generally aimed at combating any problems that are suffered by consumers when accessing goods and services in South Africa. Accordingly, various regulatory bodies and related role-players were established to enforce consumer rights and provide redress mechanisms to vulnerable and affected consumers. These consumer protection bodies and related roleplayers include the National Consumer Commission (NCC), the National Consumer Tribunal (NCT), provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies. These bodies and role-players are statutorily obliged to resolve consumer disputes in South Africa. However, there are some uncertainty challenges regarding the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and consumer protection regulatory bodies in relation to disputes that relate to the consumers’ right to fair, just and reasonable prices, terms and conditions of goods and services. This article discusses the role of the NCC, the NCT, provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies in the regulation of prices for goods, services and access to redress for affected consumers under the CPA. This is done to provide some recommendations that could resolve jurisdictional and regulatory challenges in relation to the price and access to goods and services under the CPA.

Efficiency is generally defined as the capacity to deliver desirable results with little effort or input. A bank cannot afford to allocate limited resources at random in a competitive market. Only once the efficiency factors have been identified can resources be allocated in a conscious and effective manner. The study investigates the determinants of technical efficiency of banks in the SADC region. The study is significant in the SADC region as the block is trying to create a robust and stable banking system. This is driven by the desire to stay away from the current global financial system volatility and the region is working to develop an integrated banking system. The results show that the banks are relatively inefficient with the level of inefficiency around 40 percent. The efficiency of the banks is determined by the level of capitalisation, size of the bank, research costs and automation of the banks. The results of the study imply that that there is great scope for the banks in the SADC region to increase their efficiency. Improved efficiency will ensure banks provide services at a lower cost to clients. The study recommends adequately capitalizing banks, increasing the asset base of the banks, investing in research and the automation of the banking systems.

A Lei de Recuperação Judicial e Falência, após a reforma de 2020, permitiu que a maioria dos credores, organizados em assembleia, possam impor medidas à empresa em recuperação judicial e aos seus sócios, nos termos do art. 56, § 4o e seguintes. Embora diversas medidas possam ser adotadas pelo plano dos credores, como é o caso das determinações de aspecto exclusivamente patrimonial e a alteração da administração da empresa em recuperação judicial, algumas providências não podem ser impostas sem que haja a anuência dos sócios, nos termos da legislação societária, como é o caso da fusão, incorporação e transformação. A capitalização dos créditos em recuperação judicial, inclusive com a alteração de controle, é expressamente admitida pela Lei de Recuperação Judicial e Falências, o que enseja, em determinados casos, o exercício do direito de retirada pelos sócios do devedor. O cálculo do recesso para fins de exercício do direito de retirada deve ocorrer mediante um critério exclusivamente patrimonial, sem que seja permitido que os sócios retirantes possam se valer da expectativa de lucratividade futura da sociedade no cálculo do valor da empresa para fins de recesso. O crédito decorrente do direito de retirada possui natureza extraconcursal e não se sujeita aos efeitos da recuperação judicial. Seu pagamento, entretanto, deve ocorrer de maneira compatível com a preservação da empresa, mediante a utilização de um percentual dos resultados futuros, sem que seja possível a venda de ativos da empresa em recuperação para pagamento dos sócios retirantes.

This study primarily aims to identify the social responsibility of Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies and their contributions to addressing the negative effects resulting from COVID-19. The study focuses on the companies’ efforts to alleviate the burden on the state and citizens, exploring the most significant social contributions made by these companies in response to the pandemic. To answer the research questions and test the hypotheses, the researchers employed a descriptive and analytical approach. After obtaining the necessary data, a validated and evaluated questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 53 individuals, including financial managers, internal auditors, financial analysts, and accountants working in Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies. The results of the study indicated that Libyan telecom companies did not contribute significantly to mitigating the negative effects of COVID-19 by activating their social responsibility roles. This conclusion is supported by the respondents' answers, which reflected a moderate degree of contribution, with a mean value of 3.08 and a relative weight of 61.69%, along with a standard deviation of 0.85 and a significance level (Sig) of 0.686. Similarly, Palestinian telecom companies also did not significantly contribute to mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic through their social responsibility roles. Respondents’ answers indicated a moderate level of contribution, with a mean value of 3.24, a relative weight of 64.85%, a standard deviation of 0.849, and a significance level (Sig) of 0.256. The study recommends that Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies should enhance their social roles in mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by actively implementing social responsibility initiatives.

