Bibliographie sélective OHADA

There is a growing concern over the qualifications and social interactions of investment treaty arbitrators. The characteristics of this class of international adjudicators have significantly evolved over the past few decades. The contemporary arbitration panelist interacts within a broad and complex network of arbitration participants. Their patterns of social behavior both within the community of panelists and within the broader network of actors in arbitration proceedings have fundamentally reshaped the composition, dynamics and culture of the arbitration community. These new forms of relationships and patterns of conduct are new in the context of public international law. These have created unprecedented challenges to the investment treaty arbitration system. New manifestations of attributes and social behavior of panelists demonstrate inadequacies of the existing standards, rules and procedures that govern panelists. This study surveys problematic patterns of social behavior of investment treaty adjudicators and shows how certain instances of social behavior inevitably or potentially jeopardize the very foundations of the system. This research empirically examines the voting behavior of two distinct groups of party-appointed panelists, and the results reveal a relationship between appointments and the decision-making attitude of adjudicators. It further methodically maps the pool of ICSID panelists and answers the question ‘who are ICSID panelists?’ It reviews the evolution of the attributes of ICSID adjudicators, assesses the composition of the ICSID pool, and evaluates the social interactions of this group of investment treaty adjudicators. To address the challenges that investment treaty arbitration faces, a radical and multidimensional shift is occurring in the system. This transformation is directed towards greater control over the qualifications and conduct of adjudicators. These developments reconstruct the composition of the pool of adjudicators and influence how they interact with other actors in investment treaty arbitration proceedings. The ongoing reform progress indicates that the attributes and behavior of future investment treaty adjudicators would likely be different from the characteristics and conduct of the contemporary generation of panelists.

Klasik anlamdaki şirketten çıkarma düzenlemeleri, "haklı sebep" temeline dayanmaktadır. Bu düzenlemelerin en tipik özelliği, düzenlemiş oldukları çıkarma hakkı ile şirketin feshi kurumu arasında bir bağlantıya yer vermiş olmalarıdır. Bu bağlantı, haklı sebebe dayalı çıkarma düzenlemelerinin hizmet ettiği birincil amacı da ortaya koymaktadır: Şirketin devamlılığını sağlamak suretiyle ortaklar arasındaki menfaatler dengesi korumak. Türk hukukuna 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve 6362 sayılı Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu ile kazandırılan "squeeze-out" müessesesi ise daha farklı bir kuramsal temele dayanmaktadır. Bu müessese ile, şirkette genellikle %90-95 arasında nitelikli bir pay ve/veya oy oranına ulaşmış olan hâkim pay sahibine, azınlığın paylarını herhangi bir sebep göstermeden iktisap edip, onu şirketten çıkarma hakkı tanınmıştır. Böylece çıkarmanın ekseni, "haklı sebep" olgusundan "hâkimiyet" olgusuna kaymıştır. Kanun koyucuların bu şekilde bir çıkarma hakkını öngörmelerindeki temel sebep ise kurumsal nitelikte bazı amaçları gerçekleştirmek isteyen hâkim konumdaki pay sahiplerine bir imkân sunmaktır. Tezimizde, klasik anlamdaki çıkarma müesseselerinin dayanmış olduğu kuramsal temelden ayrılan "squeeze-out" kurumunun kuramsal temeli, düzenlemenin hangi amaçlarla öngörüldüğü meseleleri ele alınmakta; bu bağlamda, kurumun karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki ne şekilde düzenlendiği, kurumun ortaya çıkardığı sorunlar ve bu sorunların çözümüne yönelik önerilere yer verilmektedir. The classic rules designed for exclusion of a partner has a simple theoretical basis: A/an justified/objective reason (or in other words "good cause"). The most typical feature of these rules is they build a bridge between the exclusion right and the dissolution of the company. This bridge also shows the the primary purpose served by these rules which is to maintain the balance of interests among the partners by ensuring the continuity of the company. In comparison with the classical rules, the "squeeze-out" rules which have been introduced into Turkish law with the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 and the Capital Markets Law No. 6362, have a different theoretical basis. The controlling shareholder who has reached a qualified percentage of capital and/or voting rights (usually %90-95), has been granted the right to acquire the minority's shares without asserting any justified reason and exclude him from the company. Thus the idea behind the exclusion has been changed from "good cause" to the "dominance/control". The main reason for designing such an exclusion right is to provide an opportunity to the controlling shareholders trying to achieve institutional objectives in the company. In our thesis, the theoretical basis of the "squeeze-out" rules and the reasons for designing such a new exclusion right will be examined within the framework of other squeeze-out rules in comparative law. Within this context, the most common problems in squeeze-outs and suggestions for solving these problems are analyzed.

