Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Illegal workers have been and continue to be the most vulnerable category of employees in the labour market, the reason for this is the invalidity of their employment contract due to illegality. For the longest time, the Labour Relations Act (hereinafter the LRA) has not been able to afford these workers protection because they did not fall within the ambit of the legal definition of ‘employee’ and the Act only recognises employees as holders of the rights provided for under the LRA. As a result of the Act not being able to protect these workers, they have become victims of exploitation and vicious abuse in the hands of their employers, making them vulnerable in their employment relationship. The law concerning illegal workers has since changed. Courts have found that these workers are in fact employees for the purposes of the LRA, and that, for an employment relationship to exist there need not be a valid employment contract in existence. An employment relationship may take various forms and the goal that the Labour Relations Act seeks to achieve is to protect those employees who find themselves vulnerable as a result of the illegality of their employment contract. It has also been argued that the law aims mostly at penalising the employer rather than the employee who is economically and socially weaker than the employer, therefore, courts have found that the Labour Relations Act should be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (hereinafter the Constitution) which requires a wider interpretation of who may be afforded the right to fair labour practices.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

No abstract provided.

Les intérêts des actionnaires et des créanciers sont moins antagonistes qu’ils ne le paraissent en dépit des différences qui les caractérisant. Les premiers n’existent pas sans les seconds et vice-versa. Cette réflexion démontre que seule leur protection concurrente constitue le soubassement de leur cohabitation fructueuse. Cette analyse explicite les mécanismes juridiques qui permettent d’assurer une cohabitation « pacifique » des intérêts des acteurs principaux de la société anonyme. Elle décortique les textes sous étude et nourrit la critique doctrinale aux riches commentaires pouvant provoquer leur relecture par les décideurs. Par ricochet, l’étude contribue à éclaircir des principes dont la compréhension garantit le maintien de l’exploitation et la viabilité financière de la société anonyme. Pour illustrer ces développements, l’analyse se sert d’une comparaison des dispositions de l’Acte uniforme de l’OHADA portant sur le droit des sociétés commerciales et groupement d’intérêt économique et du Code burundais des sociétés privées et à participation publique.

En fonction de la gravité des difficultés rencontrées, le tiers ainsi désigné doit rechercher et obtenir discrètement ou publiquement un accord amiable capable de mettre fin aux difficultés. La confidentialité dans la recherche des solutions ne peut être qu'un facteur de succès des techniques de prévention par son effet incitatif au dialogue. Seulement, en face de difficultés économiques et financières avérées, la discrétion pourrait au contraire être préjudiciable au sauvetage de l'entreprise de même qu'aux intérêts de ses partenaires. Le voile du secret doit ainsi être ôté au profit d'une gestion transparente de la défaillance de l'entité économique.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Article 6.8 of the Antidumping Agreement (AD) allows domestic investigating authorities to make determinations on the basis of the best information available (BIA) when any interested party does not cooperate during an antidumping investigation under the discipline of Annex II of the AD. Since its introduction, this provision has been the source of extensive and neverending litigation in front of both domestic investigating authorities and the Dispute Settlement Body. In this thesis, we research to what extent the findings of the Panels and the Appellate Body regarding Article 6.8 AD are consistent with the mandate set out in Articles 3.2, 11 DSU and 17.6 AD and to what extent they are reasonable from an economic perspective. To answer the first question, we first discuss Articles 3.2, 11 DSU and 17.6 AD to establish what is the mandate of the Panels and the Appellate Body under the Dispute Settlement Body. We then examine the findings of the Panels and the Appellate Body in the interpretation of the seven terms of Article 6.8 AD under the previously established mandate. To answer the second question, we summarize the latest developments in the economic theory of adjudication and litigation. We then discuss the findings of the Panels and the Appellate Body using this economic standard. In the conclusion, we compare the results of our analysis with current negotiations on Article 6.8 AD in the Doha Round framework and further discuss the opportunity to create a single united international investigating authority.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Desire for quick and affordable justice is universal. Right to speedy trial is a right to life and personal liberty of every citizen guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution, which ensures just, fair and reasonable procedure. Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms have become more crucial for businesses operating in India as well as those doing businesses with Indian firms. There are various reasons for which ADR is preferred over the conventional way of resolving the disputes. India being a developing country, going through major economic reforms within the framework of the rule of law, for expeditious resolution of disputes and lessening the burden on the courts, alternative mechanisms for resolution (ADR) are the only alternative through arbitration, conciliation, mediation and negotiation.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Şirket birleşmelerinde ortakların korunması, belirlediği ilkeler ve tanıdığı dava hakları nazara alındığında, kanun koyucunun özel önem atfettiği hususlardan biridir. Devrolunan şirketin ortaklarının, mevcut pay ve haklarını karşılayacak değerde, devralan şirket pay ve haklarını iktisap etmesi esastır. Birleşmenin ortakların malvarlığı cephesinde yarattığı olumsuz sonuçlar, ortaklığın devamlılığı ilkesi çerçevesinde, denkleştirme davası ile denetlenmektedir (TTK m. 191). Bu davada ortaklar, pay ve haklarının gereğince korunmamış veya ayrılma akçesinin uygun belirlenmemiş olması gerekçesiyle, uygun bir denkleştirme isteyebilirler. Öte yandan, Kanun'un birleşmeye ilişkin hükümlerinin ihlali, yine ortakların açabileceği, özel iptal davası ile denetlenmektedir (TTK m. 192). Kanun koyucu, ilgili hükümlerin ihlaline iptal sonucunu bağlamakta; ancak eksikliklerin giderilmesi mekanizması ile bu ağır yaptırımla karşılaşılmaması için devralan şirkete olanak tanımaktadır. Son olarak, birleşme işlemlerine katılan bütün kişilerin, ortaklara karşı kusurları ile vermiş oldukları zararlardan sorumlu oldukları düzenlenerek, ortakların zararlarını tazmin edecek bir özel sorumluluk davası öngörülmektedir (TTK m. 193). Böylece birleşme karşısında ortaklar, üç farklı mekanizma ile koruma altına alınmış olmaktadır. Regarding the principles determined and the right to sue recognized, the protection of the shareholders in the mergers is one of the issues that the legislator attaches special importance to. It is essential that the shareholders of company being acquired attain the shares and rights in the acquiring company equivalent to those in the company being acquired. The negative results of merger on the assets of the shareholders are reviewed by an examination case within the framework of the continuity of the partnership principle (TCC Art. 191). In the present case, the shareholders may demand an appropriate compensation on the grounds that their share and rights are not properly protected or the amount of any cash payment is not determined appropriately. On the other hand, the violation of the provisions of the Law relating to the merger is controlled by a special nullification case, which could be filed by the shareholders (TCC Art. 192). The legislator has concluded the nullification of the violation of the relevant provisions; however, the elimination of deficiencies mechanism allows the acquiring company to avoid it. Finally, it is foreseen a liability case to compensate shareholders' damages that allows all persons participating in the merger transactions are liable for the damages they incurred against the them (TCC Art. 193). Thus, the partners are protected by three different mechanisms against the merger.

