Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Les entreprises traversent une crise sanitaire sans précédent, cette crise affecte sa survie et son organisation. Elle oblige les entreprises à se réinventer à faire preuve d'imagination pour transformer une menace en opportunité, et de devenir agile. Derrière cette crise de Covid-19, il est probable qu'une crise économique pointe ses contours: Chômage partiel, récession,faillite, récession et impacts directs et indirects inconnus.Comment surmonter cette crise d'un genre nouveau et résister à ses chocs imprévisibles ? Comment transformer l'entreprise et accompagner le changement ?Pour répondre à ces questions, les travaux de recherche autour du prisme de l'efficience et de la résilience peuvent-ils apporter des outils aux entreprises, afin de rebondir ?

تعتبر البنوك التجارية من أهم المحطات المالية التي تقوم بعمليات قبول الودائع ودفعها عند الإستحقاق كما تساهم في عملية خلق النقود بكميات كبيرة هذا ما جعلها الأكثر عرضة لجريمة غسيل الأموال والغاية من هذا هو معرفة كيف تكافح هذه البنوك لجريمة خطيرة مثل هذه والتي سادت كل العالم هذا ما أدى إلى دراستنا لهذا الموضوع الذي إعتمدنا فيه على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي و بالتالي عند دراستنا له توصلنا إلى مجموعة من النتائج تتجلى في معرفة الظاهرة بأنها ظاهرة خطيرة سريعة الإنتشار ،عرضة البنوك بهذه الظاهرة كونها تقوم بعدة عمليات ،وجوب على الدولة أن تكافح هذه الجريمة وذلك بوضع قوانين تشريعية تعاقب كل من قام بإرتكاب هذه الظاهرة الخطيرة. Commercial banks are considered one of the most important financial stations that carry out the processes of accepting and paying deposits at maturity and also contribute to the process of creating money in large quantities. This led to our study of this subject, in which we relied on the descriptive and analytical approach, and therefore upon our study of it, we reached a set of results that are evident in the knowledge of the phenomenon that it is a dangerous and rapidly spreading phenomenon. The banks are exposed to this phenomenon as they carry out several operations. Legislative laws punishing anyone who committed this dangerous phenomenon.

Almost 20 years after it adopted the Uniform Act on Arbitration, OHADA revised its Uniform Act on Arbitration and adopted a new Uniform Act on Mediation along with the fresh set of arbitration rules of the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration in Abidjan. These three texts were revised with the assistance of consultants. Among other changes, with the 2018 Uniform Act on Mediation, a solid platform for the use of mediation in the region is now in place. The ability of mediators to carry out their adjudication function with judicial intervention remains a major challenge by parties under the OHADA zones. In this light, the worry which this article seeks to uncover is how the new mediation law is applicable and facilitates the amicable settlement of investment disputes. The article also highlights the legal basis regulating the mediation process as a whole. In attaining these objectives, we employ doctrinal research methodology. The article conclude with vigorous recommendations which if effectively implemented will go a long way to enhance business (investment) security.

The Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, OHADA, is a regional entity whose primary objective is to harmonize the Business Law of its members. It has adopted legislative measures and institutional setups to ensure the realization of this object. This paper critically examined the effectiveness of the harmonization tool adopted under OHADA. The paper first gives a brief overview of OHADA setups, then the advantages and shortcomings of the harmonization tool adopted under the OHADA regime and finally concluded that though OHADA is a major step towards the attainment of harmonization of business law and Integration with the view of fostering development and business activities, its harmonization tool is lacking full efficacy towards the attainment of the objectives of the organization due to prevailing limitations and challenges.