Tez çalışmasının amacı, kripto varlıkların ödeme aracı olarak kullanımını dış ticaretin bileşenleri kapsamında değerlendirmek ve kripto varlıkların yurtdışı ödemelerde ve bireysel yatırımlarda kullanılmaları bağlamında, bireylerin tutumlarını etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikli olarak, kripto varlıkların para işlev ve özelliklerine ne ölçüde uyum sağladıkları hususunda tespitlerde bulunulmuştur. Ulusal paralara eşdeğer kılınan stabil fiyatlı kripto varlıkların geleneksel ve modern para işlevlerine uyumlu oldukları yönünde görüş bildirilmiştir. Para özellikleri açısından ele alındığında da "kabul edilebilirlik" ve "sıradanlık" dışındaki para özelliklerine, tüm kripto varlıkların uyum sağladıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca kripto varlık birimleri parasal niteliklerine göre tasnif edilerek, değişken fiyatlı, stabil fiyatlı ve finansal ürünlere bağlanan kripto varlıklar olmak üzere, üç kategoriden oluşan bir sınıflandırma geliştirilmiştir. Para işlev ve özellikleri kapsamındaki tespitlerin ardından, önceden belirlenen dış ticaret bileşenlerinin özelinde kripto varlıkların mevcut ve muhtemel kullanım alanları incelenmiştir. Belirlenmiş olan dış ticaret bileşenleri, uluslararası para birimleri, uluslararası bankacılık, uluslararası lojistik, dış ticaret hukuku ve gümrük işlemleridir. Dış ticaret bileşenlerine yönelik değerlendirmelerde kripto varlıkların ödeme aracı olarak kullanımları esas alınmıştır ve değerlendirme sürecinde çalışma kapsamında oluşturulmuş olan kripto varlık sınıflandırmasının kategorileri için de görüşler oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında kripto varlıklara yönelik bireysel tutumları irdelemek amacıyla ampirik bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında UTAUT-2 modelini temel alan bir araştırma modeli oluşturulmuş ve yurtdışı ödemelerde kullanım niyeti ile yatırımda bulunma niyeti olmak üzere, iki farklı bağımlı yapıyı etkileyen unsurlar irdelenmiştir. Yol katsayısı değerine (β) göre yurtdışı ödemelerde kullanım niyetini anlamlı ölçüde etkileyen yapıların önem sırasına göre, "performans beklentisi", "sosyal etki" ve "algılanan risk" adlı boyutlar olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Yatırımda bulunma niyetini anlamlı düzeyde etkileyen bileşenler ise sırasıyla; "performans beklentisi", "sosyal etki", "farkındalık" ve "algılanan risktir". Araştırma kapsamında bağımlı ve bağımsız yapılar arasındaki etkileşimi incelemek amacıyla etki büyüklüğü (f²) ve tahmin gücü (q²) değerleri de hesaplanmıştır. Yol katsayısı değerlerine göre modelin bağımlı yapılarını anlamlı düzeyde ve negatif yönde etkileyen "algılanan risk" boyutunun, f² değeri açısından anlamlı bir katkısının olmadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca yol katsayılarına göre "performans beklentisi" bağımlı yapılar üzerinde en çok etkiye sahipken, etki büyüklüğüne göre en önemli yapı "sosyal etkidir". Bağımsız yapıların tahmin gücü (q²) değerleri de etki büyüklüğü (f²) değerleri ile paralel sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Ortaya koyulan ampirik araştırmanın sonucunda, örneklemin yurtdışı ödemelerde ve yatırım kararlarında kripto varlıkları kullanma eğilimleri açısından en önemli etmenlerin "performans beklentisi" ve "sosyal etki" olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. The aim of the thesis study is to evaluate the use of crypto assets as a payment instrument within the scope of the components of foreign trade and to examine the factors affecting the attitudes of individuals in the context of the use of crypto assets in foreign payments and individual investments. For this purpose, first, it was evaluated that to what extent crypto assets are compatible with money functions and features. It was stated that stable priced crypto assets, which are equivalent to national currencies, are compatible with traditional and modern money functions. When considered in terms of money features, it was evaluated that all crypto assets are compatible with money features other than "acceptability" and "ordinariness". In addition, crypto assets were classified according to their monetary characteristics, and a classification was developed consisting of three categories: variable priced, stable priced and crypto assets linked to financial products. After the evaluations within the scope of money functions and features, the current and possible usage areas of crypto assets were examined specifically for the previously determined foreign trade components. The determined foreign trade components are international currencies, international banking, international logistics, foreign trade law and customs procedures. Evaluations for foreign trade components were based on the use of crypto assets as a payment instrument and arguments were formed for the categories of the crypto asset classification created within the scope of the study during the evaluation process. Within the scope of the study, an empirical research was carried out to examine individual attitudes towards crypto assets. A research model based on the UTAUT-2 model was formed and the factors affecting two different dependent structures, namely "intention to use in foreign payments" and "intention to invest", were examined. According to the value of the path coefficient (β), it was found that the structures that significantly affect the intention to use in foreign payments are the dimensions called "performance expectancy", "social impact" and "perceived risk", in order of importance. The components that significantly affect the intention to invest are "performance expectancy", "social impact", "awareness", and "perceived risk", respectively. Effect size (f²) and predictive relevance (q²) values were also calculated to examine the interaction between dependent and independent structures within the scope of the research. It was seen that the "perceived risk" dimension, which affects the dependent structures of the model significantly and negatively according to the path coefficient values, does not have a significant contribution in terms of f² value. In addition, according to the path coefficients, "performance expectancy" has the largest impact on the dependent structures, while the most important structure according to the effect size is "social impact". The predictive relevance (q²) values of the independent structures also showed similar results with the effect size (f²) values. As a result of the empirical research, it was concluded that the most significant factors in terms of the tendency of the participants to use crypto assets in foreign payments and investment decisions are "performance expectancy " and "social impact".

This research deals with the legal responsibility of states to provide climate finance to developing countries in order to facilitate climate mitigation and adaptation. The research demonstrates that the area of climate finance has not escaped globalization, where global actors operating at a level beyond the state (the UNFCCC and several Climate Funds) have increasingly taken over some of the climate finance functions previously performed by states. Against this backdrop, the thesis also examines the role of international bodies in providing climate finance, assesses to what extent these bodies are accountable to affected local stakeholders, and puts forward recommendations to foster increased accountability. The research project employs Global Administrative Law (GAL) as a normative framework for assessing and fostering accountability. This thesis is relevant, first and foremost, as an examination of the extent to which global climate finance is adequate for addressing climate change impacts in developing countries. To this end, it engages in a detailed analysis of the international legal framework for climate change and of the relevant financial instruments. It also engages in a normative evaluation of these instruments using the standards proposed by GAL. In keeping with this, the research gives substance and a better definition to these standards. As such, the thesis has the potential to contribute not only to the literature on climate finance, but also to the literature on GAL. It also sheds light on the relationship between climate finance and GAL, a topic that has been largely neglected in the academic literature so far.

