Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le mariage est une institution fondamentale dans de nombreuses sociétés africaines, et le droit OHADA (Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) joue un rôle clé dans la régulation des relations entre époux. Depuis son adoption en 1993, le droit OHADA a visé à harmoniser les législations nationales en matière de droit des affaires et de la famille, le législateur s’est également intéressé aux époux. Dans ce contexte il est essentiel de comprendre la place des époux en droit OHADA, notamment en ce qui concerne les droits et devoirs des époux, la gestion des biens communs et personnels dans leurs activités économiques en mettant en lumière les principaux aspects de ce sujet fascinant. Mariage is a fondamental institution in many African societies,and OHADA law plays a key role in regulating relations between spouses.Since its Adoption in 1993.The aim of ohada law has been to harmonise national legislation on business and family law,and the legislator has also taken an interest in spouses .In this context,it is essential to understang the place of spouses in OHADA law particulary as regards the rights and duties of joint and personal property in their economic activities,by higblighting the main aspects of the subject.

Mode alternatif de règlement des conflits, la transaction s’est introduite dans le droit pénal camerounais. Or, cette discipline est le lieu où s’exerce la violence légitime de l’Etat. La présence de la transaction en son sein suscite des interrogations, qu’il nous est apparu pertinent d’apprécier ce rapprochement. A l’analyse, il s’avère que face à l’engorgement des juridictions et le souci de lutter contre le détournement des deniers publics, la transaction se présente comme un moyen efficace. Aussi, dans une démarche processuelle où la décision imposée est de plus en plus mal ressentie par les justiciables, la transaction se pare de la tunique de la légitimité en aménageant un cadre dans lequel la décision trouve sa source entre une offre et une acceptation. Seulement, le consentement est problématique en cette matière. Pour s’assurer qu’il a été donné de manière libre et éclairé, la présence d’un avocat aux côtés du mis en cause doit être impérative. C’est en cela, qu’à travers la transaction, le droit pénal camerounais peut offrir une justice de qualité.

This article examines corporate governance in Africa and its significance for corporate repurposing. It relies on the framework of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), which unites seventeen African states under one corporate law jurisdiction while exploring how the interpretation and practice of this legal system can be integrated with or influenced by national sectoral laws and cultural norms. The workings of these different legal sources denote the case for heterodox pluralism of corporate purpose, whereby corporate membership is not tethered to shareholding only, but the workforce and neighbouring too and corporate legitimacy is not merely a function of legal arrangements but equally derives from broader society. The governance of corporations in Africa must correspond to such imperatives to ensure that the prevailing shareholder primacy norm does not continue its unencumbered de facto reign and reduce African stakeholderism to comparative impotence and mere scholarly exercise.

L'Intelligence Artificielle transforme profondément la société, notamment à travers la mise en place progressive des véhicules autonomes. Cependant, cette évolution technologique introduit de nouveaux défis juridiques, en particulier en matière de responsabilité pénale. En cas d'infraction impliquant un véhicule à délégation de conduite, la responsabilité incombe-t-elle au conducteur, au constructeur, au programmeur ou au système lui-même ? Cette problématique invite à repenser les concepts de responsabilité et d'imputabilité en droit pénal. Il s'agit d'examiner comment adapter le droit pénal actuel aux technologies autonomes, notamment en élaborant une théorie de la responsabilité et en analysant l'attribution des fautes humaines dans des situations de négligence ou d'imprudence. Enfin, l'essor de l'Intelligence Artificielle soulève la question de la reconnaissance d'une personnalité juridique pour ces technologies, rendant nécessaire une réforme légale afin de mieux encadrer les responsabilités des véhicules autonomes et de leurs concepteurs. Artificial Intelligence is profoundly transforming society, in particular through the gradual implementation of autonomous vehicles. However, this technological evolution introduces new legal challenges, particularly in the area of criminal liability. In the event of an offence involving a delegated driving vehicle, does the responsibility lie with the driver, the manufacturer, the programmer, or the system itself? This issue invites us to rethink the concepts of responsibility and imputability in criminal law. The aim is to examine how current criminal law can be adapted to autonomous technologies, in particular by developing a theory of liability and analysing the attribution of human fault in situations of negligence or recklessness. Finally, the rise of Artificial Intelligence raises the question of the recognition of a legal personality for these technologies, making a legal reform necessary in order to better regulate the responsibilities of autonomous vehicles and their designers.

