Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This study investigates how blockchain integration, regulatory policies, and the participation of institutional investors impact fintech innovation in Jordanian fintech companies. A descriptive analytical approach was used to evaluate and summarize the effects of these factors on innovation in the sector. An electronic survey was conducted among 125 administrative personnel working in Jordan's fintech industry. The results indicate a strong presence of blockchain adoption, involvement of institutional investors, and overall fintech innovation in these companies. However, the regulatory landscape in Jordan's fintech sector was found to be moderate. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that both blockchain integration and the regulatory framework significantly influence fintech innovation, with a significance level of 0.05. In light of these findings, the study suggests the creation of strategies to promote blockchain adoption, aiming to enhance efficiency and innovation in the industry.

This study focuses on both domestic and foreign investment as indicators of economic growth in an emerging market context, examining the effects of tax reforms on investment decisions in Ghana from 1985 to 2020. The research employs a time-series analysis to integrate control variables like inflation, gross capital formation, and base rate, revealing their significant influence on investment activity in tandem with tax policy changes. Unlike previous research that mostly uses gross fixed capital formation as a proxy for investment, this study includes a wider range of investment types, giving a more complete picture of how the economy works. We did unit root and co-integration tests, which showed that the variables were first-order co-integrated. We performed the model estimate using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger causality tests. Results reveal that tax reforms have a measurable impact on investment patterns, underscoring the importance of adaptive tax policies in promoting sustainable economic development. The findings contribute to the broader literature on investment and fiscal policy in emerging economies, offering insights for policy-makers on optimizing tax strategies to encourage investment and drive economic growth.

This article seeks to examine the extent to which users of e-banking services are protected in Cameroon. Over the past decades financial transactions have gradually emerged from traditional methods to modern forms of banking. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the banking system into a digital arena. With e-banking, customers can access their bank accounts, transfer funds, pay bills, and check their accounts balances. Banks serve as the backbone of every modern economy and should be protected. The development of e-banking in the 1980s with the aid of ICT has rendered banks and their customers vulnerable to cybercrimes. As an effort to combat cybercrimes and ensure cyber security in Cameroon, the 2010 Cyber Law provides both substantive and procedural rules. It is rather unfortunate that, the measures put in place to ensure cyber security and protect bank customers against cybercrimes are to a greater extent ineffective. The main objective of this article is to determine the protection accorded to banks and their customers against cybercrimes. The method adopted in the course of this work is doctrinal wherein, both primary and secondary sources of data were collected. The findings reveal among others that, the measures put in place to combat cybercrimes within the banking sphere in Cameroon are not effective. There is lack of explicit definitions for cyber offences. Most of the offences provided by the 2010 Cyber Law are vague and ambiguous. We therefore recommend that, the 2010 Cyber Law should be amended to address the current issues of ICT. This amendment should include explicit definitions for the different forms of cybercrimes with severe sanctions. Banks are advised to put in place effective monitoring machineries to mitigate cybercrimes.

This dissertation examines the relationship between banking and society. It contributes to a better understanding of how banking affects society and, in turn on how society shapes banking practices. The first chapter studies the impact of inflation on trust in banks. Chapter two deals with the effect of trust in banks on financial inclusion. The third chapter investigates whether financial inclusion influences life satisfaction. Chapter four delves into how female bank leadership affects firm credit. The final chapter focuses on the influence of bank leaders’ age on sustainable lending. Overall, this dissertation highlights the important role of banks in societal development and the major influence of society in shaping banking practices.

