Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Günümüzde ticaretin globalleşmesi ile birlikte tahkim, uluslararası uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde devlet mahkemelerine nazaran kişiler, şirketler ve devletler tarafından daha çok tercih edilir hale gelmiştir. Bu tercihin en önemli sebeplerinden biri tahkim yargılaması sonucunda verilen hakem kararlarının tıpkı mahkeme kararlarında olduğu gibi kesin ve bağlayıcı olmasıdır. Ancak aleyhine karar verilen taraf, ilgili hakem kararının adalete uygun olmadığını düşünebilir. Bu bağlamda hakem kararlarının devlet mahkemeleri tarafından denetlenebilmesi için neredeyse tüm milli hukuk sistemlerinde hakem kararlarına karşı denetim yolu olarak "iptal davası" öngörülmüştür. İptal talebinde bulunan taraf belirli sebeplerin olması halinde tahkim yeri mahkemesinde iptal davası açabilecektir. Hakem kararına karşı iptal talebinde bulunan tarafın amacı, kararın bir kısmını ya da tamamını geçersiz hale getirmek ve icrasını engellemektir. UNCITRAL Model Kanun ve ulusal hukuk sistemlerinde iptal sebepleri sınırlı şekilde sayılmıştır. Ancak bazen bu iptal sebeplerinin faklı şekillerde yorumlandığı görülmüştür. İptal sebeplerinin geniş yorumlanması hakem kararlarının iptal olasılığını orantısız şekilde arttıracaktır. Bu durum alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yolu olan tahkimin güvenirliğine zarar verdiği gibi uzun, meşakkatli ve masraflı tahkim yargılama sürecini de boşa çıkaracaktır. Ancak, iptal sebeplerin adaletsizliğe yol açacak şekilde çok dar yorumlanması da keyfiliğe, tutarsızlığa ve tarafların istemediği sonuçlara yol açacaktır. Bu çerçevede Türk kanunları dahil çeşitli ülkelerdeki kanunları ve mahkeme uygulamalarını dikkate alarak kanımızca iptal sebepleri bakımından doğru yaklaşımları ortaya koymaya çalışacağız. Çalışmamız üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde milletlerarası tahkime ilişkin genel bilgiler, yabancı hakem kararlarının tabiiyetinin belirlenmesi ve iptal davasına konu olabilecek yabancı hakem kararlarının türleri yer almaktadır. Bunun devamında, ikinci bölümde, çeşitli ülkelerin tahkime ilişkin kanunları, tahkime ilişkin milletlerarası literatürde kabul gören hukuki metinleri de dikkate alınarak iptal sebepleri ortaya konulacaktır. Aynı zamanda, konu ile ilgili doktrindeki görüşlere yer verilerek çeşitli ülkelerde verilen mahkeme kararları çerçevesinde iptal sebeplerine ilişkin yaklaşımlara ver verilecektir. Çalışmamızın üçüncü ve son bölümünde ise iptal davasının tarafları, iptal davasında görevli ve yetkili mahkeme ve iptal davasından feragat konuları Türk hukuku ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk bakımından incelenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Along with the globalization of trade, arbitration has become more preferred by individuals, companies and states than state courts in resolving international disputes. One of the most important reasons for this preference is that the arbitral awards given after the arbitration proceedings are final and binding, just as the court decisions. However, the party rendered against the award may consider it unjust. In this context, in order for the arbitral awards to be audited by the state courts, "annulment case" is designed as a legal remedy in almost all national legal systems. The party requesting annulment may file an action for annulment in the court of the place of arbitration if there are certain reasons. The purpose of the party requesting annulment against the arbitral award is to invalidate some or all of the decision and to prevent its execution. Although the reasons for annulment are limited and similar in many legal systems, the interpretation of these reasons is of great importance. A broad interpretation of the grounds for annulment will disproportionately increase the possibility of annulment of arbitral awards. This situation will not only harm the reliability of arbitration, which is an alternative dispute resolution method, but will also nullify the long, laboursome and costly arbitration proceedings. On the other hand, much narrower interpretation of the grounds for annulment in a way that leads to injustice may lead to arbitrariness and inconsistency, as well as result in undesirable results by the parties. Considering these, we will try to put forward approaches that can be consistent in terms of the grounds for annulment, taking into account the laws and court practices in various countries, including Turkish laws. This study consists of three parts. In the first part, general information about international arbitration, determination of the nationality of foreign arbitral awards and types of foreign arbitral awards that may be subject to annulment proceedings are included. Following this, in the second part, the reasons for annulment will be presented considering the arbitration laws of various countries and the internationally accepted legal texts on arbitration. At the same time, we try to put forward the approaches regarding the reasons for annulment within the framework of the court decisions given in various countries by giving place to the opinions in the doctrine on the subject. In the third and final part of our study, the parties of the annulment case, the competent court in charge of the annulment case and the waiver of the annulment case are to be examined in terms of Turkish law and comparative law.