In an era where technology is rapidly transforming the legal landscape, Transforming Arbitration explores how innovations like AI, blockchain, the Metaverse, and Web3 are reshaping arbitration as a key form of dispute resolution. The book features insights from leading academics, practitioners, and policymakers, offering a comprehensive look at how these advancements are influencing our conceptual, substantive and procedural understandings of many parts of this field. Each chapter examines the challenges and opportunities presented by these technologies, raising important questions about the compatibility of traditional arbitration processes with digital innovations. As the legal field adapts to developments like cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and 'virtual' disputes, this book provides valuable guidance on the future implications for arbitration. By questioning established norms and advocating for fresh approaches, Transforming Arbitration is a vital resource for legal professionals and scholars committed to evolving with the times. Combining theoretical exploration with practical recommendations, this collaborative volume equips the legal community with the tools to navigate the complexities of our digital age with confidence and foresight.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the Basel Accords on small indigenous banks in developing countries, with particular concentration on small Zambian banks. The problem statement intends to investigate whether implementing the three Basel Accords is conducive to the growth of small banks in Zambia. The study further aims to determine whether the present approach to legal regulation of small banks in Zambia is appropriate. The methodology is based on desk-bound research and examination of both primary sources and secondary sources of material such as books, journals, and relevant articles. The study is impacted by the dearth of secondary research work and the difficulty of getting information from sources like the Zambian central bank and other information centres. While Basel I and II seem to have stabilised the Zambian financial sector, the Basel III Accord appears to have impacted negatively on many small banks to the extent that they have been forced into merger and acquisition arrangements with larger foreign banks to fund their undercapitalised positions to survive. It also emerges that the Zambian financial system is strongly linked to the international global economy; regionalisation with organisations like SADC and COMESA being the first stages in the process. This situation is likely to introduce increased instability in the Zambian financial sector by making banks more vulnerable to the vagaries of the international financial markets. It is thus recommended that the Zambian central bank should be more proactive in lobbying for better conditions for small banks from the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision and other international financial regulatory bodies; it should also avoid “cutting and pasting” rules from other jurisdictions to avoid possible distortions in the banking sector. It should also encourage further development of primary and secondary markets in low-cost paper and provide small banks with long-term, low-interest loans to support their growth. The Bank of Zambia, the Zambian central bank, should consider establishing a separate Act financial services Act for small banks to better regulate them. The central bank should also seek out non-Basel Accord solutions for small banks including re-examining the positive aspects of the infant-industry argument. Lastly, it should introduce a formal system for classifying banks in Zambia. At the international level, it is suggested that the global standard-setting bodies should undergo radical reforms to ensure that they are in tandem with the problems that banks in developing countries face as well as allow them to have a say in global standard setting. It is recommended that global standard-setting bodies apply simpler rules for smaller banks. The impact of the Basel Accords on small indigenous banks in developing countries and Zambia, in particular, is important because of the role that small banks play in developing economies in growing small and medium-sized businesses that are often ignored by large foreign banks. It is also important that small banks are allowed to grow into large and medium-sized banks to effectively compete against foreign multinational banks. Institutions based on neoliberal ideals appear to only serve Western businesses’ interests despite their call for all countries to create a level playing field. Due to the dearth of empirical research, there are several gaps in the work that may provide opportunities for further research in this important area of the law.