The thesis contributes to the debate on the EU’s approach to the business practice of resale price maintenance (RPM), which is widely criticized as too strict and in conflict with what is considered to be the consensus in the economic literature. The thesis critically dissects the economic consensus, on which the critique against the EU’s approach is based, by analyzing the empirical evidence that is cited to support the claim that RPM can frequently be explained by the service-based RPM models and shows that there is no convincing evidence that would support the significance of these positive RPM models that predict positive effects on welfare. To support this finding the thesis collects new evidence by surveying the marketing literature and shows that not only is there no convincing evidence that the positive RPM models frequently apply, but to the contrary there is evidence that these models are inconsistent with the real world phenomenon of RPM. Having refuted the service-based models the thesis takes up the scientific challenge that “it takes a theory to beat a theory” and proposes to fill the gap with three price-based models. The thesis offers an analysis of the three price-based RPM models, first from the perspective of welfare effects and then from a broader economic perspective in an attempt to ultimately show that the EU approach to RPM can be justified based on these economic models. All three models explain the situation in which RPM is used by a branded good manufacturer to create the perception of high quality, which is used either as a credible quality signal, becomes a component of the product or is used to bias the consumer decision; they thus enter the difficult terrain of consumer preference formation and of markets for the intangible components of a product.

Afin qu’une entreprise puisse évoluer positivement, elle doit disposer d’une direction de qualité qui travaille et collabore avec l’ensemble des associés dont l’objectif est d’assurer son bon fonctionnement. Or, assez souvent dans les sociétés et plus particulièrement dans la société anonyme, les dirigeants qui sont généralement majoritaires abusent de leur pouvoir en favorisant leur intérêt propre au détriment de celui de la société et en portant par conséquent préjudice aux actionnaires minoritaires. Cet abus de pouvoir dont profitent les actionnaires majoritaires est désormais limité par un certain nombre de droits et de contrôle exercé par certains organes dans la société. In order for a company to evolve positively, it must have quality management that works and collaborates with all associates which objective is to ensure its proper functioning. While, often in companiesand specially in corporation, leaders who are usually in the majorityabuse their power of authority by favoring their own interest to the detriment of the companyin which leads to prejudice of minority shareholders. This abuse of power that benefits the majority shareholders is limited by some rights and controlexercised by certain organsin the compagny.