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) ile Türk Ticaret Hukuku'nda özellikle anonim şirketler hukukunda yapılan değişiklikler arasında imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemeler de bulunmaktadır. Mülga 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunundaki (eTK) hükümlere benzerlik gösteren yönleri olsa da imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili daha ayrıntılı, yenilikler getiren ve önceki Kanun döneminde karşılaşılan sorunları gidermeye çalışan düzenlemelerin yapıldığı görülmektedir. TTK'daki imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemelerin eTK döneminde ortaya çıkan sorunları giderip gidermediğinin ya da yeni sorunlara, belirsizliklere ve tartışmalara yol açıp açmadığının tespit edilerek değerlendirilmesi amacı bu tezin yazılmasına sebep oluşturmaktadır. Birinci bölümde önce genel olarak pay kavramı, imtiyazlı payın tanınması koşulları, imtiyaz kavramının terminolojik yönü ve mevzuatımızda konuyla ilgili düzenlemelerle hukuk sistemimize esin kaynağı olan yabancı hukuk sistemlerindeki düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Ardından, imtiyaz tanınan hakların, eşitlik ilkesi, müktesep hak ve vazgeçilmez hak ile olan ilişkilerine değinilmiş ve imtiyazlı pay kavramının nasıl tanımlanması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Tezin asıl omurgasını oluşturan ikinci bölümde, imtiyaza konu haklar, malvarlığı hakları ve yönetim hakları olarak iki asıl eksen üzerinde incelenmiştir. İkinci bölüm için en fazla tartışılmış bulunan konu, yönetim haklarında imtiyaza ilişkindir. Yönetim haklarında imtiyazı oluşturan iki alt başlık, oy hakkında imtiyaz ve yönetim kurulunda temsilde imtiyaz ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmeye çalışılmış, imtiyazın kanundan kaynaklanan nedenlerle engellenmesinden bahsedilmiş ve diğer haklarda imtiyaza değinilmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümü imtiyazların korunması konusuna ayrılmıştır. Bu bölümde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun (İPSÖK) yapısı, niteliği ve toplanması ile özel kurulun onayına bağlı kararlar halka açık olan ve olmayan şirketler dikkate alınarak açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ayrıca İPSÖK kararlarına karşı açılacak iptal davalarıyla ilgili değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. It is observed that although there are some similarities with the previous one, the new Turkish Commercial Code, Law No: 6102, introduces more detailed and innovative arrangements which is intended to provide an answer to the problems experienced during the abrogated code was in force in relation to preference shares. It is easily can be said that, by and large, the topic "preference shares" is the one of the most radically altered topic in the new code. The main purpose of this thesis is to shed light whether these innovative arrangements in the new code actually solving the problems that is intended to solve or, rather opposite, causing new problems and ambiguities. For this purpose, the first section of this thesis is allocated to analyse the concept of "share" in general and under which conditions the preference shares are granted first and then the meaning of the concept of "preference" is investigated. It is followed by subsections devised to identify the current domestic law, and comprative law that inspried the law makers in this area. In the following subsections it is attempted to explain where preference shares stand with respect to principle of equality, vested interests and inalienable rights, and how the concept of preference shares should be defined. In the second section, which constitutes the backbone of this thesis, the rights that are being subject of the preference shares are examined on the axis of the assest rights and the administrative rights. The topic of the administrative rights attached to preference shares is the most debated topic in this section. In this context under the head of the administrative rights, the issues related to priveleges in votes and the representation on the executive board are examined seperately in two separate subsections. Also in this subsection the issues of statutory basis of the prevention of preferences and the preferences in relation to other rights are grappled. The third section of the thesis is completely devised to the issues related to the protection of the preference shares. In this section the structure, qualifications, gathering of the board of preference shares owners and the decisions subject to approval of this board are explained in the context of private and public companies. In this section the suits that could be brought for the annulment of this board decision is evaluated briefly.

Ticarî işletme, kendisine özgülenen malvarlığı unsurlarının tamamı ile kapsamlı bir organizasyon niteliğini haiz olup, ticarî ve ekonomik bir bütünlük arz etmektedir. Ticarî işletme, ticarî bir amaca özgülenen ve bütünlük arz eden yapısı gereği, tacire ait malvarlığı unsurlarından belki de en değerlisidir. Bu yapısı gereği ticarî işletme, cebri icra hukukunda alacaklıların ilk müracaat edeceği malvarlığı unsurudur. Alacaklıların borçluya ait mal veya hakların paraya çevrilmesi sonucu tatmin edilmesi, cebri icra hukukuna hâkim olan genel bir ilkedir. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra hukukunda paraya çevrilmesi, kapsamında bulunan mal veya hakların niteliği ve çeşitliliği gözetildiğinde ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Ticarî işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların ayrı ayrı paraya çevrilmesi, bu mal veya hakların parçalanmasına sebep olacağından, işletme faaliyetinin sona ermesine yol açar. Ticarî işletme faaliyetinin devamlılığının zedelenmesi, alacaklı ve borçlu menfaatlerini doğrudan etkilediği gibi ekonomik, sosyal ve toplumsal bir kısım olumsuz etkileri de beraberinde getirir. Bu nedenle, cebri icra prosedürleri içerisinde ticarî işletme bütünlüğünün bozulmaması büyük önem arz eder. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra yoluyla bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi, işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların bütünlüğünün bozulmasının önüne geçerek, faaliyetin devamlılığını sağlayan bir paraya çevirme şekli olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunun yanında, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi ile ayrı ayrı paraya çevirmeye nazaran daha yüksek gelir elde edilir. Çalışmamızda, öncelikle, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi açısından karşılaştırmalı hukuk sistemlerinde yer alan bazı düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin İcra ve İflâs Kanunu'nda yer alan her bir paraya çevirme türü açısından durumu ve ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin yerine getirilme usulü ile paraya çevirmenin etki ve sonuçları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. A commercial enterprise has the character of a comprehensive organization with all the elements of assets specific to it, and it offers a commercial and economic integrity. A commercial enterprise, due to its structure that is specific to a commercial purpose and offers integrity, is perhaps the most valuable of the elements of the merchant's assets. Due to this structure, a commercial enterprise is the first asset element that creditors will apply for in forced execution law. The satisfaction of creditors as a result of the conversion of the debtor's goods or rights into money is a general principle that dominates the enforcement law. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money in compulsory enforcement law is of particular importance when the nature and diversity of the goods or rights covered by it are taken into account. The conversion of goods or rights specific to the commercial enterprise into money separately leads to the termination of the business activity, as this will lead to the fragmentation of these goods or rights. Damage to the continuity of commercial business activity directly affects the interests of creditors and debtors, as well as brings with it some negative economic, social and social effects. For this reason, it is of great importance that the integrity of the commercial enterprise is not disrupted within the forced execution procedures. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money as a whole through forced execution appears as a form of conversion into money that ensures the continuity of activity by preventing the deterioration of the integrity of the goods or rights specific to the enterprise. In addition, a higher income is obtained by converting the commercial enterprise into money as a whole than by converting it into money separately. In our study, first of all, some regulations in comparative legal systems have been examined in terms of the conversion of commercial enterprise into money as a whole. Subsequently, the situation of the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole in terms of each type of conversion contained in the Execution and Bankruptcy Code, as well as the procedure for performing the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole, as well as the effects and consequences of the conversion into money have been tried to be revealed.