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu m. 531'de anonim şirketin özel sona erme hallerinden biri olarak haklı sebeplerle fesih düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenleme ile 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu döneminde anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinin mümkün olup olmadığı yönündeki tartışmalar sona ermiş ve anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi kurumu hukukumuza kazandırılmıştır. Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi, haklı sebeplerin varlığı durumunda, sermayenin en az onda birini ve halka açık şirketlerde yirmide birini temsil eden pay sahipleri tarafından istenebilir. Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi davası şirket merkezinin bulunduğu yer asliye ticaret mahkemesinde açılır. Kanunda anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep kavramı tanımlanmamış ve haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlara örnek gösterilmemiştir. Kanun gerekçesinde bu kavramın niteliklerinin gösterilmesinin ve tanımlanmasının yargı kararları ve doktrine bırakıldığı belirtilmiştir. İleri sürülen sebeplerin haklı sebep olarak kabul edilip edilmemesi mahkemenin takdirindedir. Yargılama sonucunda mahkemenin şirketin feshine, davacı pay sahiplerinin paylarının değerinin ödenerek şirketten çıkarılmasına veya uygun düşen ve kabul edilebilir diğer bir çözüme karar verme yetkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamız kapsamında anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlar incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme yapılırken kanun metni ve gerekçesi, doktrinde ileri sürülen görüşler ve yargı kararları ile çalışmamız desteklenmiştir. Article 531 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 regulates the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause as one of its special grounds for termination. With the introduction of this provision, the debates regarding whether the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause was possible under the period of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6762 have been resolved, and the institution of dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause has been incorporated into our legal system. The dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause may be requested by shareholders representing at least one-tenth of the capital, or one-twentieth in publicly traded companies, in the presence of just causes. The lawsuit for the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause is filed in the commercial court where the company's head office is located. The law does not define the concept of "just cause" in the context of the dissolution of a joint stock company, nor does it provide examples of situations that might constitute just cause. According to the legislative intent, the determination and definition of the characteristics of this concept are left to judicial decisions and legal doctrine. Whether the reasons presented are accepted as just cause is at the discretion of the court. Following the trial, the court has the authority to decide on the dissolution of the company, the payment of the value of the shares to the plaintiff shareholders in exchange for their exit from the company, or another suitable and acceptable solution. This study examines situations that may constitute just cause for the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause. In this analysis, the text and rationale of the law, views expressed in legal doctrine and judicial decisions have been taken into account.