A presente tese objetiva discutir a colocação dogmática da colaboração entre agentes econômicos nos contratos empresariais. Mediante uma revisão da literatura jurídica, coadjuvada por aportes conceituais da economia, identificou-se a colaboração como uma operação econômica pela qual um agente econômico disponibiliza um ativo específico a outro agente que o explora no âmbito de um projeto comercial comum. Essa operação econômica se estrutura juridicamente em um sinalagma indireto, com obrigações instrumentais e obrigações finais ligadas por um vínculo de complementaridade programada ou equacionada para atingir o fim comum almejado. Esse vínculo permite caracterizar o contrato de colaboração como um tipo contratual geral, cujo fundamento é o instituto da causa do contrato e não o princípio da boa-fé objetiva. O contrato de colaboração merece então receber regime jurídico próprio, ainda por ser dogmaticamente construído, oferecendo o presente estudo um contributo representado por dois efeitos específicos: 1) o reconhecimento do dever de colaboração, dever secundário, no interesse da prestação, distinto do dever de cooperação, dever lateral ou anexo, decorrente do princípio da boa-fé objetiva; 2) a demonstração do poder de controle do contrato, prerrogativa conferida a um dos parceiros contratuais, com vistas à consecução do projeto comum. A tese é finalizada com a exposição de duas questões técnicas, com remissão a estudos doutrinários e análises jurisprudenciais em que se discutem os dois efeitos jurídicos assinalados ao contrato de colaboração, bem como um caso prático, que ilustra a estrutura e o regime jurídico do tipo contratual geral exposto ao longo da pesquisa.

Résumé : L’objectif de ce papier est d’évaluer l’effet du capital humain dans la relation qui existe entre l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et la croissance économique dans les pays de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC). Pour y arriver, des estimations économétriques ont été faîtes en utilisant la Méthode des Moments Généralisés (MMG) en panel dynamique des six pays de la zone sur la période allant de 1996 à 2016. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le capital humain n’exerce aucune influence sur la relation  entre l’IDE et la croissance économique dans le cas des pays de la CEMAC, et que la quasi-totalité de ces pays font plutôt face à un problème de la qualité du capital humain. Au regard de ces résultats, des recommandations ont été faites pour une amélioration de la capacité d’absorption des technologies avancées issues des flux entrants d’IDE par les pays hôtes à travers un capital humain au potentiel optimal pour la promotion d’une croissance économique de long-terme dans la zone Mots clés : Capital humain, Investissement Direct Etranger, croissance économique, CEMAC, MMG. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of human capital in the relationship that exist between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) countries. To achieve this objective, econometric analyses of the panel data of the six countries for the period 1996 to 2016 have been carried out using the Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM). The result obtained from the analyses show that human capital has no influence on the relationship between FDI and economic growth in the case EMCCA countries, and that instead they face the problem of the quality of human resources. Based on the findings recommendations were made on how to improve the absorptive capacity of advanced technology deriving from FDI by hosts’ countries through human capital of optimal potential for the promotion of long-term economic growth in the zone.Keys words: human capital, foreign direct investment, economic growth, CEMAC, GMM

Depuis 2016, le Maroc est devenu le premier investisseur intra-africain. Une telle amplification de ses IDE envers l’Afrique reflète des motivations stratégiques outre-économiques que ne cesse de rappeler les plus hautes instances dirigeantes du royaume. Concomitamment à cela, la diplomatie africaine du Maroc a été remarquablement entreprenante et ce depuis 2013, et plus particulièrement dans le cadre de sa demande de réintégration réussie à l’union africaine, suivie par une seconde demande d’admission au sein de la CEDEAO qui s’est soldée également par un accord de principe favorable. À cet effet, nous nous sommes penchés sur des considérations d’ordre stratégique en mettant au diapason les caractéristiques inhérentes des investissements marocains en Afrique par rapport à une multitude d’enjeux. Dit autrement, nous avons délimité la ventilation stratégique des investissements marocains à la base d’une considération tridimensionnelle, se basant en l’occurrence sur le motif d’ordre économique, l’intérêt géopolitique outre la motivation tendancielle relativement à la prédation économique mondiale dont est victime le continent.