This study investigates the influence of remuneration on organizational performance in cooperative banks in Kiambu County, Kenya. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research explores how compensation packages, salary reviews, and employee recognition impact performance. The study utilizes a descriptive research design with structured questionnaires to gather data from 94 participants. Findings indicate a significant correlation between competitive remuneration and enhanced organizational performance. The majority ofemployees are satisfied with salary increments and recognize the positive effects of frequent salary reviews on their motivation and job satisfaction. The study also highlights the importance of recognition and praise in boosting employee morale and engagement, contributing to overall organizational success. This research is grounded in Equity Theory, which posits that fair treatment in compensation leads to higher motivation and productivity. The conclusions drawn suggest that cooperative banks should implement equitable and competitive remuneration strategies, along with regular salary reviews and robust recognition programs, to enhance performance. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers andbank managers aiming to improve organizational effectiveness through strategic human resource practices.

À lire certains professionnels du droit, le décompte du temps de travail aurait fait son temps. Les cadres ne « compteraient pas leur temps », le décompte serait lié à la « civilisation de l’usine », et plus structurellement le temps ne serait plus un étalon pertinent de mesure du travail. À ces doutes, il s’agit d’affirmer l’utilité permanente du décompte du temps de travail. La question de l’importance du décompte du temps de travail est étroitement liée à celle du rôle et de la place du temps de travail. Ces interrogations relatives au décompte du temps de travail découlent principalement de la remise en cause du temps comme outil de mesure et de limitation du travail. Au contraire, c’est en affirmant la permanence du temps à pouvoir et à devoir remplir de telles fonctions que l’intérêt et l’importance du décompte du temps de travail se révèlent. Qu’il s’agisse de mesurer ou de limiter le travail, le temps ne peut remplir ces fonctions qu’à condition d’être décompté. Autrement dit, c’est le décompte du temps de travail qui permet au temps de remplir ses fonctions de mesure et de limitation du travail. L’intérêt du décompte du temps de travail se dévoile à l’aune de la fonction, générique, du temps comme unité de conversion. Le temps constitue en effet une unité de conversion objective et universelle, qu’il s’agisse de déterminer l’engagement du salarié, de déterminer et quantifier le salaire, de protéger par un salaire minimum horaire, ou encore de garantir la protection de la santé et des temps de liberté. Or, ces fonctions de mesure et de limitation du travail sont intrinsèquement liées à la nature du contrat de travail, défini et caractérisé par la subordination du salarié à l’employeur. S’interroger sur l’importance du décompte du temps de travail consistera à questionner le rapport qu’il entretient avec l’existence, la formation et la construction du contrat de travail tel que caractérisé par la subordination. Dans cette étude, on cherche à identifier les enjeux du décompte du temps de travail, les façons d’y procéder, les difficultés rencontrées et les solutions apportées. Pour déterminer si le décompte du temps de travail est une condition au contrat de travail, il y a d’abord besoin d’examiner dans quelle mesure le décompte du temps de travail s’avère utile au regard du droit du travail. Il s’agit d’affirmer la nécessité de procéder à un décompte du temps de travail, qui découle d’une multitude d’énoncés au service desquels le décompte du temps de travail intervient. Pour apprécier si le droit positif est à la hauteur de cette nécessité, il s’agit ensuite d’évaluer l’obligation de décompter le temps de travail, et de voir comment cette obligation est appréhendée, abordée et imposée par le droit du travail. Il en ressort que le décompte du temps de travail est un élément consubstantiel de l’idée de salariat et un élément structurant du droit du travail. Et il demeure tel, même s’il est aujourd’hui attaqué. Le droit du travail s’évertue donc à imposer le décompte du temps de travail. Il s’agit de l’une de ses dimensions essentielles. D’ailleurs, même lorsqu’il ouvre des brèches dans les frontières du temps de travail, comme avec le forfait-jour, il ne réussit pas à s’abstraire totalement de la nécessité du décompte, et même du décompte horaire. Le décompte résiste partout, puisqu’il doit résister, puisqu’il en va de l’essence de la subordination et donc de l’essence de la relation de travail salarié.Le décompte du temps de travail, même s’il contesté comme le sont tous les piliers du droit du travail, demeure et demeurera. Il est au cœur de la relation de travail, et il y restera tant que le travail subordonné existera.