Arabuluculuk tarafların tarafsız bir üçüncü bir kişinin yardımı ile ihtilaflarını çözmeye yardımcı olması olarak tanımlanabilir. Türkiye'de özel hukuktan doğan ve tarafların üzerinde serbestçe tasarruf edebilecekleri uyuşmazlıkların arabuluculuk ile çözümüne ilişkin 6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu'nun 2013 yılında kabulü ile arabuluculuk uygulamasına geçilmiştir. 7036 sayılı İş Mahkemeleri Kanunu ile 2018 yılı itibariyle dava şartı arabuluculuk kavramı Türk hukuk literatürüne girmiştir. 7036 sayılı İş Mahkemeleri Kanunu md.3 uyarınca kanuna, bireysel iş sözleşmesine, toplu iş sözleşmesine dayanan alacak, tazminat veya işe iade talebi ile açılan davalarda arabuluculuğa başvurulması dava şartıdır. İtalya, Almanya ve ABD'nin bazı eyaletlerinde iş hukukunda dava şartı arabuluculuk uygulaması yoktur. İngiltere'de iş mahkemelerine başvurmak için önce ACAS isimli kuruma başvurmak gerekir. ABD 'de ise iş ilişkilerindeki ayrımcılık iddiaları öncelikle EEOC'de görülmektedir. Bireysel İş Hukukunda Arabuluculuk başlıklı doktora tezi çalışmamız dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemleri kavramı ve belli başlı alternatif uyuşmazlık yöntemleri irdelenerek incelenmiş, ikinci bölümde arabuluculuk kurumu, amacı, prensipleri, türleri, arabulucunun hak ve yükümlülükleri, arabulucu ve arabuluculuk sözleşmelerinin hukuki mahiyeti ve arabuluculuk etiği gibi konular çalışılmıştır. Mukayeseli İş Hukukunda Arabuluculuk başlıklı üçüncü bölümde, arabuluculuğun anavatanı olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Birleşik Krallık gibi Anglo Sakson sistemindeki devletlerde, İtalya, Almanya, Fransa gibi Roma Cermen sistemindeki devletlerde ve Avrupa Birliği müktesabatında arabuluculuğun nasıl düzenlendiği ve son olarak dördüncü bölüm olan Türk İş Hukukunda Arabuluculuk başlığı altında, dava şartı arabuluculuk kavramına ilişkin konular yargı kararları da işlenerek ayrıntılı olarak irdelenmiştir. Mediation can be defined as helping parties resolve their disputes with the help of a third party. With the adoption of the Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes in 2013, mediation has been implemented regarding the resolution of disputes arising from private law and on which the parties can freely dispose of. As of 2018, with the adoption of the Labor Courts Law numbered 7036 the concept of mediation as a cause of action in employment disputes litigation introduced in our legal literature. Pursuant to Article 3 of Labor Courts Law numbered 7036, lawsuits filed with the demand for receivables, compensation or reemployment based on the law, individual employment contract, collective bargaining agreement are subject to mediation as a cause of action. In Italy and Germany mediation in employment disputes does not exist. In England, in order to apply to the labor courts, firstly it must be applied to ACAS. In the United States of America, for discriminatory allegations in the employment relation firstly EEOC must be addressed. The doctoral thesis titled Mediation in Individual Employment Law consists of four parts. In the first part of the study, the concept of the alternative dispute resolution methods is investigated by examining the main alternative dispute methods, in the second part, the mediation institution, its purpose, principles, types, rights and responsibilities of the mediator, the legal nature of the mediator and mediation agreemets and mediation ethics are studied. In the third part titled Mediation in Comparative Employment Law, the Anglo-Saxon countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom, which are the homeland of mediation, in the Roman Germanic system states such as Italy, Germany France and in European Union legal system are explained and lastly under the title of Mediation in Turkish Employment Law, which is the fourth part, the issues related to the concept of mediation as a cause of action are also discussed in detail adding judicial decisions.

International law is a robust system designed to unite world governments in an effort to, inter alia, cease human rights violations and hold those who commit them accountable. As it currently stands, and by its own design, the international human rights legal regime focuses on and applies only to state actors, meaning that violations committed by non-state actors, such as multinational corporations (MNCs), are seemingly conducted with impunity inside this space. Multinational corporations are powerful international players that have undoubtably fostered a significant role in reducing global barriers. By their very nature, they are far more mobile than states, allowing them to evade domestic power and regulatory schemes by detaching from their home state and relocating to a host state with weaker oversight and/or enforcement powers. Simply stated: even though MNCs have better financing, heightened mobility, and a disproportionate amount of influence when compared to world states, they operate with less global accountability. Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a fundamental violation of children’s rights. It consists of sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or kind to the child or a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object. Multinational corporations have been implicated in CSEC through acts of omission and commission. And despite the fact that much international law has been drafted to protect children around the world from CSEC—most notably the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols—the numbers of children who have been emotionally and physically harmed by and through MNC conduct has only increased in the past decade. There have been numerous efforts by international organizations to address the challenges when regulating and monitoring human rights violations by MNCs. States, civil society organizations, and the private sector itself have also attempted to address these human rights violations through domestic law, modifying international law principles, and with civil regulation. Obstacles exist in the effectiveness of each of these approaches, leaving children at risk with no single effective strategy to combat and address rights violations by MNCs. The dissertation conducts a review of the current landscape of child law, through the lens of corporate accountability for CSEC. Then, it suggests a new alternative, putting forward an international solution to an international problem.