Les entreprises se doivent de respecter le cadre juridique en matière de santé et sécurité au travail. Ce cadre, même s’il est fondé sur une logique de prévention des risques professionnels, est du fait de sa complexité, difficile à maîtriser pour un employeur.La première étape de notre travail de recherche a été de révéler ce cadre juridique en le décortiquant, en en expliquant les subtilités et en le confrontant à la réalité du terrain. De plus, dans de nombreux cas, les employeurs ne découvrent le cadre juridique qu’au moment de l’engagement de leur responsabilité. Nous avons alors réfléchi à comment proposer aux employeurs des solutions effectives afin de les aider à mieux le respecter et par la même, à développer la prévention des risques professionnels au bénéfice des travailleurs.Ainsi, la seconde étape de notre travail de recherche a consisté à mettre à disposition des employeurs un guide de bonnes pratiques composé de deux types d’éléments : Une sélection après analyse, des solutions mises en œuvre par la négociation collective, pouvant avoir un effet réel et tangible en matière de prévention des risques professionnels et ainsi correspondre au critère d’effectivité posé par la jurisprudence, Des dispositifs leur permettant d’autoévaluer leur niveau de respect des obligations générales ainsi que particulières en matière de santé et sécurité au travail et de les satisfaire à l’aide de fiches de mise en conformité.

La grève est un droit fondamental du travailleur. Il est d’une importance capitale dans la vie de ces derniers. Ces dernières années, on assiste à une recrudescence du phénomène. C’est le signe d’une prise de conscience effective et collective des travailleurs. Or, tel qu’il apparait réglementé dans notre droit, le droit de grève, malgré sa consécration constitutionnelle, fait face à de nombreux pesanteurs qui empêchent sa mise en œuvre aisée et rend son exercice presqu’illusoire. Le constat est le même, que l’on se situe dans le secteur privé ou dans le secteur public. Si on n’y prend garde, le droit de grève court inéluctablement vers sa disparition prochaine. Aussi, des mesures concrètes doivent être prises. Celles-ci passent par une réforme globale du droit de grève et un changement de vision politique qui vont la dépouiller de tous les obstacles qui plombent son exercice. Son avenir en dépend ainsi que l’efficacité de son action.

The idea that a contract should affect other people than the parties has seemingly always been a provocative notion. A contract binds the contracting parties – and only them – together in a legal relationship, and yet according to contemporary law a contract can have various legal effects for third parties, i.e. non-parties. The parties can conclude a contract for the benefit of a third party, and third parties can be affected by the contracts of others pursuant to both statutory law and uncodified general principles of law. The legal theme of contractual third party effects involves both theoretical and practical challenges. This doctoral dissertation addresses a number of these challenges, by examining (mainly) Swedish and Nordic private law sources. The study explores third party contracts and direct claims, as well as the relationship between these two legal figures, by placing them in a historical and theoretical context and by performing a series of contextualizing readings of sources revealing developments in both case law and legal scholarship. The research is based on a legal scientific methodology, enriched by theoretical and methodological imports pillaged from the classical teachings and contemporary scholarship on rhetoric. The result can be characterized as a form of rhetorically infused, topically oriented, hermeneutic study of contemporary legal discourse on third party effects of contract.

Profili introduttivi. La nascita ed evoluzione dell'arbitrato internazionale in materia di investimenti: gli accordi precedenti ai BITs. L'arbitrato ICSID. La giurisdizione del centro: l'articolo 25 della convenzione ICSID. Il riconoscimento del lodo arbitrale straniero. L'esecuzione dei lodi arbitrali e l'impatto su di essi della sentenza Achmea. Considerazioni preliminari sul caso Achmea.