A tese visou analisar o sentido e alcance do artigo 130 do Código Civil. Essa tarefa, no entanto, foi precedida por estudo da estrutura e função da condição dentro do quadro do negócio jurídico, provocando o debate sobre sua utilização, inclusive atípica. Analisou-se dogmaticamente o elemento condição na teoria geral do negócio jurídico, sob uma perspectiva crítica para, depois, estudar a fase de pendência e as obrigações dela decorrentes para os figurantes e as possibilidades em tema de atos conservativos, nessa etapa tão característica do negócio condicionado, oferecendo novos enfoques para o assunto. Isso se fez de modo propositivo, aproveitando ainda para ponderar sobre as implicações da cláusula geral de boa-fé nessa matéria. Por fim, apresenta rol de considerações de caráter operativo, tentando estabelecer a conexão entre os atos conservativos a que alude a lei civil, com as devidas repercussões processuais. The thesis aimed to analyze the meaning and scope of article 130 of the Civil Code. This task, however, was preceded by a study of the structure and function of the condition within the framework of the legal business, bringing up the debate on its use, including atypical use. It was carried out a dogmatic analysis of the condition element in the general theory of the legal business, from a critical perspective, in order to study the pendency phase and the obligations it entails for the parties and the possibilities in terms of conservative acts at this stage, which is so characteristic of the conditioned transaction, offering new approaches to the subject. This was done purposefully, taking the opportunity to consider the implications of the general clause of good faith in this matter. The final considerations were presented in an operative view, trying to establish the connection between the conservative acts referred to in civil law, with the appropriate procedural repercussions.

L'e-sport est actuellement en phase de développement économique constant. Toutefois, au regard de la nouveauté de la pratique, le cadre juridique peine parfois à s'adapter afin de rendre la pratique e-sportive pérenne économique et stable au regard de son cadre juridique. Il est dès lors important de structurer juridiquement l'e-sport afin de lui offrir un cadre économique solide. Cette pratique spécifique appelle une structuration par le droit du numérique et le droit de la propriété intellectuelle, cette recherche consiste ainsi à trouver un modèle pérenne de cadre juridique pour l'e-sport en s'inspirant de régimes déjà existants (droit du sport, de la propriété intellectuelle, de la concurrence ou encore droit de l'audiovisuel entre autres) afin que la pratique se développe sans entrave économique et par le prisme des technologies numériques en constante évolution. Cette recherche fait appel à des mécanismes déjà existants en droit, à des règlementations déjà applicables mais aussi à l'aménagement de nouvelles règles de droit, adaptées à la pratique e-sportive.

Au-delà de l’aspect numérique, Satoshi, fondateur anonyme du bitcoin, évoque l’organisation de « Pair à Pair » (P2P). Elle correspond à l’algorithmique répartie sur laquelle le registre décentralisé de ces nouveaux actifs se fonde. Mais le Règlement MiCA exclut la finance décentralisée et ne donne aucune définition satisfaisante des crypto-actifs. On étend cette observation aux actifs numériques, insuffisamment cernés en droit français. L’analyse de l’organisation P2P s’impose. On a identifié chez certains jetons une organisation participative, distincte des groupements et des contrats-coopération. Elle se caractérise par un degré et une forme d’indépendance nouvelle ainsi que par une socialité orientée vers un objet de nature impersonnelle, ouverte vers l’extérieur et sans structure (ni groupements ni contrats). Elle façonne ainsi la structure d’émission et la forme représentative et négociable de ces jetons. Ils sont des écrits représentant un bien ou un service et non un droit à l’encontre d’une personne émettrice. Ils sont émis dans une organisation participative : sans partage de pertes, de bénéfices, de chiffres d’affaires ou d’autres fruits. Leur qualification civiliste est le produit et non le fruit, contrairement aux titres financiers. L’organisation participative, elle, s’analyse comme un système, une nouvelle catégorie juridique que l’ordre juridique peut accueillir. L’ouverture du système vers l’extérieur nécessite la négociabilité des jetons. Elle concourt à la financiarisation de l’économie réelle. Comme la structure d’émission de ces jetons participatifs, leur infrastructure polycentrique de négociation appelle une régulation par l’organisation. Ces jetons sont aussi hybrides parce que participatifs et monétaires, et en tant que tels peuvent être considérés comme des unités de financement ; nouvelle définition de la monnaie que l’on propose, pour ne pas la réduire à sa seule fonction de paiement. Les jetons participatifs perturbent la summa divisio entre la monnaie et les instruments financiers ainsi que le concept même de droit subjectif.