Will the April 2nd Announcement generate its intended objectives? It’s still early days – however, it appears increasingly likely that negotiation outcomes – particularly between those significantly impacted by the Announcement, will be a major determinant in deciding whether the tariff hikes resulting from the April 2nd Announcement, will be short or long term. As of the 11th April, 2025, President Trump’s universal tariffs on China had amounted to 145% whilst China announced tariffs of 125% on U.S imports. Amongst other things, this paper aims to address complexities and challenges faced by regulators in identifying and assessing risk, problems arising from different perceptions of risk, and solutions aimed at countering problems of risk regulation. It will approach these issues through an assessment of explanations put forward to justify the growing importance of risks, well known risk theories such as cultural theory, risk society theory and governmentality theory. In addressing the problems posed as a result of the difficulty in quantifying risks, it will consider a means whereby risks can be quantified reasonably without the consequential effects which result from the dual nature of risk that is, risks emanating from the management of institutional risks.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) builds up the accounting system efficiency, increases data entry accuracy and simplifying the accounting process. The aim of the study is to prove the effectiveness of modern AI-based information technologies (IT) in accounting and the possibilities of AI application for process optimization. The effectiveness and efficiency were proven using comparison methods, statistical analysis, graphical cause-and-effect analysis, modelling using the linear regression method. The assessment was carried out using quantitative and qualitative indicators of labour productivity and process optimization. The results of the study showed that 18 accounting department employees on average are needed to perform standard transactions in the companies studied without AI. With AI, 1 person can handle such a volume of work. Accordingly, with the implementation of AI, the average reduction in Transaction Processing Time per Week is 696.26 hours. Regression analysis confirmed that the implementation of AI increases the companies’ productivity in terms of Transaction Processing Time. Reducing the Data Processing Complexity by one unit leads to a reduction in transaction processing time by 592.69 seconds. Each percent increase in Data Entry Accuracy contributes to a reduction in processing time by 5135.51 seconds. The prospects for implementing AI in accounting include further improving algorithms to increase the accuracy and speed of transaction processing, optimizing material and time consumed.  

Le commerce électronique au Mali connaît une forte croissance, mais l’inadaptation du régime fiscal, notamment en matière de TVA, engendre d’importantes difficultés. La nature immatérielle et extraterritoriale des transactions numériques complique leur contrôle, favorisant ainsi l’évasion fiscale et la fraude. De plus, l’identification des acteurs du commerce numérique reste un défi majeur, rendant l’application de la législation fiscale inefficace. Pour y remédier, une réforme s’impose particulièrement par la mise en place d’un mécanisme de collecte de la TVA par les plateformes en ligne, comme l’ont fait le Kenya et le Nigeria. Cette mesure permettrait de mieux encadrer la fiscalité du commerce électronique, d’assurer une concurrence équitable et d’optimiser la mobilisation des recettes fiscales.

Tackling corruption is a global issue and tackling it effectively requires determination, cooperation and specialised technological knowledge. A significant proportion of global GDP is the sum of the money associated with corruption and fraud. The main objective of this article is to assess how new technologies such as cryptocurrencies and blockchain can combat corruption. The methodology of this article is a literature review. Specifically, scientific articles from databases and international organizations with expertise in new technologies are studied. This article deals with the new ways of corruption and money laundering. New technologies and the knowledge of them are a very important element in order to deal effectively with corruption. Perpetrators of financial crimes are usually ahead of the auditing authorities in terms of techniques and therefore knowledge of the new technology and the possibilities it offers is essential to effectively combat corruption and fraud globally. Cryptocurrencies and blockchain can combat corruption primarily due to their key characteristics of transparency, security, and decentralization. A key prerequisite for the transparency of cryptocurrencies is the application of supervision rules by the responsible authorities and the implementation of blockchain technology. In practice this is often not the case and cryptocurrencies are used as a money laundering tool.