International trade law is at a turning point, and the rules as we know them are being broken, rewritten, and reshaped at all levels. At the same time that institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) face significant change and a global pandemic challenges the rules of the market, Africa’s new mega-regional trade agreement, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), is emerging as a promising framework for redesigning international economic law. As this Article will argue, the AfCFTA presents a new normative approach to trade and development that is positioned to rewrite the rules in a more inclusive and equitable way and, over time, possibly affect global trade well beyond the African continent.Historically, trade and development have been linked through the framework of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D), which has been a central feature of the WTO and is increasingly shaping regional trade agreements (RTAs) as well. Although the connection between trade and development is more important than ever before, traditional S&D is not positioned to deliver on broader priorities of social and economic development in the current international climate. Fortunately, as this Article will argue, Africa’s approach under the new AfCFTA sets the stage for a needed refresh of S&D. While the AfCFTA incorporates traditional aspects of S&D, it also includes elements of a forward-looking, rules-based approach to further economic and social development, advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new dimension of S&D holds great potential for promoting integration through trade, representing the needs of a diverse group of countries in the rulemaking process, and reshaping international economic law more broadly to generate positive development outcomes. This Article begins with an assessment of the AfCFTA as an alternative model for trade and development law, evaluating the agreement in the historical and evolving context of S&D and examining its role in shaping a new normative approach to S&D. The AfCFTA, we argue, represents a shift from using S&D as a largely defensive trade approach to one that positions S&D as an affirmative tool for achieving sustainable development through the design and implementation of the rules of trade themselves, while still maintaining flexibility for countries that need it. This new approach may finally replace the old trade paradigm of the ”haves and have nots” with a system in which trade rules can be designed to benefit all. Although the AfCFTA is still at an early stage and will have to overcome formidable challenges, this Article provides an initial assessment of the AfCFTA’s proactive new model in the context of the substantive areas of law identified as next-stage (Phase II) negotiating priorities: intellectual property rights (IPR), investment, and competition law. The Article’s comparative assessment draws upon the laws of African nations, African and international RTAs, and other proposals for international legal reform. Finally, the Article looks to the future, positing that the AfCFTA could be the best legal instrument available to break the stalemate in international rulemaking, design new trade law approaches to pressing issues like global health and food security, and close the loop between trade rules and development goals, including the seventeen SDGs. As the AfCFTA is rolled out and implemented, it could have a profound impact on trade and development law, reshaping the rules for Africa and perhaps the world as well.

Les technologies de l’information et de la communication impactent largement de nombreuses branches du droit. Le droit des obligations n’y fait pas exception et de nombreux contrats sont désormais conclus en ligne, quel que soit le terminal utilisé. Le recours à ce moyen de communication n’est pas sans influence sur la perfection du contrat, en particulier sur les modes d’expression de la volonté dans l’univers numérique. En effet, ce dernier offre de vastes perspectives en termes d’instantanéité, d’immatérialité et d’automatisation de l’expression du consentement contractuel, conduisant à s’interroger sur la validité des contrats formés par voie électronique. L’observation des pratiques qui se sont installées sur l’internet permet de mesurer aujourd’hui le net impact du numérique sur l’expression du consentement contractuel, c’est-à-dire sur les volontés des internautes cocontractants, ainsi que sur le mécanisme de rencontre de celles-ci. Les volontés individuelles se sont ainsi vues soumises à un processus constitué d’une série d’étapes obligatoires, supposées limiter les cas dans lesquels la perfection de la convention interviendrait par erreur. Ce découpage ouvre toutefois la voie à l’automatisation de l’expression des volontés et de leur rencontre, annonçant alors l’ère de contrats conclus voire exécutés en un trait de temps grâce aux récentes avancées de l’intelligence artificielle appliquée au domaine juridique. La traditionnelle dichotomie entre formation et exécution du contrat révèle alors ses limites, et la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté, envisagée comme seul fondement de la force obligatoire du contrat, se heurte à l’apparition de modes inédits d’expression du consentement.

This chapter identifies major categories of situations, events and institutions in which or through which questions of international investment law have been dealt with before African courts. The chapter is selective in nature and aims at showing tendencies instead of exhaustivity. A noteworthy tendency that becomes apparent through the chapter’s analysis is that the prevailing narrative of bypassing African courts and tribunals seems declining in importance as an increasing number of national investment law instruments foresee African judicial and arbitral institutions for the settlement of investment disputes.

This article engages with the recently adopted agreement for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in the area of services. While services trade had heretofore stood at the queue of African trade pacts, the AfCFTA breaks new grounds by negotiating goods and services concurrently, signalling a paradigm shift and a commitment to a deeper integration of the continent. Upon Members’ implementation of the Protocol on Trade in Services, whose aim is to establish a single market in services, the region will be the largest economic integration agreement ever concluded since the birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper sets out to analyse the provisions of the Protocol and how they contribute to achieving the objective of attaining a single market where services (alongside goods, people and capital) move unrestricted.