Dijitalleşmenin hız kazandığı ve tüketici davranışlarının dönüşüme uğradığı günümüz e-ticaret ortamında, özellikle Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası çevrimiçi alışverişin yaygınlaşması sürdürülebilir lojistik uygulamalarının önemini artırmıştır. Artan sipariş hacmi, çevresel etkiler, karbon salımı ve teslimat sürelerine ilişkin beklentiler; daha verimli, esnek ve çevre dostu teslimat çözümlerine olan ihtiyacı gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda ev dışında teslimat gibi alternatif lojistik hizmetler ile sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımları, tüketici davranışlarını etkileme potansiyeli taşıyan önemli değişkenler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda tezin amacı, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri uygulamaları ile ev dışında teslimat modellerinin, e-memnuniyet, e-sadakat ve ödeme isteği üzerindeki etkilerini tüketiciler üzerinden incelemektir. Araştırma, açıklayıcı sıralı karma yöntem stratejisi ile yürütülmüştür. İlk aşamada 300'ü aşkın tüketiciden anket yoluyla nicel veriler toplanmış, ardından ikinci aşamada 27 katılımcı ile yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler aracılığıyla nitel veriler elde edilmiştir. Nicel veriler yapısal eşitlik modellemesiyle, nitel veriler ise tematik analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, özellikle sosyal ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarının e-memnuniyet üzerinde ve ekonomik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarının ise e-sadakat üzerinde anlamlı etkiler yarattığı yönündedir. Sürdürülebilirliğin üç boyutu da ödeme istekliliği üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir etki yaratmamıştır. Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik boyutu ise tüketiciler tarafından doğrudan algılanamadığı için memnuniyet üzerinde anlamlı bir etki göstermemiştir. Ev dışında teslimat uygulamalarının esneklik, zaman tasarrufu ve erişilebilirlik gibi avantajlar sunarak e-memnuniyeti ve ödeme isteğini artırdığını göstermektedir. Son olarak e-memnuniyetin, e-sadakati ve e-sadakatin, ödeme isteğini pozitif yönde anlamlı etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu tez, sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi, ev dışında teslimat ve e-ticarette tüketici memnuniyeti, tüketici sadakati ve ödeme isteğini bütüncül biçimde ele alan özgün bir model sunmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri uygulamaları ve ev dışında teslimat hizmetlerinin tüketici davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini açıklamak amacıyla Sosyal Kimlik Teorisi (SIT), Yeşil Tüketici Davranışı Yaklaşımı ve destekleyici olarak Yeniliğin Yayılımı Teorisi (YYT) çerçevesinde şekillenen kuramsal yapı, sürdürülebilir uygulamaların tüketicilerdeki karşılığını açıklamaya yardımcı olmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Türkiye örneğinde sürdürülebilir teslimat hizmetlerine yönelik farkındalık düzeyini ve bu hizmetlerin e-memnuniyet, e-sadakat ve ödeme davranışları üzerindeki etkilerini analiz ederek hem akademik literatüre hem de pratik lojistik ve pazarlama stratejilerine katkı sunması beklenmektedir. In today's rapidly evolving e-commerce landscape, shaped by accelerated digitalization and shifting consumer behaviors, the widespread adoption of online shopping - particularly in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic - has amplified the significance of sustainable logistics practices. Increasing order volumes, environmental impacts, carbon emissions, and heightened expectations regarding delivery times have underscored the need for more efficient, flexible, and eco-friendly delivery solutions. In this context, out-of-home delivery services and the dimensions of social, environmental, and economic sustainability have emerged as key variables with the potential to influence consumer behavior. Accordingly, the purpose of this dissertation is to examine the effects of sustainable supply chain practices and out-of-home delivery models on e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and willingness to pay, through the lens of consumer perceptions. The research adopts an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. In the first phase, quantitative data were collected via a survey administered to over 300 consumers; in the second phase, qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted with 27 participants. The quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, while the qualitative data were evaluated through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability have a significant impact on e-satisfaction, while the economic and environmental dimensions significantly influence e-loyalty. None of the three dimensions of sustainability were found to have a significant and positive effect on willingness to pay. The economic dimension of sustainability did not show a significant effect on satisfaction, likely because it is not directly perceived by consumers. Out-of-home delivery practices were found to enhance e-satisfaction and willingness to pay by offering advantages such as flexibility, time savings, and accessibility. Finally, the results revealed that e-satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on e-loyalty, and e-loyalty, in turn, significantly and positively affects willingness to pay. This study aims to develop an original and integrative model that examines sustainable supply chain management, out-of-home delivery, and key consumer outcomes in e-commerce, namely e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and willingness to pay. Grounded in the Social Identity Theory (SIT), the Green Consumer Behavior Approach, and supported by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI), the proposed theoretical framework explains how sustainable supply chain practices and out-of-home delivery services shape consumer behavior. Moreover, by investigating the level of awareness of sustainable delivery services in the Turkish context and analyzing their effects on e-satisfaction, e-loyalty, and payment behavior, this research is expected to provide significant contributions to both academic literature and practical implications for logistics and marketing strategies.