Ao acessar o mercado de valores mobiliários, atribui-se às companhias emissoras um dever de sempre informar, a tempo e modo, seus respectivos investidores, sejam eles atuais ou futuros, de modo a assegurar que todas as informações por elas divulgadas ao mercado, de forma voluntária ou obrigatória, sejam fidedignas. A despeito do efeito que possa produzir na decisão individual do investidor, a informação sempre terá um impacto na própria cotação dos valores mobiliários, uma vez que considerado seu ambiente de negociação (i.e., o sistema de pregão) e as forças de oferta e demanda do mercado. O efeito da informação na expectativa individual do investidor será irrelevante para a formação dos preços dos valores mobiliários, devendo o efeito do ilícito informacional ser apurado a partir de todo o conjunto de operações realizadas em bolsa. O dano informacional deve, assim, ser compreendido a partir da violação do interesse juridicamente tutelado do investidor nas informações prestadas pela companhia emissora, tendo em vista os efeitos que essas informações são capazes de produzir diretamente na cotação dos valores mobiliários. When accessing the securities market, issuers have the duty to inform, in a timely manner, their investors, whether current or future, in order to ensure that all information disclosed to the market, whether voluntarily or obligatory, is reliable. Regardless of the effect it may have on the investor\'s decision, the information will always have an impact on the price of the securities itself, once considered their trading environment (i.e., the trading system) and the forces of supply and demand of the market. The effect of the information on the investor\'s individual expectations will be irrelevant to the formation of securities prices, since the effect of unlawful wrongdoing must be determined based on the entire set of operations carried out on the stock exchange. Informational damage must, therefore, be understood as the violation of the investor\'s legally protected interest in information provided by the issuer, considering the effects that the information produces directly on the price of securities.

This research consists of verifying whether CIT has an effect on capital given the financing risk incurred. A review of several capital theories has shown that CIT is one of the main determinants of a firm's capital structure. The inclusion of CIT in capital structure models continues to divide the world of corporate finance. Debt interest deduction in computing CIT reinforces the controversy over the question of the capital structure that optimizes the tax savings provided by this deduction. The consequence is the existence of two opposing groups on the optimum capital structure: on the one hand, the group of those who believe that there is one and only one optimal capital structure, and on the other, the group of those who reject out of hand any possibility of an optimal capital structure. The sample starts with a case study of two hypothetical identical firms, one indebted and the other non-indebted, with the same profitable investment project over a period of time, and ends with 101 pairs of identical firms belonging to different classes of financing risk. The hypothesis of non-gratuity of cost and income is used, and capital markets are assumed to be pure and perfect. The results confirm that CIT has no effect on the structure, value, cost and return of capital for a given financing risk, and reveal the existence of a third source of financing called "public capital", whose cost is the corporate capital tax rate (CCTR). There is no longer any question of thinking about the optimum capital structure, which is a pure financial illusion. This paper is one of the first to show that CIT does not affect capital, and to propose a model that explains capital structure behavior in the presence of CIT. Paper type: Empirical Research  Stanislas Théodule Médard Dèwanou Comlan AGOSSADOU, (Researcher) Laboratory for Research on Performance and Development of Organizations (LARPEDO)  Faculty of Economics and Management (FASEG) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) - Benin,