Le bail à usage professionnel est un contrat nommé de l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). Ce contrat est une figure apparentée au bail commercial dont il portait d'ailleurs le nom avant la réforme de 2010. Le bail commercial lui-même s'est historiquement détaché du contrat de louage des choses prévu dans le Code civil de 1804 pour répondre aux exigences des mutations sociales et économiques du premier quart du XXᵉ siècle en Europe. Le bail à usage professionnel se pose donc comme une forme d'arrangement contractuel entre une tradition assumée et une modernité voulue. C'est de cet arrangement qu'a surgi le besoin de s'interroger sur la logique qui le sous-tend pour découvrir s'il existe un objectif poursuivi par le législateur et s'il existe, dans quelle mesure l'ensemble de la règlementation et l'interprétation qu'en fait le juge sont cohérents avec l'objectif visé. Le postulat qui préside à cette étude c'est que les règles de droit ont une raison d'être et une histoire qui obéissent idéalement à la finalité impulsée par ceux qui les appellent à l'existence. Pour les fins d'une telle investigation, l'analyse économique du droit (AED) et le pragmatisme juridique ont permis de dégager un double objectif au bail à usage professionnel. Il correspond à la fois à un ratio legis, c'est-à-dire à la politique juridique du législateur et à un ratio juris, c'est-à-dire à une justice désirable inhérente à l'esprit du contrat. L'étude pose que l'un des objectifs poursuivis par le bail est la protection, non pas tant d'une partie faible ni même d'un fonds de commerce, mais de toute activité économique qu'abrite le local loué. Ce projet permet de rendre compte des règles qui régissent le bail comme des mécanismes de sécurisation de l'espace et du temps de jouissance donnés au locataire. À la lumière de cette finalité, il apparaît que la valorisation économique voulue est restée inachevée avec le traitement partial réservé à l'activité de l'entreprenant. Si le premier objectif du bail consiste en la protection de l'activité économique, le second concerne la protection des acteurs économiques eux-mêmes. Après avoir établi que le bail correspond à ce que la littérature économique appelle actif spécifique, il apparait que la formation et l'exécution de ce contrat constituent une occasion propice aux comportements opportunistes des parties prenantes. La thèse propose une synthèse de la notion d'opportunisme et suggère une lecture de la seconde partie des règles sur le bail comme autant de mécanismes de prévention et de sanctions de comportements opportunistes.

Anonim şirketlerde yönetim veya temsil yetkisi kural olarak yönetim kurulu tarafından kullanılmakla birlikte, özellikle halka açık veya büyük ölçekli ortaklıklarda söz konusu yetkilerin tamamının yönetim kurulu tarafından bizzat yerine getirilmesi uygulamada sık rastlanan bir durum değildir. Bu nedenle kanunda, yönetim kuruluna, yönetim veya temsil yetkisinin 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu' nun 367/I ve 370/II hükümlerinde yer alan şartlara uygun olarak, mevcut yönetim kurulu üyelerinden bir veya birkaçına yahut üçüncü kişilere devretmek suretiyle, şirketin yönetim teşkilatını belirleme yetkisi tanınmıştır. Şirket yönetimi konusunda uzmanlaşmış ve yeterli mesleki tecrübeye sahip olan kişilere yetkilerin devredilmesi, bir yandan şirkette profesyonelleşmeyi sağlamakta, diğer yandan kural olarak, devredilen yetkilerle birlikte bu kapsamda ortaya çıkabilecek hukuki sorumluluk da devredilmiş sayılacağından, yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki sorumluluğunu sınırlandırmaktadır. Yönetim veya temsil yetkilerinin geçerli bir şekilde devredilmesi halinde, devredilen yetkilerle ilgili olarak yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki sorumluluğu; murahhasların seçiminde, onlara verilecek talimatlarda ve murahhasların üst gözetiminde göstermeleri gereken makul derecede özen yükümlülüğü ile sınırlı olarak devam eder. Çalışmamızda, geçerli ve geçersiz yetki devri hallerinde, yönetim kurulu üyelerinin hukuki sorumluluğunun ne şekilde ortaya çıkacağı meselesi, mehaz İsviçre hukukundaki görüş ve yargı kararlarına yer verilmek suretiyle, detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Although the management or representation authority in joint stock companies is used by the board of directors as a rule, it is not common in practice that all of the said authorities are personally exercised by the board of directors, especially in publicly held or large-scale partnerships. For this reason, in the law, the board of directors is authorized to determine the management organization of the company by delegating the management or representation authority to one or more of the existing board members or to third parties in accordance with the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102, 367/I and 370/II has been recognized. Delegation of powers to people who are specialized in company management and have sufficient professional experience, on the one hand, ensures professionalization in the company, and on the other hand, as a rule, legal responsibility that may arise in this context together with the delegated powers will be deemed to have been transferred, thus limiting the legal liability of the members of the board of directors. In case of a valid transfer of management or representation powers, the legal responsibility of the members of the board of directors regarding the delegated powers; limited to the reasonable care obligation that they must show in the selection of the executive directors, in the instructions to be given to them and under the supervision of the executive directors. In our study, the issue of how the legal responsibility of the members of the board of directors will arise in cases of valid and invalid delegation of authority has been examined in detail by including the opinions and judicial decisions in the Swiss law.

This research study seeks to understand interested parties’ perspectives on Cameroon's existing land tenure systems, the 1974 land law, and ongoing efforts to reform this land law. It identifies both concerns and specific recommendations from these parties on the formulation and implementation of future reforms. In the decades following the achievement of independence from European colonizers, most governments in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have adopted new national land tenure policies to meet their countries’ needs and aspirations. In some parts of SSA, however, this process of land tenure formalization has negatively impacted the land rights of people observing customary land tenure. This has been a result of government interventions such as compulsory land acquisitions, which while technically legal, are ethically questionable. In the face of this challenge, efforts to reform post-colonial land laws have become a matter of urgency. A national land reform process for Cameroon, announced in 2011 has adopted a multistakeholder approach. My study seeks to understand interested parties’ perspectives on Cameroon’s existing land tenure systems, the 1974 land law, and ongoing efforts to reform the land law. This study applied a case study methodological approach and a convergent mixed-method design. Evidence from this study shows that interested parties in Cameroon are in agreement on 1) the reform of the 1974 land law, 2) the recognition of customary land tenure, 3) the continued use of multistakeholder participation in land law reform, and 4) the promulgation of the new land law through mass sensitization and information dissemination.