Les contrats de transaction des moyens de paiement dématérialisés se caractérisent par une certaine spécificité. Spécificité empreinte d’imprévisibilité juridique. Cette spécificité se voit liée à l’objet du contrat qu’est « la transaction des moyens de paiement dématérialisés ». En effet, il est avéré que les moyens de paiement dématérialisés recèlent une grande complexité, une grande ambigüité qui rend difficile la compréhension et le mécanisme de son fonctionnement. Cette spécificité ambigüité contenue dans les moyens de paiement dématérialisés, est ancrée dans les relations contractuelles relatives à la transaction des moyens de paiement dématérialisés par le fait de la complexité liée à la formation du contrat et par le fait de l’entremêlement des responsabilités des deux parties au contrat. Transaction contracts for dematerialized means of payment are characterized by a certain specificity. Specificity marked by legal unpredictability. This specificity is linked to the purpose of the contract which is “the transaction of dematerialized means of payment”. Indeed, it is proven that dematerialized means of payment contain great complexity, great ambiguity which makes it difficult to understand and the mechanism of its operation. This specific ambiguity contained in dematerialized means of payment is anchored in the contractual relationships relating to the transaction of dematerialized means of payment due to the complexity linked to the formation of the contract and due to the intermingling of the responsibilities of the two parties to the contract.

Serbest piyasada önemli bir işleve sahip anonim şirketlerde, şirkete yeni sermaye sağlamak veya şirketteki mevcut pay sahiplerinin kontrolü elinde tutmak amacıyla imtiyazlı paylar oluşturulur. İmtiyazlı paylar (TTK m.478) ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu (TTK m.454) ile şirketteki bazı paylara, diğer paylardan farklı ve üstün haklar, koruma mekanizmaları tanınmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında imtiyazlı paylar ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu; 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'ndaki (TTK) hükümler, mukayeseli hukuktaki düzenlemeler, öğreti görüşleri, Yargıtay kararları ve uygulamadaki sorunlar ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Konumuz ile ilgili tartışmalı hususlar, kanun ve yargı kararlarıyla netlik kazanması beklenen durumlar irdelenerek yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ''Anonim Şirketlerde İmtiyazlı Paylar ve İmtiyazlı Pay Sahipleri Özel Kurulu'' başlıklı tezimiz dört bölüm olarak hazırlanmıştır. ''İmtiyazlı Paylar'' başlıklı birinci bölümde, imtiyazlı pay kavramı, benzer kavramlar ve anonim şirketlere hakim olan ilkeler ile mukayese edilerek imtiyazlı pay ilkeleri çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. ''İmtiyazlı Pay Çeşitleri'' başlıklı ikinci bölümde, imtiyazlı pay çeşitleri incelenerek, bölümün ana omurgasını oluşturacak şekilde uygulamada en çok tartışılan hususlar olan, oy hakkında imtiyazlı paylar ve yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkında imtiyazlı paylar irdelenmiştir. ''İmtiyazlı Pay Sahipleri Özel Kurulu'' başlıklı üçüncü bölümde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu kavramı, oluşturulma amacı, hukuki niteliği, mukayeseli hukukta imtiyazlı paylar ve imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu, imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun toplanma şartları, toplanma süreci, toplanmasını gerektiren kararlar ve toplanmasına gerek olmayan durumlar ele alınarak incelenmiştir. ''İmtiyazlı Pay Sahipleri Özel Kurul Kararlarının Hukuki Etkisi, İptali ve Hükümsüzlüğü'' başlıklı dördüncü bölümde ise imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu kararlarına karşı hukuki koruma mekanizmaları incelenmiştir. In joint-stock companies, which have an important function in the free market, privileged shares are created to provide new capital to the company or to maintain the control of the existing shareholders. In the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, privileged shares (TTK m. 478) and the special assembly of privileged shareholders (TTK m. 454) are regulated, granting certain shares in the company different and superior rights and protection mechanisms compared to other shares. With in the scope of this study, privileged shares and the special assembly of privileged shareholders have been examined by addressing the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, comparative law regulations, doctrinal views, Supreme Court decisions, and practical issues. By examining the controversial issues related to our topic and the situations expected to gain clarity through laws and judicial decisions, it is aimed to provide a new perspective. In this context, our thesis titled "Special Shares and Special Shareholders in Joint-Stock Companies" has been prepared in four sections. In the first chapter titled "Preferred Shares," the concept of preferred shares was examined within the framework of preferred share principles by comparing it with similar concepts and the principles governing joint-stock companies. In the second section titled "Types of Preferred Shares," the various types of preferred shares are examined, focusing on the most debated issues in practice, namely, preferred shares with voting rights and preferred shares with representation on the board of directors, which form the main backbone of the section. In the third section titled "Special Assembly of Preferred Shareholders," the concept of the special assembly of preferred shareholders, its purpose of establishment, legal nature, preferred shares in comparative law, and the special assembly of preferred shareholders, the conditions for convening the special assembly of preferred shareholders, the process of convening, decisions requiring a meeting , and situations where a meeting is not necessary have been examined. In the fourth section titled "Legal Effect, Annulment, and Nullity of Preferred Shareholders Special Assembly Decisions," the legal protection mechanisms against the decisions of the preferred shareholders' special assembly are examined.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