Dans le cadre de l'OHADA, la responsabilité civile des experts-comptables vise à protéger les parties prenantes tout en assurant la sécurité juridique de la profession. Le cadre juridique repose principalement sur l'Acte uniforme portant sur le droit comptable et à l'information financière (AUDCIF), sur l'Acte uniforme relatif au droit commercial général (AUDCG) et sur l'Acte uniforme relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d'intérêt économique (AUSCGIE). Ces textes établissent les fondements de la responsabilité des experts-comptables vis-à-vis des clients et des tiers. La responsabilité civile de l'expert-comptable dans l’espace OHADA est régie par une obligation de moyens. Cela signifie que, bien que l'expert-comptable soit tenu d'utiliser toutes ses compétences pour fournir un service conforme aux règles comptables et juridiques, il n'est pas tenu à une obligation de résultat, sauf dans des cas spécifiques. De plus, il peut être tenu responsable vis-à-vis des tiers lorsqu'une faute commise dans l'exercice de ses fonctions leur cause un préjudice direct. Cependant, des limites existent dans la régulation actuelle, notamment en ce qui concerne la protection des tiers et la question des délais de prescription. En parallèle, des mécanismes de protection sont mis en place pour sécuriser la pratique professionnelle de l'expert-comptable. Ces protections incluent les clauses limitatives de responsabilité, les causes d’exonération (comme la force majeure ou la faute du client), ainsi que des assurances professionnelles couvrant les risques liés à la responsabilité civile. Les ordres professionnels jouent également un rôle clé en encadrant la déontologie et la discipline des experts-comptables, apportant une garantie supplémentaire aux clients et une certaine immunité disciplinaire aux experts-comptables en cas de faute mineure. Enfin, des perspectives d'amélioration du cadre juridique sont nécessaires pour renforcer l’équilibre entre la protection des parties prenantes et la sécurité juridique des professionnels. Cela inclut une réforme visant à clarifier certaines dispositions légales et à encourager une répartition plus juste des risques entre experts-comptables, clients et tiers.

This study investigates the effects of dynamic capabilities (DCs) and multichannel integration quality (MCIQ) on the performance of banks (BP). It also explores the moderating role of environmental dynamism in the banking industry, using a moderated mediation model. Quantitative analyses were employed to examine data collected from multiple banks. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the relationships between variables, while moderation and mediation effects were analyzed using SEM-AMOS. The findings reveal that dynamic capabilities and MCIQ significantly enhance bank performance. Furthermore, environmental dynamism (ED) moderates the relationship between these variables, intensifying their effects on performance under high levels of dynamism. The mediation analysis shows that MCIQ partially mediates the impact of dynamic capabilities on bank performance. The study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which restricts causal inferences. Additionally, the findings may not be generalizable to non-banking industries or regions with distinct regulatory frameworks. The results provide actionable insights for bank managers, emphasizing the importance of fostering DCs and enhancing MCIQ to sustain performance in rapidly changing environments. The findings highlight significant social benefits, as improved dynamic capabilities (DCs) and critical information quality (MCIQ) enhance bank performance, fostering economic stability, financial inclusion, and customer trust. By enabling resilience and innovation in dynamic environments, banks contribute to broader societal goals, including sustainable development and socio-economic growth. This research contributes to the literature by integrating DCs and MCIQ in a moderated mediation framework, offering a novel perspective on their interplay with environmental dynamism in the banking sector.

PURPOSE : Financial institutions such as Bureaux de Change are susceptible to money laundering, posing a significant risk to a nation’s financial stability and security if not properly regulated and supervised. Botswana is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), a global organisation that sets standards, promotes policies to prevent money laundering, terrorist financing and arms proliferation, all to safeguard the global financial system. Efforts have been made to incorporate FATF recommendations on money laundering into the fiscal laws of Botswana. However, some deficiencies still remain. Although there are no recorded cases of money laundering in Botswana, Bureaux de Change entities are susceptible to it as their business involves cash transactions and rapid money transactions. This paper aims to analyse the challenges faced by Bureaux de Change entities in combating money laundering in Botswana. This will be done by assessing the effectiveness of the current regulatory framework and role of the regulatory authorities in combating money laundering within Bureaux de Change entities. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH : This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the obstacles faced by Bureaux de Change entities in Botswana when it comes to combating money laundering. A qualitative research method and doctrinal research method are both used in this context. FINDINGS : It is hoped that policymakers and other relevant persons will adopt the recommendations provided in the paper to enhance the curbing of money laundering in Botswana. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS : This paper is only limited to the regulation of money laundering within the Bureaux de Change entities in Botswana and does not provide empirical research. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS : This paper is useful to policymakers, lawyers, law students and regulatory bodies especially in Botswana. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS : This paper suggests changes to the Bank of Botswana (Bureaux de Change) Regulations of 2004 to improve their effectiveness, robustness and competitiveness in combating money laundering. ORIGINALITY/VALUE : This paper is original research on the challenges of combating money laundering within Bureaux de Change entities in Botswana.