The purpose of this study is to provide a legal analysis of the impact of targeted financial sanctions on letters of credit and demand guarantees. The letter of credit is an important method of payment used in international trade. The demand guarantee plays a significant role as an instrument of security in commercial transactions. In their simplest form both instruments constitute an undertaking by a bank to pay a beneficiary against delivery of certain stipulated documents. Letters of credit and demand guarantees are known to be reliable and provide a considerable measure of certainty and predictability to the underlying transaction. Consequently, they have been described as the “lifeblood of international commerce”. Targeted financial sanctions entail assets freezing and prohibitions to prevent funds or other assets from being made available, directly or indirectly, for the benefit of designated individuals and entities. Endorsed by the United Nations and implemented by the vast majority of jurisdictions around the world, targeted financial sanctions are increasingly being used to combat financial crime, including money laundering, terrorism financing and weapon proliferation financing. Banks play a critical role in financial crime prevention and detection. Hence they have been identified as institutions that must comply with targeted financial sanctions. The relationship between targeted financial sanctions and letters of credit and demand guarantees has generally not been well documented. It is hoped, therefore, that this study will make a meaningful contribution to the jurisprudence on letters of credit and demand guarantees. In investigating the impact of targeted financial sanctions, the study can be categorised into three parts. Part one investigates a bank’s compliance with domestic targeted financial sanctions. The chief findings of the study in this regard are that banks are under a legal obligation to comply with sanctions and, as a result, a bank that refuses to perform its contractual obligations under a letter of credit or demand guarantee may have a defence in law. In South African law the bank can raise the so-called defence of legal impossibility of performance to resist a claim for, or potential litigation in respect of, payment. Part two investigates a bank’s compliance with foreign targeted financial sanctions. Because compliance in this regard has no (legal) basis, the bank may conceivably be sued by the beneficiary for payment on the basis of breach of contract. Part three investigates problematic documentary practices that banks have adopted or conceivably may adopt to manage their sanctions risk exposure. In this regard, attention is given to so-called sanctions clauses and other non-documentary conditions. The issue of unjustified amendments by the beneficiary for the purposes of sanctions evasion is also considered in part three. The general conclusion arrived at is that by interfering with payment, targeted financial sanctions render letters of credit and demand guarantees unreliable, thereby having the effect of reducing their value to international trade and commerce. The author proposes certain recommendations and initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of targeted financial sanctions on credits and guarantees. Key terms: letters of credit; demand guarantees; financial crime; sanctions evasion; targeted financial sanctions; compliance; banks; due diligence; payment; reimbursement; credits; guarantees.

This thesis explores the regulation of airport charges, which is an important but marginalised topic. It particularly examines how private law instruments can play a role in the regulatory process. Airports used to be subject to traditional regulation, which operates in a command-and-control mode. As the airport industry becomes increasingly complicated, traditional regulation seems problematic. First, the method that is associated with traditional regulation to draw a line between regulated and unregulated airports has downsides. Second, the international regulatory framework on airport charges lacks binding rules. This suggests that traditional regulation is not the best niche for airport charges regulation. Third, good regulation needs independent regulatory bodies, which are hard to achieve in practice.In this context, this thesis argues that a private law approach can serve as a more flexible and effective way to regulate airport charges. There are two instruments under this overarching approach. First, contracts can be adopted to incorporate airport charges regulations. Second, robust corporate governance generates the effect of good regulation. This is an interdisciplinary work that has engaged air law, contract law, corporate law, competition law, and aviation business and management. It also employs the method of case studies. Chapter 4 examines the regulation of airport charges in the UK, Canada, and India. The three case studies demonstrate that private law instruments have been implicitly implemented to different degrees in these countries. These demonstrate the feasibility of applying private ordering in the regulatory process. I also look into the regulation of countries and regions including Australia, Ireland, the EU, and Germany throughout this thesis. This study also examines a specific sector of airport charges, namely, charges for ground-handling services. This sector possesses a unique feature in that it is between aeronautical and non-aeronautical services. A private law approach can also be adopted in the regulation of charges relating to ground-handling services. Additionally, ICAO as an important international organisation governing international air transport can also contribute to a private law approach of airport charges through its soft-law making function. This thesis aims to shed light on a private law approach, as an innovative regulatory mechanism, to airport charges. That said, regulation by this approach and traditional regulation are not contradictory but can cooperate to an extent, depending on how much power one wants to give to private ordering