La question de l’effectivité du droit du travail s’inscrit, dans une certaine mesure, dans la réalisation de l’un des objectifs de développement durable que se sont assignés les États membres de l’OIT, en l’occurrence celui d’un travail décent pour tous. Plus généralement, elle se rattache à la problématique générale de l’effectivité du droit. La République de Djibouti, jeune nation africaine qui n’a pas une longue tradition dans l’expérience du droit étatique se trouve confrontée, comme c’est le cas singulièrement en Afrique, à une situation d’ineffectivité du droit du travail. Cet article analyse les principaux symptômes de cette ineffectivité, en identifie les causes et explore les facteurs d’une meilleure application du droit du travail djiboutien.

Consentement à l’acte médical, à l’adoption, au traitement de données personnelles, aux relations sexuelles : le terme de consentement occupe une place particulière en droit des personnes. Cette thèse propose d’apporter des réponses à cette problématique sociale fondamentale à partir d’une approche critique du droit. Un nouveau regard peut ainsi être porté sur le consentement en l’appréhendant à la fois comme un phénomène politique et comme une réalité sociale. Le consentement en droit français correspond en premier lieu à un phénomène politique. Loin de jouer le rôle libéral qui lui est classiquement prêté, il représente plutôt une norme idéologique humaniste. Norme également fonctionnelle, le consentement permet aux pouvoirs publics de préserver l’ordre social. Le consentement représente en second lieu une réalité sociale. Les théories générales civilistes ne permettent pas de se saisir de cette réalité car, malgré leur attrait, elles présentent des limites. Nous proposons de nous tourner vers les analyses de justice sociale. Elles permettent d’identifier les inégalités sociales intersectionnelles qui affectent les consentements. Des analyses de justice sociale offrent également un cadre pour y répondre juridiquement. Le consentement peut ainsi être conçu comme un processus de reconnaissance et être encadré comme tel en droit.

Os acadêmicos divergem desde sempre a respeito do objetivo da companhia: atender ao interesse dos acionistas e buscar a maximização dos resultados ou, alternativa ou sucessivamente, atender ao interesse de outras partes interessadas? Porém, as linhas entre uma e outra correntes não são mais nítidas como antes. Com o crescente interesse nas chamadas métricas de ESG a sigla para Environmental, Social and Governance, modelos híbridos de governança têm sido pensados a partir da combinação de lucro e propósito. Nesse sentido parece evidente a consolidação de uma tendência no direito societário que, por falta de um termo melhor, possa ser qualificada como preponderantemente social. Sem prejuízo dessa evidência, o objetivo do trabalho não é o de defender uma ou outra corrente sobre a função da companhia. Num olhar pretensamente original, o estudo propõe outro enfoque: traçar a disciplina legal dos atos societários de orientação social, como materialização do interesse que os precede. Academics have always disagreed about the company\'s objective: to serve the interests of shareholders and seek to maximize results or, alternatively or successively, to serve the interests of stakeholders as other interested parties? However, the lines between one theory and another are no longer as clear as before. With the growing interest in the so-called ESG metrics the acronym for Environmental, Social and Governance, hybrid governance models are being designed based on the combination of profit and purpose. The consolidation of a trend in corporate law that, for lack of a better term, can be qualified as predominantly social is now clear. Notwithstanding the before, the objective of the study is not to defend one or another theory of the corporate objective. In an allegedly original perspective, the study proposes another approach: tracing the legal discipline of socially oriented corporate acts, as the externalization of the interest that precedes them.