Modèle unique de conjugalité en droit sénégalais de la famille, le mariage constitue la base naturelle et morale de la communauté humaine en général et de la société sénégalaise en particulier et de ce fait placé sous la protection de l’Etat. Le législateur sénégalais se devait alors de lui assurer une stabilité certaine. Il s’est donc attelé à cette tâche à travers des règles de formation précises mais aussi en aménageant un dispositif juridique permettant au mariage de traverser les turbulences entre époux inhérentes aux contingences de la vie humaine. Néanmoins, il existe dans la société sénégalaise une pratique courante et bien ancrée qui réside dans la répudiation qui constitue un sérieux obstacle à la stabilité du mariage même si elle n’est pas érigée au rang de cause de divorce. Aussi, il convient de relever que l’incompatibilité d’humeur suscite une inquiétude certaine au regard de la plasticité de cette cause de divorce. A unique model of conjugality in Senegalese family law, marriage is the natural and moral foundation of the human community in general, and in Senegalese society in particular. It is therefore under the protection of the State. The Senegalese legislator, thus, had a duty to ensure its stability. So, it sets about this task not only by laying down precise rules for the formation of marriage, but also by creating a legal framework that would enable marriage to withstand the turbulence between spouses inherent in the contingencies of human life. Nevertheless, repudiation is a common and well-established practice in Senegalese society, and constitutes a serious obstacle to the stability of marriage, even if it is not elevated to the rank of cause for divorce. It should also be noted that incompatibility of temperament is a cause for concern, given the plasticity of this ground for divorce.

La qualité d’associés confère des obligations et des droits aux associés. Au nombre de ses droits figure les droits politiques, objet de la présente réflexion. Il nous semble opportun d’indiquer l’importance desdits droits dans la préservation des intérêts de l’associé au sein de l’institution sociale. La question se pose alors de savoir comment les droits politiques sont appréhendés par la législation en la matière et quelles sont leurs modalités de mise en œuvre ? L’objectif de l’analyse consiste à identifier ces droits politiques afin de connaitre leur portée vis-à-vis des autres droits. Pour ce faire, les méthodes empirique et théorique serviront d’aboutir à cet objet. Les résultats issus de cette analyse permettront aux futurs associés de pouvoir à une défense accrue de leurs droits dans la structure sociétaire dans la mesure où ces droits assurent la gendarme de tous les autres. Nous recommandons au législateur de permettre une mise en œuvre d'un tel droit même à l’associé détenant un pour cent du capital en vue de crédibiliser l’espace des affaires. Il serait logique d’examiner dans une première partie le droit politique attaché à l’information des associés et dans une seconde partie le droit politique tiré du droit de vote de l’associé.