Avec la résurgence des problèmes environnementaux, le droit international des investissements se retrouve aujourd'hui face à l'urgence de sa propre réadaptation. Et, comme réponse unique à un impératif catégorique, l'équilibre des intérêts émerge en tant qu'un principe général de droit (PGD), de nature souple et autonome, à qui ses diverses fonctions (logique, axiologique, unificatrice et correctrice) confèrent une utilité opérationnelle au sein de l'ordre juridique international, et dont la mise en œuvre en droit international des investissements est l'expression de la dimension évolutive. En tant que principe référentiel, il est consubstantiel au droit international des investissements et vise à faire prévaloir un idéal normatif (le droit de l'équilibre) sur un autre (le droit de la protection). Toutefois, l'aporie de l'équilibre des intérêts est d'être, à la fois, une affirmation du principe de la souveraineté réglementaire et une limitation de celui-ci. Dans un premier temps, sa mise en œuvre se traduit par la prise en compte de l'intérêt général dans le balancier état-investisseur et, dans un second temps, cette exigence ne se concrétise qu'au bout d'un double test de la proportionnalité et du raisonnable. Alors que sa source de régénération par rapport au reste du système est la protection internationale des valeurs fondamentales et socio-environnementales, sa structure de base demeure le couple droit-obligation et s'apparente à une transversalité normative qui combine à la fois la lex lata et la lex ferenda d'une part, la soft law et la hard law d'autre part. Malgré sa fécondité croissante, il est possible de le décrire comme étant la source d'un droit poly-normatif et « open-textured » qui possède à la fois un noyau d'applicabilité, une teneur variable et une juridicité foisonnante. Le profil abrégé de cette construction normative pourrait alors se matérialiser en droit international des investissements par: la prise en compte de l'intérêt général, la responsabilité sociale des entreprises multinationales, la réciprocité par équivalence des droits et obligations des parties, la flexibilité réglementaire et la compatibilité d'avec les autres normes de protection internationales.

International Investment Agreements seek to promote foreign investment whilst protecting foreign investors. Despite the goal of International Investment Agreements being to secure parity between the interests of the host State and the foreign investor, there has been consequential disparity in the protection of the interests of both parties. Notably, the host State is susceptible to disadvantage. This research examines the extent to which International Investment Agreements in Tanzania have facilitated this disparity. In particular, the research evaluates the inclusion of fair and equitable treatment provisions in Tanzania’s International Investment Agreements and the extent to which fair and equitable treatment provisions have in some way facilitated this disparity. The research examines systematically the fair and equitable treatment provisions contained in twenty IIAs signed by Tanzania between 1965 and 2013 (eleven of which are still in force). The research takes a comparative approach in evaluating and contrasting the Tanzanian provisions with other fair and equitable treatment clauses in IIAs signed by India, Morocco and the Netherland. The Tanzanian provisions are vague and non-uniform in comparison. The research is situated in the broader context of national sovereignty and the relationship between Tanzania and its foreign investors under international law. The substance of the analysis centres on foreign investors in the mining sector in Tanzania and the extent to which these investors have sought to take advantage of the fair and equitable treatment clauses in the IIAs in order to pursue their activities to the detriment of local populations. The research evidences the negative impact of their claims that changes in government policy (often aimed at benefiting citizens) amount to unfair treatment of the foreign investor. This has a significant impact on the ability of the government to develop its policies around sustainable development, environmental protection and the guarantee of human rights of the citizens of the host State. The research demonstrates that a clearer and fuller articulation of fair and equitable treatment clauses within Tanzania’s IIAs can act as a corrective to the disparity between the host State and the international investor. This requires that IIAs are drafted to include an exhaustive and full list of the State’s obligations towards the foreign investor so as to limit foreign investor claims against the host State. The impact of not doing so has grave implications for the rights of the citizens of Tanzania and unnecessarily tips the balance of power in favour of the foreign investor and away from the host State. This undermines the ability of the host State to assert its sovereignty within its own borders.

Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk her ne kadar son yıllarda Türk iş dünyasının radarına girmiş olsa da, şirketler hukukunun doğuşundan beri var olan hem bir tartışma konusu hem de bir temennidir. İşbu tez kapsamında, üzerinde uzlaşmaya varılmış bir tanımı bulunmayan kurumsal sosyal sorumluk kavramının, yıllardır bağlayıcı olmayan hukuk enstrümanları ile düzenlenmesinin bir adım ilerisine geçmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu adımın da, kavramın şirketler hukuku mevzuatı çerçevesinde bağlayıcı hukuk kuralı hâline getirilmesi ile mümkün olacağı savunulmaktadır. Araştırma metodolojisinde, yürürlükte olan mevzuat hükümleri analizine yoğunlaşılmış olmasının yanı sıra kavramın tarihsel gelişimi gereği bağlayıcı olmayan hukuk (soft law) düzenlemelerine de yer verilmiştir. Şirketlerin pay sahibi dışında; işçiler, alacaklılar, çevre ve toplum gibi diğer menfaat sahiplerinin de çıkarlarını göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde varlığını devam ettirmesinin hâlihazırdaki Türk hukuk mevzuatı ve özellikle de Türk Ticaret Kanunu hükümleri kapsamında mümkün olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda şirketin kâr elde etme amacının yumuşatılması, diğer menfaat sahiplerinin şirket içindeki konumlarının güçlendirilmesi, yönetim kurulu yapısının değiştirilmesi ve yönetim kurulu üyelerinin özen ve bağlılık yükümlülüklerinin kapsamının yeniden düzenlenmesi ile kurumsal sosyal sorumluluğun şirketler hukuku kapsamında temellendirilebileceği öne sürülmektedir. Although corporate social responsibility has entered the radar of Turkish business world in recent years, it is both a topic of discussion and a wish that has existed since the birth of corporate law. Within the scope of this thesis, it is aimed to go one step further than mentioning the concept of corporate social responsibility, which has no agreed definition, in only non-binding legal instruments for years. It is argued that this step will be possible by making the concept a binding legal rule within the framework of company law legislation. In the research methodology, besides focusing on the analysis of the legislation provisions in force, non-binding law (soft law) regulations due to the historical development of the concept are also included. Within the scope of the current Turkish legislation, especially the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code, it is seen that it is not possible for companies to continue their existence in a way that takes into account the interests of other stakeholders such as workers, creditors, environment and society other than the shareholders. In this direction, it is claimed that corporate social responsibility can be grounded within the scope of company law by, inter alia, softening the company's aim of making profit, strengthening the positions of other stakeholders within the company, changing the structure of the Board of Directors and reorganizing the scope of Board of Directors' duty of care.