This paper analyzes the effect of Basel III adapted to WAEMU on the behavior of banks in the zone (intermediation and market activities). After having developed a model for optimizing the return on bank equity, under various constraints (balance sheet constraints, Basel III regulatory constraints), we resort to linear programming via the Danzig simplex algorithm and to a structure of reasonable rates to obtain the optimal values of the various bank balance sheet items. The results, obtained by comparing these theoretical values with the values observed before Basel III (before January 1, 2018), show an increase in the supply of loans, obtained not only from deposits and bank refinancing but also via resources from the financial markets. We can also observe the intuitive result of an increase of bank reserves in line with the constraint that Basel III imposes on banks to increase their liquidity. In short, Basel III tends to strengthen bank financing in the zone, while improving the soundness of banks through the constitution of larger reserves.

Il ne devrait guère résister de contradiction entre l’enrichissement sans cause et l’enrichissement illicite des établissements de crédit. Le premier relève du Droit civil alors que le second relève indubitablement du Droit pénal. Cette distinction devrait s’estomper en pénalisant l’enrichissement sans cause des établissements bancaires. En ce sens, l’infraction d’enrichissement sans cause des établissements permettrait de renforcer la politique pénale ou criminelle. L’enrichissement sans cause des établissements de crédit, ou l’enrichissement injustifié en Droit français, pose également la difficulté de la justice sociale. La question de la répétition de l’indu semble déjà réglée sous l’emprise de la législation en la matière. Mais, le souci de l’indemnisation mériterait d’être réglementé avec beaucoup d’acuité. Pris à ce titre, la mise en cause de l’enrichissement sans cause, fut-il un établissement de crédit, nécessiterait autant de restituer ce qui est dû, mais également indemniser la victime. Cette mesure devrait s’opérer de la manière la plus juste dans la mesure du possible. Les exigences d’équité y primeraient. Le droit de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale gagnerait à se doter d’un véritable fond des dépôts de risques de l’enrichissement sans cause. Cette institution viserait à recevoir ces deniers en toutes fins utiles. Aussi, l’article 1303 du Code civil français résultant de l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 devrait nourrir notre arsenal juridique sur la mise en œuvre d’une notion d’origine jurisprudentielle en quête de consistance digeste.

Cette étude explore les contours et les tensions de l'optimisation fiscale dans un monde globalisé et numérisé, à travers le prisme des groupes de sociétés. En retraçant l'histoire de l'impôt, elle met en lumière les transformations profondes du système fiscal mondial, où les stratégies fiscales transfrontalières se sont progressivement développées, en dehors des prévisions des législations nationales. Bien qu'enraciné dans le principe fondamental de la liberté de choisir la voie fiscale la moins imposée, l'optimisation fiscale a évolué en réponse aux mutations économiques, juridiques et technologiques, donnant lieu à des pratiques parfois controversées qui se situent aux frontières de la légalité et de l'éthique. À l'intersection du droit, de l'économie et de la politique fiscale, l'optimisation fiscale dépasse le simple objectif de réduction de la charge fiscale : elle reflète un processus global où la mobilité des capitaux et des actifs immatériels perturbe les règles fiscales classiques. Bien que souvent conformes à la législation, ces pratiques d'optimisation fiscale dites « agressives » perturbent l'équilibre des systèmes fiscaux mondiaux, contribuant à un phénomène préoccupant : l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices vers des juridictions à faible fiscalité. Cette dérive a mis en évidence les défaillances des systèmes fiscaux nationaux, incapables de suivre le rythme des mutations économiques et de réguler efficacement les pratiques des multinationales. En déconstruisant les mécanismes sous-jacents de l'optimisation fiscale agressive, cette recherche invite à une critique constructive de l'arsenal législatif actuel. Elle souligne l'urgence de repenser les instruments fiscaux dans un contexte où la mobilité du capital et des actifs immatériels redéfinit les règles du jeu économique et de restaurer un équilibre entre les exigences d'efficacité économique des multinationales et la nécessité de garantir une justice fiscale à la hauteur des enjeux mondiaux