A tese aborda as empresas estatais no contexto da Constituição Federal de 1988, destacando seu papel como instrumentos de ação do Estado na busca pela concretização dos objetivos constitucionais. O texto explora as características das empresas estatais, ressaltando sua submissão aos princípios da Administração Pública, bem como aos controles inerentes a essa esfera, como a tutela administrativa, o controle dos tribunais de contas e o controle jurisdicional. Destaca-se a importância do preenchimento do conteúdo do interesse público como guia para o exercício do poder de controle acionário e para a atuação dos órgãos sociais das empresas estatais. Nessa tarefa, propugna-se pela utilização de fontes legítimas de expressão do interesse público que, preferencialmente, e em alguma medida, passaram por processos de inclusão participativa daqueles afetos ao interesse público, seja direta ou indiretamente. Argumenta-se pela maior efetividade de políticas públicas que contam com essa natureza, baseados em experiência desenvolvimentista e na teoria da nova governança pública. Defende a organização e formalização do exercício do poder de controle societário, apoiando a criação de um colegiado para concentrar essa atividade, de modo a garantir formalização das orientações, devida consideração ao conteúdo do interesse público, e sopesamento da matéria vis-à-vis os demais interesses que o acionista controlador deve lealmente respeitar e atender. A tese destaca a necessidade de acomodar o interesse público nos órgãos da administração das empresas estatais, defendendo a nomeação de representantes dos titulares desse interesse no conselho de administração, assim como o estabelecimento de órgão interno com competência técnica de pesquisa, interação com a comunidade e elaboração de políticas relacionadas ao interesse público tutelado. Além disso, expõe sobre o conteúdo do interesse social da empresa estatal e aborda questões relacionadas aos deveres fiduciários do acionista controlador e dos administradores, enfatizando as peculiaridades resultantes da centralidade do interesse público no interesse social. Destaca os mecanismos de organização do exercício do poder de controle, para prevenção e controle de abusos de poder e situações de conflito de interesses. Destaca a contribuição dos mecanismos de tutela do interesse público no interior dos órgãos sociais da empresa estatal para o cumprimento dos deveres de diligência e lealdade dos administradores, prevenindo desvios de poder e assegurando a comutatividade nas operações da empresa estatal com partes relacionadas. The thesis addresses the state-owned enterprises within the context of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, highlighting their role as instruments of state action in pursuit of constitutional objectives. The text explores the characteristics of state-owned enterprises, emphasizing their adherence to the principles of Public Administration, as well as the controls inherent in this sphere, such as administrative supervision, oversight by audit courts, and judicial control. The importance of defining the content of the public interest as a guide for exercising shareholder control and the functioning of the corporate bodies of state-owned enterprises is emphasized. In this endeavor, the thesis advocates the use of legitimate sources for expressing the public interest that, preferably, to some extent, have undergone participatory inclusion processes of those affected by the public interest, either directly or indirectly. The argument is made for the greater effectiveness of public policies with this nature, based on developmentalist experiences and the theory of new public governance. The thesis advocates for the organization and formalization of the exercise of shareholder control, supporting the creation of a board to centralize this activity, ensuring formalization of orientations, due consideration of the content of the public interest, and weighing the matter against other interests that the controlling shareholder must respect and uphold within its duty of loyalty. The thesis highlights the need to accommodate the public interest in the administration of state- owned enterprises, advocating for the appointment of representatives of those holding this interest on the board of directors, as well as the establishment of an internal body with technical role for research, interaction with the community, and the formulation of policies related to the protected public interest. Additionally, it discusses the content of the company interest of the state-owned enterprise and addresses issues related to the fiduciary duties of the controlling shareholder and administrators, emphasizing the particularities resulting from the centrality of the public interest in the company interest. It emphasizes the mechanisms for organizing the exercise of share control power, for the prevention and control of abuses of power and conflicts of interest. The thesis highlights the contribution of mechanisms to protect the public interest within the corporate bodies of the state-owned enterprise to fulfill the duties of diligence and loyalty of administrators, preventing abuses of power and ensuring arms length basis in the operations of the state-owned enterprise with related parties.