Mesafe ve sınırların ortadan kalkmasıyla uluslararası ticarette pozitif yönde ivme kazanılmıştır. Bu yolda uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi amacıyla yapılan anlaşmalar, kurulan örgütler, sağlanan teşvikler ve kaldırılan ithalat vergileri sayesinde, farklı ülkelerdeki firmalar ve bireyler, birbirleriyle daha hızlı bir şekilde alışverişe girmeye başlamış ve bunun sonucunda ticari faaliyetler ülke sınırlarını aşarak küresel boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bunun sağlanabilmesi için taşıma sektöründe kullanılan araçlar detaylandırılarak daha güçlü hale getirilmiştir. Böylelikle malların dağıtımı daha ekonomik, güvenli ve hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak taşıma sözleşmelerinin uluslararası ticaretteki yeri de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Öyle ki hakların ve borçların teminatı için sözleşme kaçınılmaz yoldur. Yakın tarihte, uluslararası alanda ticaretin daha kolay ve hızlı hale getirilmesi için yeknesak bir sistem oluşturulması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmış ve buna binaen ulusal düzenlememiz olan TTK'nın yanında, uluslararası karayolu taşımacılığında, koşulları standardize eden, taşıyıcının sorumluluklarını belirleyen CMR Konvansiyonu oluşturulmuştur. Düzenlenen kurallar doğrultusunda, taşıyıcı eşyayı teslim aldığı andan teslim edinceye kadar zarardan ve kayıptan sorumlu olacaktır. Taşıyıcı, ancak TTK ve CMR'de yer alan genel ve özel kurtuluş karinelerinin varlığının ispatı halinde sorumluluktan muaf olabilecektir. Aksi halde taşıyıcı, meydana gelen zarar veya zayiatın oranı doğrultusunda sorumlu olacak ve buna müteakiben tazminat miktarı belirlenecektir. TTK ve CMR pek çok noktada benzerlik gösterse de bazı yönleriyle keskin farklılıklar mevcuttur. Uluslararası ticaretin bekası için önem oluşturan bu nokta özellikle sorumluluk hususunda hukuki tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. With the obstacle of distances and borders disappearing, international trade has gained speed in a positive direction. Thanks to deals and agreements that were made, organisations that were built, incentives that were provided, and removal of import taxes in order to improve economic relations with this respect, companies and people in different countries have started to be able merchandise with each other more quickly; consequently, tradal actions have crossed borders of lands and reached global level. For this to happen, vehicles used in the sector of transportation have been developed, thus made stronger and more elaborate. As a result of this, the distribution of goods can be ensured in a more economic, safer, and faster way, and the role of vehicle contracts in international trade has gradually gained importance as contracts are inevitable to ensure and guarantee rights and debts. In recent history, a need to have a uniform system that would enable international trade to be easier and faster was born, and consequently, in addition to our regulations on TTK (Turkish Commercial Code), CMR Convention which standardized conditions and determined the responsibilities that transporters have in international land transportation. According to the regulations, the transporters are responsible for the safety of the goods in case of a damage and loss) from the moment they take them until they deliver them. The transporters can only be exempt from this responsibility in the case that general and specific presumptions of innocence that a place in the law (TTK) and the CMR can be proven. Otherwise, the transporter shall be responsible for compensating for the damage or the loss that occurred and the cost for the indemnity shall be determined. Although TTK and CMR Convention have similarities in many regards, in some ways they are distinctively different from one another. This point which has a critical role in the future of international trade has brought about many juridical discussions, especially ones related to responsibilities.

İlişkili taraf işlemlerine ilişkin özel düzenlemelerle şirketin varlıklarının ilişkili taraflara aktarılması ve şirketin ve şirketin bütün menfaat sahiplerinin hâkim pay sahipleri ve yöneticiler tarafından sömürülmesinin engellenmesi amaçlanır. Bu amaçla ilişkili taraf işlemleriyle ilgili Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nda etraflıca bir düzenleme getirilmiş ve önemli bazı işlemler için prosedür öngörülmüştür. Çalışmamız, esaslı düzenleme Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nda yer aldığı için bu düzenleme temel alınarak şekillendirilmiştir. Ancak sadece halka açık şirket değil; halka kapalı şirketler yönünden de konu incelenmiş, ilişkili taraf işlemi sayılabilecek Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda ve diğer kanunlarda yer alan diğer düzenlemelere de yer verilmiştir. Tez dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde ilişkili taraf işlemi kavramı genel olarak açıklanmış, ilişkili taraf işlemleriyle ilgili düzenlemelere neden ihtiyaç olduğu hususu ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda benzer kavramlarla karşılaştırılmış ve Avrupa Birliği ve çeşitli ülkelerde düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Nihai olarak Türk hukukunda ilişkili taraf işlemlerinin tarihsel sürecine yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde yasal düzenlemelerdeki ilişkili taraf ve ilişkili taraf işlemi kavramı ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise ilişkili taraf işlemleriyle ilgili Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu, Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve bazı özel kanunlarda yer alan düzenlemeler incelenmiş, ilişkili taraf işlemleri için öngörülen prosedürel korumalar açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde ise hukuka aykırı ilişkili taraf işlemlerinin sonuçları incelenmiş ve ilgililerin sorumluluğuna yer verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Special regulations regarding related party transactions aim to prevent the transfer of the assets of the joint stock company to the related parties and thus prevent the exploitation of all the stakeholders of the company by the controlling shareholders and managers. For this purpose, a comprehensive regulation has been introduced in the Capital Markets Law regarding related party transactions and a procedure has been envisaged for some significant transactions. Since the main regulation is contained in the Capital Markets Law, our thesis has been shaped based on this regulation. However, this thesis has not examined the subject only for public companies; it has also examined it in terms of non-public companies, and other regulations in the Turkish Commercial Code and other laws, which can be considered as related party transactions. The thesis consists of four parts. In the first part, the concept of related party transactions is explained in general and the reason for the need for regulations regarding related party transactions is tried to be revealed. In this context, related party transactions have been compared with similar concepts and the regulations in the European Union and various countries have been examined. Finally, the historical process of related party transactions in Turkish law is examined. In the second chapter, the concept of related party and related party transactions as defined in legal regulations is discussed. In the third section, the regulations contained in the Capital Markets Law, the Turkish Commercial Code and some special laws related to related party transactions are examined and the procedural protections provided for related party transactions are explained. In the fourth chapter, the results of unlawful related party transactions are examined and the liability of the related parties is tried to be included.