It is nowadays generally accepted that international commercial arbitration is the most popular method of resolving international disputes between commercial parties. This popularity is the cumulative result of many advantages that international commercial arbitration offers to the parties. It is suggested in the literature that one of these advantages is the freedom of parties and the resulting procedural flexibility. In virtue of this principle, the parties have the opportunity to establish a specific method of adjudication adapted to the nature of their dispute. This opportunity is provided by the fact that the arbitration regulations do not include detailed rules on the collection of evidence, thus leaving the parties and the arbitrators' range of motion. Therefore, we consider that this procedural flexibility has emerged as a possibility obtained at the expense of certainty in international commercial arbitration proceedings. This uncertainty is to such an extent that it also warrants the question as to whether there is an applicable law to take evidence in international commercial arbitration proceedings. Such procedural flexibility afforded to the parties, however, comes at a price of uncertainty with respect to arbitral procedure. International commercial arbitration developed as a reaction to the failings of proceedings in domestic courts, which were subject to detailed rules of evidence. Thus, the consensus in the arbitration community is that party freedom and the procedural flexibility that comes with it are fundamental attributes of arbitration. Although this presumption is theoretically correct; in other words, the parties are indeed able to craft such a procedure that would perfectly fit for adjudication of their disputes, mostly it does not reflect the practical reality. In practice, when parties are negotiating the terms of an agreement to govern their business relationship, they generally tend to avoid discussions as to what will happen if things go wrong. As a matter of fact, according to our practice experiences, when one of the parties' legal counsel tries to address such hypothetical scenarios, the parties generally prefer to suppress such "negative thoughts" and refuse to make in-depth discussions as to how a possible dispute is to be handled. Hereby, this leaves open the question of the procedure to be followed in arbitration proceedings in case of potential disputes. As a result, the provisions on how to resolve disputes that may arise between the parties, in other words, the "dispute resolution" provisions, are left to the very end of the negotiations and passed over in a few sentences. When the relationship between the parties becomes truly strained and a dispute comes to an unavoidable stage, it becomes even less likely that the parties will agree on how to gather evidence on the dispute in question. In a such situation, any suggestions made by one party regarding the procedure for the taking of evidence will be viewed with suspicion by the other party. In an environment of suspicion and animosity, it is often unrealistic to expect productive negotiations to take place on procedural matters. As a result, although the parties have a wide range of motions to make agreements regarding the method of collecting evidence in arbitration proceedings, they are often unable to exercise this authority in practice. As the parties are not exercising their rule-making powers, this important task, which is decisive for the resolution of the dispute, shifts to the arbitrators. Therefore, in our opinion, it would not be a wrong assessment to say that the freedom of the parties has turned into the freedom of the arbitrator in practice. Once appointed, arbitrators have to decide on many issues with respect to the taking of evidence as rules applicable to arbitration are generally silent as to these matters. Although arbitrators have the opportunity to be guided by some non-binding rules, such as the IBA Rules and the Prague Rules, which are considered to be effective and instructive in the arbitration community, they are ultimately left to make their assessments and reach an award based on their judgment. The above-mentioned non-binding rules can undoubtedly assist arbitral tribunals to a certain extent with regard to the taking of evidence. However, it is not possible to say that these rules are enforceable guidelines that can be blindly followed by arbitral tribunals. A closer look at these rules reveals that they leave many issues to the discretion of the arbitral tribunals. Of course, any decision regarding the taking of evidence in international commercial arbitration is already within the discretion of the arbitral tribunals, even in the absence of these rules. Therefore, these provisions, which have been drafted to allow the arbitral tribunals to decide as they see fit, are no more than general guidance on how to exercise their discretion. For these reasons, even if the parties have agreed on the application of these non-binding rules, the fact remains that the collection and evaluation of evidence are still left to the discretion of the arbitral tribunals. This study takes an inductive approach by analyzing the normative and non-binding rules of law applicable to evidence in international commercial arbitration. Firstly, this study examines whether there is a body of rules that can be characterized as the law of evidence in international commercial arbitration. It is determined that there is a law of evidence in international commercial arbitration; however, its content is rather composed of general principles. After determining that these rules have normative value, it is examined how and to what extent these general principles are concretized in terms of the types of evidence used in international commercial arbitration. Although the degree of concretization of these principles varies according to the types of evidence, as a general characteristic, it is determined that arbitral tribunals are left with a very wide discretionary power. It is concluded that arbitral tribunals have a wide latitude of action with respect to the submission of documents, the presentation of witness testimony, the use of expert testimony, the use of discovery and the extent of the res judicata effect of a prior award. Subsequently, the rules on the admissibility and evaluation of evidence are analyzed and it is concluded that the arbitral tribunals have wide discretion in international commercial arbitration, as in other matters relating to evidence and even the discretion regarding the evaluation of evidence is relatively wider. Since it is difficult to review the discretionary power exercised in these matters, it is observed that the arbitral tribunals' decisions on evidentiary issues fall outside the scope of judicial review. This leads to a further blurring of the already grey evidentiary issues in international commercial arbitration proceedings. This is because it is not possible to determine the extent to which the arbitral tribunal has relied on evidence that ostensibly played a role during the proceedings. In the last instance, although the arbitrators' discretionary powers are limited by general principles such as due process and opportunity to be heard, the limits of such discretionary powers are, generally speaking, somewhat blurred as these are general principles. Another issue is that arbitral tribunals are often subject to pressure from the parties when making their decisions on the taking of evidence during the arbitral proceedings. The parties are more interested in being the winner of the concrete proceedings than in the proper conduct of the proceedings in accordance with the law, procedure and rules. In this sense, a party whose request for evidence is likely to be rejected will often argue that the arbitral tribunal's decision violates the principle of a fair trial, even if this is not the case. It is in these circumstances that arbitral tribunals must strike a balance between a fair trial and an efficient trial and make appropriate decisions on evidentiary issues. If arbitral tribunals emphasize procedural efficiency and defer to the parties' presentation of their claims and defences, this may not in itself constitute an obstacle to legally correct decisions. However, this would violate the fundamental procedural safeguards of the participants in the proceedings and may even lead to arbitration proceedings becoming a mechanism for arbitrary and haphazard decision-making. If the opposite approach is taken, in other words, if the priority is to uncover the material truth at all costs and the procedural economy is put on the back burner, this will result in costly and protracted proceedings that will far exceed the limits of reasonableness. Given the limited scope of the guidelines available to arbitrators on the collection and evaluation of evidence, striking this balance is not an easy task. Therefore, it is quite understandable that arbitral tribunals, when deciding on evidentiary issues, may prefer the safer route and give precedence to claims of breach of the principle of a fair trial, even at the expense of the efficiency of the proceedings. Additionally, the confidential nature of the international commercial arbitral proceedings also amplifies the problem. As a result of this principle, the available knowledge as to the practice of arbitration becomes limited to anecdotal stories as to what has happened in certain individual international commercial arbitration proceedings. The arbitrators do not have sufficient opportunity to know about how their colleagues have dealt with certain issues that may have similarities with the issues that they have been trying to solve. In conclusion, in light of the foregoing, since the arbitral tribunals are the rule-makers of arbitration proceedings, the extent to which arbitration proceedings will function correctly and efficiently depends on the experience of the arbitral tribunals and their knowledge of the law, procedure and rules. Basing a correct and efficient arbitration procedure solely on the initiative of experienced arbitrators reduces the 'certainty' of the arbitral procedure. In the face of this situation, it may be tempting to argue that it is inappropriate for arbitrators to have so much freedom and that the rules applicable to arbitral proceedings should be revised to be more detailed. Indeed, there are those who argue that such a change should take place. In the final analysis, a good system should be able to function well regardless of how qualified (or unqualified) its participants are. It is obvious that an argument that sees detailed procedural rules as a remedy for this would contradict the historical development of arbitration and therefore would not be accepted by the international arbitration community. Likewise, from the other side of the coin, it could be argued that detailed procedural rules that are not appropriate to the nature of the individual dispute would prevent qualified and experienced arbitral tribunals from formulating rules that are appropriate to the resolution of the dispute in question, and that the hands of arbitral tribunals may be tied in this way. Although it may be argued that these counter-arguments are equally justified, they do not negate the fact that certainty should be ensured in international commercial arbitration proceedings. Therefore, this suggests that it may be appropriate to resort to alternative methods to ensure certainty. Indeed, it would be a mistake to assume that the only way to achieve certainty is through a detailed set of rules, as we, as legal practitioners in the Continental European legal system, are accustomed to. In the countries subject to the Common Law system, many branches of law do not have such a detailed set of rules and therefore it is not possible to claim that these legal systems lack certainty. Especially in the common law, certainty is provided by case law. If the same logic were to be applied to international commercial arbitration proceedings, it would mean that making information on arbitration proceedings more accessible could help to achieve the goal of certainty. In recent years, there have been some initiatives recognizing the benefits of this approach. While arbitral tribunals are under no obligation to follow the decisions of other arbitral tribunals, having the opportunity to see that there is a consistent pattern of decisions on a particular issue would undoubtedly provide valuable guidance for arbitral tribunals. As the pool of information available to arbitral tribunals and the parties expands, it is obvious that the grey areas regarding evidence in international commercial arbitration will diminish over time. In this way, it will be possible to achieve greater certainty without undermining the fundamental values of the arbitral procedure. Reducing the uncertainty caused by procedural flexibility on procedural certainty in this way will contribute significantly to the development of international commercial arbitration.