As sociedades de propósito específico (SPEs) não configuram um tipo societário próprio, mas sim mera categoria eficacial autônoma. A investigação histórica do instituto evidencia raízes desde os tempos romanos, tendo reverberado, ainda, nos arranjos típicos do período medieval e nas codificações oitocentistas, revelando sua essência como uma necessidade comercial da vida prática de separar patrimônios em função de um propósito específico, com projeções internas e externas que foram moldadas ao longo do tempo para viabilizar a consecução de empreendimentos de alto risco e promover o desenvolvimento econômico. No Brasil, está presente desde o Código Comercial de 1850, tendo sido adotada por diversas legislações esparsas ao longo dos últimos séculos para as mais diversas funções, servindo como mola propulsora ao desenvolvimento econômico. Como categoria eficacial autônoma que é, goza de flexibilidade para ser aplicada a qualquer tipo societário, modulando os efeitos típicos que lhes são assegurados aos seus ordenamentos societário, patrimonial e da atividade em função do propósito específico almejado. Não por outro motivo, seguindo o que nos parece ser a melhor técnica, o legislador tratou sua previsão normativa expressa no dispositivo de que trata do objeto social, restringindo-o em função de um propósito específico. Aos aplicadores do direito, diante do desenvolvimento histórico do instituto de seus efeitos, cabe saber distingui-los e aplicá-los, de modo a assegurar a efetividade da categoria em nosso ordenamento jurídico e o desempenho de sua função socioeconômica moldada ao longo de tantos anos.

Esta Tese de Doutorado apresenta uma análise da legitimidade das deliberações em assembleias-gerais de credores em processos de recuperação judicial no Brasil, sob a ótica das normas estabelecidas pela Lei 11.101/05 e suas alterações pela Lei 14.112/20. O estudo é estruturado em seis capítulos. O primeiro capítulo corresponde à introdução. O segundo capítulo trata do papel dos credores na recuperação judicial, examinando os objetivos da recuperação judicial enquanto um processo de negociação estruturada. O terceiro capítulo aborda a estrutura rígida de divisão dos credores em classes, evidenciando problemas decorrentes da reunião de credores com interesses heterogêneos na mesma classe. Também no terceiro capítulo, a pesquisa analisa a criação de subclasses nas recuperações judiciais, com a possibilidade de tratamento diferenciado de credores, com vistas a avaliar se tais práticas mitigam o problema da legitimidade das deliberações quanto ao plano de recuperação judicial e atendem aos objetivos de uma recuperação judicial eficiente. O quarto capítulo analisa como a organização dos credores em classes ocorre em sistemas de outros países, buscando alternativas e soluções para os desafios identificados no sistema brasileiro. O quinto capítulo propõe soluções e medidas mitigatórias aos problemas identificados no estudo, visando a otimizar o processo deliberativo e garantir uma representação mais efetiva dos interesses dos credores, incluindo possíveis alterações legislativas. No último e sexto capítulo, serão sintetizadas as conclusões que podem ser extraídas do trabalho como um todo. This Doctoral Thesis presents an analysis of the legitimacy of deliberations in general meeting of creditors in judicial reorganization proceedings in Brazil, under the perspective of the norms of the Law 11.101/05 and its amendments by Law 14.112/20. The study is structured in six chapters. The first chapter corresponds to the introduction. The second chapter deals with the role of creditors in judicial reorganization proceedings, examining the objectives of a judicial reorganization proceedings as a proceeding of structured negotiation. The third chapter addresses the rigid structure of division of creditors into classes, highlighting problems arising from the gathering of creditors with heterogeneous interests in the same class. Also in the third chapter, the research analyzes the creation of subclasses in judicial reorganization proceedings, with the possibility of different treatment to creditors, to assess whether such practices mitigate the problem of the legitimacy of deliberations regarding the judicial reorganization plan and meet the objectives of an efficient judicial reorganization proceedings. The fourth chapter examines how the organization of creditors into classes occurs in systems of other countries, seeking alternatives and solutions to the challenges identified in the Brazilian system. The fifth chapter proposes solutions and mitigating measures to the problems identified in the study, aiming to optimize the deliberative process and ensure a more effective representation of the interests of creditors, including possible legislative changes. In the last and sixth chapter, the conclusions that can be drawn from the work will be synthesized.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a mobilização de acionistas para as assembleias gerais de acionistas das companhias abertas. Em caráter preliminar, são traçadas algumas premissas sobre o direito de voto, o princípio majoritário, o absenteísmo dos acionistas nas assembleias gerais e algumas considerações sobre dispersão acionária e certos aspectos das minorias societárias. Em seguida, dedicam-se algumas seções aos interessados na mobilização dos acionistas, que podem ser múltiplos e incluem o próprio controlador ou o bloco de referência da companhia, a administração da companhia, os acionistas minoritários na manifestação mais comum da mobilização , e outros interessados que podem consistir em empregados, credores ou membros da sociedade em geral. Feitas essas considerações, a dissertação trata das finalidades jurídicas mais comuns buscadas com a mobilização dos acionistas como, exemplificativamente, a própria convocação das assembleias gerais, tomada das contas, deliberação sobre as demonstrações financeiras, destinação de resultados, eleição de membros do conselho de administração, instalação e eleição dos membros do conselho fiscal, a responsabilização do controlador ou dos administradores e certos eventos que diluem a participação acionária dos acionistas. Por fim, a dissertação trata de alguns instrumentos disponíveis no ordenamento jurídico que podem ser utilizados para a mobilização dos acionistas, como as assembleias digitais ou híbridas, o boletim de voto a distância, a representação de acionistas, o pedido público de procuração, o pedido de lista de acionistas, as mídias sociais, os voting advisors, o empréstimo de ações e o usufruto de ações. This work aims to analyze the mobilization of shareholders for general shareholders\' meetings of publicly traded companies. Preliminarily, some assumptions and premises are outlined regarding the right to vote, the majority principle, shareholder absenteeism at general meetings, and considerations on share dispersion and certain aspects of minority interests. Subsequently, several sections are dedicated to the stakeholders involved in mobilizing shareholders, which may include the controlling shareholder or the company\'s reference block, the company\'s management, minority shareholders in the most common form of mobilization and other interested parties that may consist of employees, creditors, or members of society in general. With these considerations in mind, the dissertation addresses the most common legal purposes sought with the mobilization of shareholders, such as, for example, convening general meetings, approval of financial statements, determination of results allocation, election of members of the board of directors, installation and election of members of the fiscal council, holding the controller or administrators accountable, and certain events that dilute shareholders\' equity participation. Finally, the dissertation discusses some legal instruments available that can be used for shareholder mobilization, such as digital or hybrid assemblies, distance voting bulletins, shareholder representation, public proxy solicitation, shareholder list request, social media, voting advisors, stock lending, and share usufruct.