Anonim ortaklıkta her pay sahibi genel kurulda, yönetim kurulundan şirketin işleri; denetçilerden ise denetimin yapılma şekli ve sonuçları hakkında bilgi alma talebinde bulunma hakkına sahiptir. Ayrıca her pay sahibinin şirketin ticari defterlerini ve yazışmalarını, sorusunu ilgilendiren kısımları ile sınırlı olarak inceleyebilme hakkı bulunmakla birlikte, bunun için genel kurulun açık izni veya yönetim kurulunun bu hususta kararı gereklidir. Pay sahibinin bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının reddi, talep edilen bilginin şirket sırlarının açıklanmasına veya korunması gereken diğer şirket menfaatlerinin tehlikeye girmesine neden olabilecek ise söz konusu olabilir. Bilgi alma ve inceleme talebinin cevapsız bırakılması, haksız olarak reddedilmesi, ertelenmesi veya pay sahibinin kanunda düzenlendiği şekilde bilgi alamaması halinde, hakkın açılacak bir dava ile mahkeme aracılığıyla kullanılması da mümkündür. Çalışmamız dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının genel nitelikleri ile karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki düzenlenme şekli; ikinci bölümde hakkı etkileyen ilkeler ve hakkın düzenlenme amacı; üçüncü bölümde bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkının kullanılması ve hakkın sınırları; dördüncü ve son bölümde ise hakkın ihlalinin hukuki sonuçları ele alınmıştır. At the general meeting, any shareholder of a joint stock company is entitled to information from the board of directors on the affairs of the company and from the external auditors on the methods and results of their audit. Also the company ledgers and business correspondence, limited to the parts about the question may be inspected only with the express authorisation of the general meeting or by resolution of the board of directors. It may be refused where providing it would jeopardise the company's trade secrets or other interests warranting protection. If the request for information and examination is left unanswered, unfairly rejected, postponed or if the shareholder is unable to obtain information as regulated in the law, it is also possible to exercise the right through a lawsuit to be filed. Our study consists of four parts. In the first part, the general characteristics of the right to information and examination and the way it is regulated in comparative law; in the second part, the principles affecting the right and the purpose of regulation of the right; the exercise of the right to receive and review information and the limits of the right in the third part; In the fourth and last chapter, the legal consequences of the violation of the right are discussed.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı şirketler topluluğunda yer alan halka açık şirketlerin topluluk şirketleri ile ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımına yönelik işlemlerinin sermaye piyasası mevzuatı açısından sınırlarının ve hukuki sonuçlarının tespit edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda sermayenin oluşturulması ve malvarlığının korunması kuralları kapsamında ortak nakit kullanımı uygulamalarının sınırları, ilişkili taraf işlemlerine ilişkin düzenlemeler ve örtülü kazanç aktarımı yasağı çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. İlaveten, şirketler topluluğunda maliyet tasarrufu sağlayan ve topluluğun ortak stratejiler çerçevesinde yönetilmesi bakımından gerekli olan ortak hizmetler nedeniyle yapılan ödemelerin tutarlarının belirlenmesine ilişkin esaslar örtülü kazanç aktarımı yasağı bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Son olarak, hukuka aykırılığa yol açan ortak nakit ve hizmet kullanımı uygulamalarına yönelik Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu'nun müdahale yetkileri ve şirketler topluluğunda hâkim şirketin bağlı şirketin kaybını denkleştirebilmesi olanağının halka açık şirketlerde uygulama alanı bulmasının hukuken hangi hâllerde gündeme gelebileceği irdelenmiş ve halka açık şirketlerin dâhil oldukları şirketler topluluklarında ortaya çıkan menfaat çatışmalarının dengelenmesine yönelik değerlendirme ve düzenleme önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. The main purpose of this study is to determine the legal limits and consequences of the shared use of cash and services within corporate groups for publicly held companies' in relation to capital markets legislation. In this respect, the legal limits of transactions which enables sharing cash among group companies with respect to rules on formation and protection of capital of publicly held companies is reviewed within the context of related party transactions and cases which may result in disguised profit distribution is evaluated. Additionally, the use of shared services in corporate groups which provides significant savings and is necessary for developing common strategies is examined in order to determine which principles must be adhered to while charging for these services with regard to the ban on disguised profit distribution. Furthermore, Capital Markets Boards' intervention powers regarding the shared use of cash and services which results in violation of the law is evaluated and the parent company's opportunity of balancing the disadvantages of the subsidiary is assessed for publicly held companies. Finally, legislative amendments have been proposed in order to balance the conflicts of interest which arises where a publicly held company is part of a corporate group.