La Cour africaine était sollicitée pour répondre à la question de savoir si les ressortissants des États africains peuvent avoir droit, au même titre que les nationaux d’un État, à une égale protection en ce qui concerne la liberté de circulation et de séjour, c’est-à-dire de choisir librement leur résidence sur le territoire d’un État membre de l’Union africaine et signataire de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme, même quand la régularité de leur séjour n’est pas formellement établie. Cette question fait directement référence à la problématique de l’intégration africaine, et en s’inscrivant dans la perspective intégrationniste, il était possible d’y répondre par l’affirmative. Au regard de l’idéal politique panafricain de l’unité politique affirmé pas le traité constitutif de l’Union africaine, la Cour pouvait interpréter la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme ou la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme comme autorisant les ressortissants des États africains à établir leur résidence où ils le souhaitent sur n’importe quel territoire d’un État membre de l’Union. Mais l’absence d’une citoyenneté africaine a conduit la Cour à lire l’article 3 de la Charte africaine dans le sens opposé. Ce faisant, elle entérine le renforcement des législations nationales, qui se sont inspirées des législations européennes très restrictives à l’égard de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers sur le territoire de l’Union européenne. Elle s’est abstenue de créer du droit substantiel, alors qu’elle avait toute latitude pour le faire, à l’instar de la Cour européenne qui limite volontiers le pouvoir souverain des États en matière de protection des droits fondamentaux des personnes. Cette attitude prudente s’est confirmée dans l’appréciation des règles du procès équitable, où la Cour fait un usage modéré des pouvoirs que lui confèrent les articles 56 alinéas 5 et 6 de la Charte africaine et 40 § 6 du Règlement de la Cour, bien que le cadre conventionnel soit plastique. En définitive, la Cour africaine n’a pas été conçue pour accompagner l’unité politique africaine ; elle n’est pas l’instrument de mise en œuvre de la politique d’intégration africaine, et la décision Ikili Rashidi montre à coup sûr les limites de l’office du juge panafricain dans la protection des droits et libertés des citoyens. Il est impératif que les États s’orientent vers l’institution du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois à l’échelle fédérale, ce qui semble être la seule alternative permettant la mise en place d’une justice réellement souveraine au service de l’intégration.

Le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication constitue un tournant majeur de la civilisation humaine. Le réseau internet constitue aujourd’hui l’illustration parfaite des possibilités offertes par les technologies de l’information et de la communication qui, grâce aux services disponibles demeure un puissant vecteur de communication utilisée par des millions de personnes. Si ces nouvelles technologies participent de manière positive au développement de la vie économique, elles présentent aussi de nouveaux moyens de commettre des infractions, ce qui fait apparaître des dangers non négligeables, vue l’importance qu’elles ont désormais acquise.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of accounting data produced after the revision of the OHADA accounting system on the decision to grant bank credit to Cameroonian companies. Methodology: qualitative approach was used in this study.  We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight credit analysts in eight banks based in Cameroon. We used the Nvivo 10 software to carry out the content analysis. Findings: It emerges from the analysis of the content of the speeches collected that the most used ratios by credit analysts are: activity ratios, debt ratios, operating ratios, financial structure and autonomy ratios, debt ratios and net cash. In addition, the information provided by the new accounting system is increasingly fluid, detailed, and precise and facilitates decision-making. However, when it comes to the completeness and sincerity of the information provided, analysts remain wary because, companies always provide information subjectively based on their interests Implication: This study reveals that despite the revision of the accounting system, users still remain wary face of informations provided because of its subjective nature. It is therefore recommended that Member States promote unified information for all stakeholders.