Workforces are made up of individuals with differences in personal characteristics, differences that may be traced back to unique personality types and traits and – sometimes – neurodivergence. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the interpersonal relationships that form the foundation of a work environment, these differences in personal characteristics inevitably lead to tension. In addition, as part of managing a work environment employers frequently take decisions that may be influenced by views and perceptions regarding employees’ personal characteristics. This study starts with a descriptive examination of the meaning of personality and the influence that personality traits and types may have on employment. This is followed by a descriptive examination of neurodivergence, the various forms of neurodivergence, and the impact of these conditions on the work environment. Building on these descriptive and conceptual underpinnings, the legal implications of neurodiversity in the workplace are investigated by identifying which principles of the existing South African employment law framework may be utilised to provide protection and promote respect for neurodiversity and the neurodiverse differences between employees. This encompasses a discussion of the South African employment law rules relating to recruitment and selection of employees, some of the rules applicable to the day-to-day management of employees, and the rules relating to termination of employment that may be (in)directly influenced by considerations of neurodiversity. The focus thereafter shifts to consider the legal principles of employment discrimination law, where it is found that the listed ground of disability and an unlisted arbitrary ground may potentially be used as the applicable grounds of discrimination by employees if they are prejudiced due to their neurodiverse characteristics. In addition, the possibility that the rules on reasonable accommodation may be utilised as primary mechanism to properly regulate neurodiversity in the work environment and protect against prejudicial treatment of employees due to their inherent personal neurodiverse characteristics is also considered. The South African position and potential employment law rules that may apply to the management of neurodiversity in the work environment is compared to the position in the United Kingdom by focusing on the meaning of disability, the right to reasonable adjustments, and the right to request flexible working arrangements. Finally, the conclusions that may be drawn from this study are emphasised and are followed by some recommendations on how (reasonable) accommodation of neurodiversity in the work environment may appropriately be used as primary mechanism to provide employees with sufficient and appropriate protection of differences in neurodiverse characteristics. Even though this study focuses on neurodiversity and neurological differences between employees, the principles and recommendations from this study may be of value in relation to the appropriate management and regulation of all inherent differences between employees.