Letters of credit and demand guarantees play a prominent role in financing international trade. They provide assurance of payment and security for the performance of contractual obligations and have been described as the ‘lifeblood’ of international commerce. Autonomy is the central principle for the instruments of letters of credit and demand guarantees. Under the autonomy principle, the bank’s undertaking to pay for the beneficiary ought to be independent of the diversity of other relationships arising from the underlying contract. In spite of the autonomous nature of these instruments, in certain cases, the national laws will recognise some exceptions or limitations that restrict the application of the doctrine of autonomy. Exceptions such as fraud, nullity, and illegality will allow the national courts to interfere and override the autonomy doctrine by considering other matters, even those concerning the underlying contract. Furthermore, the exceptions of unconscionability or abuse of rights have an effective role in providing deep solutions, especially with regard to the problem of abusive calls for demand guarantees. The autonomy principle is recognised under Libyan commercial law but has yet to form the subject of serious academic literature covering its legal aspects. This study, in part, aims to fill that gap and will examine the extent to which legal aspects govern the principle of autonomy and its exceptions under Libyan law with reference to the new Libyan Commercial Code. A comparison of the laws in England, Libya, and Egypt will be conducted to examine how legal matters concerning autonomy and its restrictions in their laws are addressed. Furthermore, consideration will be given to the experience of Singapore, particularly with regard to the unconscionability and nullity exceptions. The results of this study will consider many different exceptions to autonomy and suggest that fraud is not the only exception to autonomy and that it is not imperative that all exceptions in letters of credit be equally applied to demand guarantees.

This thesis considers whether jurisdictional exigencies should influence competition law enforcement, with a specific focus on merger analysis. It examines various approaches and schools of thought regarding the goals of competition law and how these play out within jurisdictional parameters. The history of enforcement of American antitrust is scrutinised to establish the nature of the interplay between greater economic policy direction and the goals of competition law. The study also explores the issue of convergence and whether developing jurisdictions should align their competition law to that of developed jurisdictions with mature competition law.

Dans un marché bancaire oligopolistique, marqué par un nombre limité d'institutions bancaires et financières offrant des services bancaires de plus en plus innovants et attractifs à une quantité innombrable de consommateurs, le système bancaire ouvert a engendré la multiplicité de ces services, grâce aux entreprises de technologie financière qui se présentent comme des concurrentes de taille face aux banques traditionnelles. Désormais, le consommateur peut procéder à des transactions électroniques, dont celles relatives au paiement ou au transfert électronique de fonds, sans devoir passer au comptoir de sa banque traditionnelle. Depuis la mise en place du Règlement général sur la protection des données et de la Directive révisée sur les services de paiement au niveau de l'Union européenne, les entreprises commerciales peuvent avoir accès aux renseignements personnels, dont les données financières des clients de banques, notamment pour initier un paiement, par le truchement des interfaces de programmation d'applications. Toutefois, le traitement des renseignements personnels des consommateurs par les entreprises commerciales augmente le risque de vol d'identité, étant donné la présence d'une quantité impressionnante de données sur le Web, sans un contrôle adéquat pour en assurer la confidentialité. Les conséquences d'une fuite de ces données sont pourtant non négligeables, aussi bien à l'égard de la banque, de la personne concernée que de l'État qui doit en assurer une protection optimale. Devant ce phénomène où le consommateur est vulnérable, l'État intervient pour le protéger et contrebalancer le déséquilibre dans sa relation contractuelle avec les prestataires de services financiers.