This thesis critically examines a much-debated issue in international law: the legitimacy of the Investor-State Dispute Settlement system (ISDS). The system was initially conceived to provide an alternate dispute resolution mechanism for the protection and promotion of foreign investment. In time, this objective has incited a discussion on the legitimacy of the system as the developed world has started to experience the role of host states. Since then, they have taken the lead in the reform process to achieve a balance between host state's and foreign investors' rights. To this effect, both the European Union (EU) and the Third Way Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) are for centralization of the system arguing its current problems emanate from its ad hoc and decentralized nature. Although both are aimed at system centralization, the paths they take to achieve it clearly differ. The EU seeks a permanent investment court by which ad hoc arbitration would give way to a more centralized framework. However, TWAIL advocates for a return to the pre-ISDS era, where national courts resolve investment disputes between foreign investors and states. The effectiveness of these two reform ideas in addressing the purported legitimacy concerns of the ISDS is critically examined in this thesis using Martti Koskenniemi's legal approach. Ultimately, it asserts that neither proposal is adequate to resolve the legitimacy issue of the system, as legitimacy can only be achieved by strengthening the principle of justice, which is feasible alone through a more decentralized structure.

Les communs sont des instruments de gestion des ressources très anciens - que l'on retrouve par exemple en France avec les communaux de la période féodale - qui, après avoir quasiment disparu du débat universitaire sont redevenus un sujet de premier plan grâce aux travaux d'Elinor Ostrom, avant d'être réinventés à l'aune des possibilités ouvertes par le numérique. En effet, on assiste actuellement à l'organisation et au développement de nombreux projets de communs numériques, Internet étant devenu le lieu de prédilection de la création collaborative, sans pour autant exclure de la démarche les rencontres physiques et organisations juridiques autour de ces projets. Par ailleurs, la multiplication de ces projets de communs numériques a conduit à un rapprochement avec le milieu du logiciel libre, du fait de leurs nombreux points communs. Ce rapprochement entre les communs numériques et les logiciels libres a mis en exergue la difficulté pour les projets numériques libres et open-source d'assurer leur pérennité économique sans altérer leur nature de communs.En effet, depuis l'origine, les logiciels libres - à l'instar de l'ensemble des œ œuvres libres - sont pensés comme la propriété collective des contributeurs, qui en fixent collectivement les règles de gouvernance, notamment par le recours à une licence libre. En cela, les logiciels libres sont pensés comme des communs numériques. Toutefois, ce n'est pas toujours le cas. Ainsi, si la gouvernance partagée et la propriété collective de la ressource constituent deux des trois caractéristiques des communs ; elles ne font pas partie des éléments de définition des logiciels libres. De fait, nombre de logiciels libres ne font pas l'objet d'une gouvernance partagée ou d'une propriété collective. Ainsi, ces différentes évolutions questionnent la viabilité dans le temps du modèle actuel du logiciel libre. De fait, si ces nouveaux instruments juridiques sont critiquables, et critiqués au sein de la communauté du libre et de l'open source, ils peuvent également être envisagés comme autant de raisons de s'interroger sur les outils juridiques à même de structurer un modèle économique permettant d'assurer la viabilité des logiciels libres tout en garantissant leur nature de communs numériques.

L’opération de fusion-absorption d’une personne morale est une question en soi difficilement appréhendée tant dans les effets qu’elles déploient que dans l’organisation d’une telle opération. Cette difficulté propre à la nature d’une telle opération prendra une allure tout autre lorsqu’une personne morale membre d’un conseil d’administration s’y trouve impliquer. Toutes les hypothèses pouvant être développées traduisent non seulement la diversité mais également la complexité d’un tel sujet. Si cette question telle qu’elle est évoquée, est révélatrice du caractère instrumental du droit des sociétés, force est de reconnaître que la résolution d’une telle problématique devrait se faire par la conciliation des caractéristiques propres au droit des fusions mais aussi en tenant compte des spécificités entourant la personne morale administrateur. La transmission universelle du patrimoine, la réorganisation des pouvoirs post-fusion, les droits des créanciers, le problème de la représentation de la personne morale dans la société absorbante, la gouvernance de la société administrée, l’intrusion d’une personne morale tierce, les questions de fusions internationales sont autant de questions soulevées par cette problématique. La solution de cette problématique commande une étude minutieuse des questions soulevées à l’aune du droit OHADA et du droit français.