Sigorta ettiren genellikle geleceğe etkili olarak sigorta korumasından yararlanmak üzere sigorta sözleşmesi yapmaktadır. Ancak sigorta ettiren, sözleşmenin kurulmasına ilişkin öneri ile sözleşmenin kurulması arasında veya sözleşmeye ilişkin önerinin yapıldığı tarihinden önce sigorta korumasından yararlanmak isteyebilir. Sigorta ettirenin sözleşmenin kurulmasından önce sigorta korumasından yararlanabilmesi, geçmişe etkili sigorta ile mümkün olmaktadır. Geçmişe etkili sigorta TTK m. 1458 hükmünde düzenlenmiştir. Geçmişe etkili sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulabilmesi için ikisi olumlu bir tanesi olumsuz şart olarak üç şartın bulunması gereklidir. Olumlu şartlar, sigorta sözleşmesine ilişkin mutabakatın bulunması ve sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulması; olumsuz şart ise, sigortacı, sigorta ettiren ve sözleşmeden haberdar olmak şartıyla sigortalının rizikoya ilişkin bilgi sahibi olmamasıdır. Bu şartların sağlanması hâlinde, geçmişe etkili sigorta sözleşmesi geçerli olacak ve böylelikle sigorta koruması, sigorta sözleşmesinin kurulduğu tarihten önce başlayacaktır. Geçmişe etkili sigorta gerçek ve gerçek olmayan geçmişe etkili sigorta olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Gerçek geçmişe etkili sigorta, sigorta korumasının sözleşmenin kurulmasına ilişkin önerinin yapıldığı tarihten önce başladığı sigortadır. Gerçek ol-mayan geçmişe etkili sigorta ise, sigorta ettirenin sözleşmeye ilişkin öneride bulun-duğu tarih ile sözleşmenin şekli olarak kurulduğu tarih arasında sigorta korumasının sağlandığı sigorta olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Nitekim TTK m. 1458 düzenlemesinin ilk cümlesinde de, sigorta korumasının "sözleşmenin yapılmasından önceki bir tarihten itibaren" sağlanabileceği belirtilerek, gerçek veya gerçek olmayan geçmişe etkili sigortanın yapılmasının mümkün olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. The insured generally makes an insurance contract in order to benefit from insurance protection effectively for the future. However, the policyholder may wish to benefit from insurance protection between the proposal for the conclusion of the contract and the conclusion of the contract or before the date of the proposal regarding the contract. It is possible for the insurant to benefit from insurance protection before the conclusion of the contract, with retroactive insurance. Retroactive insurance TCC m. It was regulated in the 1458 provision. In order for a retroactive insurance contract to be established, three conditions must be present, two of which are positive and one is negative. Positive terms, agreement on the insurance contract and establishment of the insurance contract; The negative condition is that the insurer, the policyholder and the insured are not informed about the risk, provided that they are aware of the contract. If these conditions are met, the retroactive insurance contract will be valid and thus insurance protection will start before the insurance contract is established. Retroactive insurance is divided into two as real and unreal retroactive insurance. Actual retroactive insurance is insurance in which insurance protection begins before the date of the proposal for the establishment of the contract. Unreal, retroactive insurance, on the other hand, is called insurance in which insurance protection is provided between the date the policyholder makes a proposal regarding the contract and the date the contract is formally established. As a matter of fact, TTK art. In the first sentence of regulation 1458, it is understood that it is possible to make real or non-real retroactive insurance, by stating that insurance protection can be provided "from a date before the conclusion of the contract".

يعتبر الفنان العازف أو المؤدي، الطائفة الوحيدة من أصحاب الحقوق المجاورة التي تتمتع بحقوق معنوية ومالية على أعماله. فالطابع الإبداعي الذي يكتسيه أداؤه يبرز شخصيته الأدبية والفنية، على خلاف أعمال أصحاب الحقوق المجاورة التي تتسم بالطابع الصناعي اولمادي. يتضمن الحق المعنوي جملة من الصلاحيات تمكن الفنان من الاستفادة من أعماله وحمايتها من مختلف أنواع الاعتداء. غير أنها وإن كانت تتشابه في البعض منها مع الحقوق المخولة للمؤلف لحماية مصنفات ه وشخصه، إلا أنها تختلف معها في البعض منها لاسيما الحق في تقرير النشر، والحق في السحب أو الندم، باعتبار أن التشريعات الوطنية الخاصة بالحقوق المجاورة والتي اعترف ت للفنان التمتّع بحق معنوي ، جاءت خالية من الإشارة إلى ذلك. لذا كان من الضروري تحديد مدى تمتع الفنان العازف بهذين الحقين، أمام الف ا رغ القانوني الذي أدى إلى مجادلات فقهية وتضا رب في الأحكام القضائية. L'artiste interprète ou exécutant est le seul des titulaires de droits voisins à bénéficier d’un droit moral et d’un droit patrimonial sur son interprétation. Le caractère original de sa prestation met en valeur sa personnalité littéraire et artistique, à l’inverse des oeuvres des titulaires de droits voisins qui se caractérisent par leur aspect industriel et matériel. Le droit moral dont dispose l'artiste-interprète, comprend un ensemble de prérogatives qui lui permettent de bénéficier de ses oeuvres et de les protéger contre les divers abus. Cependant, et bien qu’elles soient similaires, pour certaines d’entre elles, aux droits octroyés à l’auteur pour protéger son oeuvre et sa personne, elles se différencient de certains d’entre eux, en particulier le droit de divulgation et le droit de retrait ou de repentir, du fait que les législations nationales relatives aux droits voisins qui reconnaissent à l'artiste la jouissance d’un droit moral, sont dépourvues de toute référence à ce sujet. Dès lors, il était nécessaire de déterminer dans quelle mesure l'artiste-interprète jouit de ses deux droits, face au vide juridique qui a donné lieu à des controverses doctrinales et à des décisions de justice contradictoires. The artist, musician or performer, is the only one of the holders of related rights to benefit from a moral right and financial rights over his performance. The original character of his performance highlights his literary and artistic personality, unlike the works of holders of neighboring rights which are characterized by their industrial and material aspect. The moral rights available to the performer include a set of prerogatives that allow them to benefit from their works and protect them against various abuses. However, and although they are similar, for some of them, to the rights granted to the author to protect his work and his person, they are different from some of them, in particular the right of disclosure and the right of withdrawal or of repentance, due to the fact that national laws relating to neighboring rights which recognize the artist's enjoyment of a moral right, are devoid of any reference to this subject, Therefore, it was necessary to determine to what extent the performer enjoys both rights, in the face of the legal vacuum which has given rise to doctrinal controversies and contradictory court decisions.