The Competition Act 89 of 1998 applies equally to all firms with regard to anti-competitive behaviour regardless whether it is privately or publicly owned. Therefore it applies to stateowned enterprises (SOEs) if their actions fall short of the Act. There is however one aspect relating to SOEs which is not covered by the application of the Competition Act but may have a significant impact on free and fair competition and can be of big concern for private competitors of SOEs. Since discriminatory policies during Apartheid have created a huge inequality gap in post-Apartheid South Africa, the government has to be actively involved in the economy to address the inequality. Therefore the government uses SOEs as vehicles to achieve its developmental goals. As a result SOEs in South Africa which are active market participants may always rely on the financial support of the state. They may do so purely because of their crucial governmental mandates regardless of financial mismanagement, poor corporate governance and deep seated corruption in almost every SOE. Even though the fundamental need for the existence of SOEs in South Africa is acknowledge, it is argued that state financial aid could qualify as a state-initiated constraint on competition in South Africa as it creates an uneven playing field between SOEs and their private competitors, which is always skewed in favour of the SOEs. It may create warped incentives and SOEs may not compete efficiently if they know that they are protected by a state sponsored safety net. This dissertation asks the question whether the time has not arrived in South Africa for state aid to SOEs to be subjected to a certain degree of scrutiny in order to bring about a level playing field between SOEs and their private competitors. It is recognised that privatisation of SOEs is not always the better option as it could threaten the delivery of basic services and goods to poorer South Africans. Hence, the dissertation investigates whether a state aid control model, based on the European Union state aid rules, is not perhaps a solution to address the potential distortion of free and fair competition by state financial aid. It proposes a customised state aid control regime for South Africa which provides for an active role by the competition authorities in state aid decisions and it presents draft legislation which could be used as a basis for the implementation in South Africa of a regulated system of state financial aid to SOEs (and even private enterprises where applicable).

La réflexion sur les fonctions pénales du paiement au Cameroun présente un double intérêt. En effet, ce mode d’exécution de l’obligation quel que soit l’objet apparaît d’une part comme un moyen d’arrêt des poursuites non encore engagées notamment devant certaines administrations spécialisées et devant un agent verbalisateur lorsque l’infracteur exécute l’obligation de paiement. En outre, il permet d’arrêter les poursuites déjà engagées. Il en est ainsi du paiement intervenu dans le cadre de la transaction et de la restitution du corps du délit. D’autre part, le paiement apparaît comme un mode d’exécution de la peine. Cette exécution peut être volontaire dans le cadre du paiement des dommages et intérêts et du paiement des amendes et frais de justice ; ou forcée. L’exécution forcée prive le condamné de sa liberté d’aller et venir. The reflection on the criminal functions of payment in Cameroon presents a double interest. Indeed, this mode of execution of the obligation whatever the object appears on the one hand as a means of stopping the prosecutions not yet initiated in particular before certain specialized administrations and before a reporting agent when the offender executes the 'payment obligation. In addition, it makes it possible to stop the proceedings already initiated. This is the case with the payment made in the context of the transaction and the restitution of the body of the crime. On the other hand, payment appears as a mode of execution of the sentence. This execution may be voluntary in the context of the payment of damages and the payment of fines and court costs; or forced. The forced execution deprives the condemned of his freedom to come and go.

L’assurance pour le compte de qui il appartiendra en abrégée assurance pour compte ou clause pour compte est une modalité de transfert de la qualité d’assuré au tiers. Ce tiers qui est devenu assuré pour compte connait une situation normale. Il peut accepter ou refuser la clause pour compte Il peut connaître aussi et surtout une situation anormale. Celle-ci est créée non seulement par le législateur, mais également par le souscripteur et l’assureur fictif ou en difficulté. The insurance on behalf for another or insurance for another or clause for another is a method of transfer of the quality of ensured to the third party. This third party who became the assured person faces the normal situation. He can accept or refuse the clause for another. he can also face an uncomfortable situation. This one is created not only by the legislator, but also by the subscriber and the fictitious insurer or in difficulty.