Ships, the high-value asset used in both seagoing and inland navigation, and in which various legal and natural persons have interests, must be secured against legal risks arising from any cross-border legal divergence. Legal certainty of ownership of the ship is therefore desirable but it is under challenge with regard to the judicial sale of a ship: the effects of a judicial sale may be denied in a jurisdiction other than the place where it was sold under the principles of state jurisdiction. Multiple efforts have been made to address legal uncertainty. Particularly important is a new treaty governing the international effects of judicial sales: the United Nations Convention on the International Effects of Judicial Sales of Ships (Beijing Convention). This dissertation is intended to contribute to that process by setting out two tasks; first, it seeks to identify the obstacles to the recognition of foreign judicial sales, providing additional knowledge which may aid national legal orders when deciding recognition approaches; second, it looks for a universal solution that better guarantees recognition which would benefit shipping. A comparative legal research exercise exploring similarities and dissimilarities in the municipal and international laws governing the recognition and sale procedures is undertaken. Research results are presented in this kappa and research papers, exhibiting the profuse difficulties a party seeking recognition may encounter in the current legal framework, and explains the new recognition approach under the Beijing Convention. Based on the research findings, a universal solution is proposed that avoids révision au fond, defines the finality of a judicial sale, and sets forth a fixed number of grounds for denial of recognition which may bring greater certainty. This purported optimal solution should guarantee equal treatment for all foreign sales seeking recognition before the registry while minimising the registrar’s burden of finding and examining foreign laws. In the interest of universality, this solution better accommodates disagreeing principles underlying certain aspects of the sale, viz., the ship’s location at the time of sale, the notification of sale, and the variance in the standard sale, namely, court-approved private sales, in a manner that more states may accept. This solution is largely in line with the recognition approach under the Beijing Convention. Considering the greater legal certainty the new instrument may bring, ratification is supported.

IKS stakeholders often debate the divide between indigenous and other knowledge systems. IP rightsholders seek advice on how they can strengthen and secure their proprietary rights or broaden the public domain, while other interest groups such as indigenous peoples and local communities want to know how the public domain can be enclosed. One reason for this divide seems to be that the IP regime operates in a sphere where the public domain is demarcated by individual rights, as opposed to the indigenous knowledge systems regime where the public domain is demarcated by social embeddedness and connected to the land on which indigenous peoples and local communities live. This problem manifested itself over centuries of colonialism and technological development worldwide, but also because indigenous worldviews do not share the pre-appropriation narrative of the public domain than technological advanced societies. Within the context of this narrative the research question was posed, namely "what are the appropriate legal instruments for protecting Indigenous Knowledge Systems without compromising the public domain?" To answer this question, the public domain was analysed from three perspectives, namely international law instruments, human rights and IP rights. It was found that none of these perspectives lead to a narrow interpretation of the public domain – in fact, they all aim to broaden the public domain. These early findings on the public domain assisted to apply the fundamentals of the public domain to international law instruments and their application to IKS. In this regard it has been shown that the existing international law instruments, as well as the natural evolvement of these instruments over time, adequately provides for the protection and commercial exploitation of IKS worldwide. There is a proviso, though: IKS need to be viewed through the WIPO lens, which provides for the distinct delineation of categories of IKS, namely traditional knowledge, traditional cultural expressions and genetic resources. For example, the Bern Convention is founded on the three principles of droits des auteurs, droit moral, and domaine public. The boundaries of the public domain within the context of IKS can be reconciled with all three of these principles, and national legislators merely need to apply these principles to national legislation. With these insights gained on international law instruments, a few countries were analysed to ascertain how they address their local challenges pertaining to IKS. The countries that were analysed all aimed to appreciate international law instruments to which they are signatories, while they develop country specific IKS-related jurisprudence, although it cannot be said to be the same in each country. None of the findings pertaining to these countries could provide convincing arguments as to why a sui generis system for IKS can work. The research then moved to a legal analysis of South African legislation in relation to IKS. It has been shown that in general, South African legislation on IP is well aligned with international law instruments. These findings assisted with the research question at hand and was instrumental with coming to the early conclusion that IKS neatly fits into South Africa's current IP regimes and their associated public domains. Throughout the thesis, the rights and obligations of IKS rightsholders were demarcated since no right is absolute, as has been shown when the South African Constitution was discussed. In this regard, the droit moral of individuals from indigenous peoples and local communities, as well as the indigenous peoples and local communities, are to be respected. This approach led to more practical measures to ensure that matters such as prior informed consent, secrecy and sacredness, equity and access to TK, TCE and GR and benefit sharing were all understood within the boundaries of the public domain.

Dünya genelinde, uyuşmazlıkların mahkeme dışında alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları ile çözülmesi konusunda artan bir eğilim bulunmaktadır. Alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarından biri de arabuluculuktur. Arabuluculuk gönüllülük esasına dayanan bir uyuşmazlık çözme biçimidir. Arabuluculuk sistemi, AB'ye üye bazı ülkeler başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede özellikle ticari uyuşmazlıklarda uygulanmakta ve sonuçları itibariyle tarafları memnun etmekte, yargının yükünün de ciddi şekilde azaltılmasına destek olmaktadır. Yargının iş yükünün hızla arttığı, yargılamadaki gecikmeler nedeniyle adalete duyulan güvenin azaldığı bir ortamda arabuluculuk uygulamaları birçok ülkeye örnek olmaktadır. Ülkemizde de arabuluculuk uygulanmaya başlanmış; hatta en sık karşılaşılan uyuşmazlıklardan iş uyuşmazlıkları, ticari uyuşmazlıklar ve tüketici uyuşmazlıkları dava şartı arabuluculuk kapsamına alınmıştır. Ticari davaların zorunlu arabuluculuk yoluyla çözülmesi uygulamada bazı sorunlara ve çelişkili yargı kararlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Arabuluculuk, Ticari Davalar, Ticari Davalarda Arabuluculuk, Avrupa Birliği, Zorunlu Arabuluculuk, Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolları, Dava Şartı Arabuluculuk, Uzlaşma. There is an increasing trend around the world related with the resolution of disputes through alternative dispute resolution methods out of court. One of the alternative dispute resolution methods' is mediation. Mediation is a form of dispute resolution on a voluntary basis. The mediation system is applied especially in commercial disputes in many countries, also in some member countries of European Union. The mediation not only satisfies the parties in terms of its results but also helps to reduce the burden of the judiciary. In a world where the workload of the judiciary increases rapidly and trust in justice decreases due to delays in the trial, commercial mediation practices in European countries set an example for many other countries. Mediation is not also practised in Turkiye but also mandatory in labor disputes, commercial disputes and consumer disputes. Contradiction and discrepancy between the court decisions and other judicial problems arised arised as a result of mandatory mediation. Mediation, Commercial Disputes, Mediation in Commercial Disputes, European Union, Mandatory Mediation, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Condition of Litigation, Commercial Mediation. Reconciliation, Voluntary Mediation