AI is well known today as a valuable tool that can improve our daily lives. In addition, it can improve the efficiency and productivity of many professions, such as the internal auditor. The research methodology is literature review. The primary objectives of the article are twofold: Firstly, to provide a comprehensive description of the institutional framework for the operation of AI internationally, and secondly, to examine the benefits that arise from the use of AI in internal audit units and organisations in general. The significance of the research lies in its examination of artificial intelligence (AI) as a valuable instrument in the arsenal of internal auditors. The findings suggest that AI has the potential to enhance the efficacy of internal audits, reduce the time required for their execution, reduce the frequency of internal audits, and, in general, optimise the operations of companies and organisations.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

The Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS, had an agreement to adopt the Eco as its single currency for the fifteen member-states of the West African Sub-regional organization. This major objective has failed to materialize after a long period of time. This paper, therefore seeks to highlight the major challenges confronting the Eco currency project. Data were collected from secondary sources, using content analysis. The paper of discusses the challenges facing the proposed Eco single currency in West Africa, discusses the theoretical framework of monetary integration using Mundell’s factors of Mobility Theory and Mundell’s Optimum Currency Area Theory applied. Based on the findings, Some of the challenges facing the proposed Eco currency in ECOWAS include lack of political will, influence of France on its former territories in West Africa, membership of multiple regional blocs by member states of ECOWAS and fear of domination of the smaller states in the bigger ones. Other challenges include; security and political challenges, inadequate legal instruments to enforce treaty obligations, inadequate modern infrastructure among others. To make this proposed Eco currency a success, the paper suggests that West Africa Monetary Zone member states must take concrete action by showing political will towards the creation of Eco currency area in West Africa. There should be clearly spelt out benefits and costs accruing to each member state in the proposed Eco community currency area. All member states of ECOWAS must be treated as equal partners.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

Les Normes Internationales d’Information Financière (IFRS), émises par l'International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), deviennent de plus en plus le régime comptable privilégié parmi les entreprises des pays africains. La recherche sur l’effet de l’adoption des IFRS sur la qualité de l’information comptable dans les économies émergentes est encore rare. Par conséquent, cet article examine l’effet de l’adoption des IFRS sur la reconnaissance rapide des pertes, un indicateur de la qualité de l’information comptable. Les données financières de 34 entreprises cotées à la Bourse de Casablanca, couvrant la période de 2009 à 2019, sont analysées en utilisant une régression logistique dans le cadre d'une méthodologie économétrique quantitative. Deux panels équilibrés ont été constitués : l'un regroupant 14 entreprises ayant adopté les normes IFRS, et l'autre constitué de 20 entreprises suivant les normes comptables marocaines. Les résultats indiquent que la qualité des bénéfices (mesurée par la reconnaissance rapide des pertes) ne s’est pas améliorée après l’adoption des IFRS. Cette constatation implique que les régulateurs comptables et les organismes comptables des pays africains devraient encourager une application rigoureuse des IFRS en formant continuellement les comptables et auditeurs des entreprises cotées sur la mise en œuvre pratique de ces normes. Ces formations devraient être obligatoires et accessibles.

This research is driven by the rapid spread of fintech, and its contributions to Tanzania’s economic growth. This study uses quantitative quarterly time series data from Tanzania from 2008 to 2022. The Augmented Dicky Fuler (ADF) is used for the stationarity test, Johansen Cointegrations for the hypothesis and Cointegrations test, VAR and VECM for testing both short-run and long-run causality relationships, and Granger Causality for testing variable causality. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is used for parameter estimation, modelling and significance testing. The results show that the model is statistically significant and the independent variables in the regression accounted for around 89% of the overall variation in GDP. Fintech variable subscriptions have a positive impact on Tanzania’s economic growth. Thus, unemployment in Tanzania may be alleviated by the growing sector of financial technology. Fintech has involved many people from all over the world, including Tanzania, and has had a positive impact on both the national economy and per capita growth. Since TTCL and ZANTEL have witnessed a sharp decline in subscriptions, the government, as a fixed-wired broadband service provider, must take the necessary steps to increase the subscriptions.