La nouveauté du support internet et les spécificités qui le caractérisent ont fait émergé de nouveaux types de dommages causant préjudices aux individus. Également, l’immatérialité du réseau internet et le dépassement des frontières spatiales et géographiques qui caractérise ce réseau a fait élargir d’une part, les auteurs potentiels des faits dommageables, et les victimes potentiels de ces faits. La nécessité de la réparation des victimes de ces dommages a posé la question du fondement de la responsabilité civile des auteurs de ces faits dommageables sur ce réseau. En l’absence d’un cadre juridique spécifique à la responsabilité civile sur internet soit en droit français ou en droit tunisien également, le rattachement des dommages causés sur ce réseau au régime classique de la responsabilité sera la seule solution afin de ne pas laisser ces dommages sans réparation. Réparer les dommages causés sur ce réseau que ce soit sur les fondements subjectifs ou objectifs de la responsabilité civile sera un défi. Cette thèse va traiter la capacité de la matière de la responsabilité civile d’intégrer de nouveaux types de dommages caractérisés comme dommages modernes notamment les dommages du numérique et plus particulièrement, les faits dommageables commis via internet.

Face au développement de la technologie de l’information et de la communication, le contrôle des données à caractère personnel par les individus est devenu un enjeu majeur au sein de l’Union européenne. Le Règlement européen sur la protection des données (RGPD) a ainsi été adopté dans une logique d’empowerement (empouvoirement) de la personne concernée par le traitement, en renforçant la réalité du consentement, évaluée comme la traduction fidèle de la manifestation de volonté. L’évaluation du mécanisme de consentement montre la volonté du législateur de rester fidèle à la volonté de la personne concernée, par la multiplication des garanties s’appliquant à la demande, au contrôle et au retrait du consentement. Or, si le consentement RGPD a été une évolution législative permettant à la personne concernée d’obtenir plus de contrôle de ses données à caractère personnel, force est de constater que ce consentement présente tout de même des limites. Ces limites appellent à une réflexion juridique de fond afin de déterminer les situations où le consentement nécessite des garanties supplémentaires pour être valide ou des précisions supplémentaires pour s’articuler correctement avec d’autres dispositions juridiques et les situations où le consentement est à proscrire du fait de l’incapacité de la personne concernée d’émettre un consentement libre et éclairé.

La situation de l’expertise maritime amiable facultés peut être résumée par le constat suivant : bien qu’elle ne soit pas réglementée, elle est, dans le cadre des contrats d’assurances facultés, quasi-systématiquement prévue. La résolution de ce paradoxe réside dans l’efficacité de cette institution, forgée par sa pratique historique. Cette efficacité est fondée sur des caractéristiques, tenant d’abord à l’expert mais impactant également la réalisation de l’expertise. Sur la base des critères que doit présenter l’expert, à savoir la compétence et l’indépendance, les parties impliquées dans la négociation du contrat d’assurance facultés élaborent une liste d’experts agréés pour intervenir, en particulier, en cas de dommage. Néanmoins, ce choix ne lie pas les parties, les modalités devant présenter une certaine flexibilité afin de correspondre aux exigences du commerce international, dont le transport maritime est le vecteur principal. Par ailleurs, l’expertise doit être réalisée de manière méthodique et contradictoire afin de faire émerger la vérité factuelle du dommage et du sinistre et donc de pouvoir utilement remplir sa fonction principale, qui est probatoire. En tout état de cause, l’efficacité de l’expertise reste limitée, notamment au regard de la valeur probatoire que certaines juridictions françaises accordent au rapport d’expertise amiable, appelant des évolutions de l’expertise maritime ainsi qu’une amélioration des fondements de son efficience

Face aux multiples enjeux du développement, les États africains sont contraints à "réinventer", réformer ce droit foncier longtemps hérité de la colonisation. Ce défi de réformer la législation foncière en vue de répondre aux contraintes internationales devient un leitmotiv pour tous les pays en développement. Ainsi, le Bénin, confronté à une insécurité foncière multiforme, s’est engagé dans le processus de sécurisation des droits fonciers en vue de trouver des solutions qui seront jugées aptes pour répondre aux besoins du développement durable. De nombreuses étapes ont été franchies pour y parvenir. Cette réforme entreprise au Bénin a conduit progressivement à l'avènement du nouveau code foncier et domanial qui a instauré un nouveau système juridique qui régit l'ensemble des terres (rurales, périurbaines et urbaines) ainsi que le domaine. La procédure contradictoire de confirmation de droit foncier est instaurée en lieu et place de l'ancien titre foncier et du permis d'habiter. La promotion du titrement fut admise en vue de la délivrance d'un nouveau titre foncier (version révisée et revue) comme seule preuve de la garantie de la propriété au Bénin. De nouvelles institutions de gestion du foncier sont mises en place avec de nombreuses rénovations dans le système judiciaire. L’adoption de ce nouvel arsenal juridique a fait naître de nombreuses interrogations au sein des différents acteurs quant à son efficacité. Nous avons trouvé nécessaire d'y apporter des contributions qui pourront favoriser son adaptation et lui permettre de surmonter le risque d’ineffectivité et d’amoindrir les incidences liées à sa mise en œuvre. L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à faire une étude approfondie de ce nouveau système de droit foncier sur le plan théorique et sur le plan pratique