إن كان التحكيم طريقا بديلا للقضاء في حسم المنازعات، فإن عملية التحكيم تحتاج لكي تكتمل أسباب فاعليتها وانفاذ أحكامها لتدخل قضاء الدولة باعتباره سلطة عامة، تملك قوة إل ا زم الخصوم بتنفيذ أحكام المحكمين. ومن باب المفارقة، أن هذه الرقابة القضائية على أحكام التحكيم، تؤدي إلى إقحام القاضي الوطني في ن ا زع، أستبعد منه مسبقا بإ ا ردة المتنازعين، إلا أن المفارقة ظاهرية، حيث أن دور القاضي يبقى منحص ا ر في رقابة مدى مطابقة الحكم التحكيميي لمبادئ أساسية، أتت على سبيل الحصر، دون أن يكون له فحص وقائع وموضوع الن ا زع. غير أن تحديد سلطة القاضي لي س مطلقة، فبناء على المقاربة الجديدة المبنية على نوع المصالح المطلوب حمايتها، كمعيار لتحديد درجة وشدة الرقابة المسلطة على حكم لتحكيم، يستطيع هذا الأخير، تعديل رقابته بين مشددة ومخففة . وعلى هذا الأساس، فإن غالبية القضاءات العربية تبنت موقفا وسطيا بين مذهبي التوسع والتضييق من نطاق رقابة المحاكم على حكم التحكيم الدولي، تماشيا مع متطلبات التجارة الدولية ومقتضيات مصالحها الوطنية . If arbitration is an alternative means of resolving disputes, the arbitration process needs, for the reasons of its effectiveness and the application of its provisions, the intervention of the judicial power of the State, in order to oblige the parties to carry out the arbitral awards. Paradoxically, this judicial review of arbitral awards leads to involving the national judge in a dispute, which was previously excluded by the will of the parties in dispute. However, this paradox is apparent, because the role of the national judge remains limited to the strict control of the compliance of the arbitration award with the basic principles enacted in an exclusive manner, without having to examine the facts and the subject of the dispute. However, this limitation of judicial power is not absolute, because on the basis of the new approach, based on the type of interests to be protected, as the criterion for determining the extent of the control exercised over an arbitral award, the latter can modulate its control between strict and attenuating. On this basis, the majority of Arab jurisdictions have adopted a middle position between the two tendencies, so-called maximalist control, and minimalist tendency of the jurisdictions' control over the international arbitration award, in accordance with the needs of international trade and the requirements of their interests. Si l'arbitrage est un moyen alternatif pour de résoudre les différends, le processus d'arbitrage a besoin, pour les raisons de son efficacité et l'application de ses dispositions de l'intervention du pouvoir judiciaire de l'État, afin d'obliger les parties d'exécuter les sentences arbitrales. Paradoxalement, ce contrôle judiciaire sur les sentences arbitrales conduit à impliquer le juge national dans un litige, qui en était auparavant exclu par la volonté des parties en litige. Toutefois, ce paradoxe est apparent, car le rôle du juge national reste limité au strict contrôle de la conformité la sentence arbitrale aux principes de base édicté d’une manière exclusive, sans avoir à examiner les faits et l'objet du litige. Cependant, cette limitation de pouvoir juge n'est pas absolue, car sur la base de la nouvelle approche, fondée sur le type d'intérêts à protéger, comme critère de détermination de l'étendue du contrôle exercé sur une sentence arbitrale, ce dernier peut moduler son contrôle entre strict et atténuant. Sur cette base, la majorité des juridictions arabes ont adopté une position médiane entre les deux tendances, contrôle dite maximaliste, et tendance minimaliste du contrôle des juridictions sur la sentence d'arbitrage international, conformément aux besoins du commerce international et aux exigences de leurs intérêts.

L’avènement de la décentralisation en Afrique subsaharienne depuis les années 1990 a fait prendre conscience à certains pays, comme le Cameroun et le Togo, de la nécessité de modifier la manière de penser le développement. L’affirmation de nouveaux acteurs tels que les privés et la société civile a permis de repenser les nouvelles modalités de gouvernance à l’échelle territoriale. Des territoires co-construits par ces acteurs facilitent l’éclosion de dynamiques locales de lutte contre la pauvreté.Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des formes de coopération et de coordination des acteurs dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des projets de développement à l’échelle des communes périurbaines de Yaoundé 6, au Cameroun, d’Aflao-Sagbado et Haho 1, au Togo. Les cas choisis ont révélé l’existence ou non des interactions entre trois catégories d’acteurs : les acteurs du privé et de la société civile, les acteurs institutionnels ainsi que les partenaires techniques et financiers. Ceux-ci (in)forment la gouvernance et influencent cette démarche pour construire le territoire et entraîner le changement souhaité par tous.La mobilisation des concepts liés à la gouvernance territoriale et au territoire ainsi que le recours à la recherche empirique permettent de mettre en œuvre le cadre conceptuel adéquat. Celui-ci s’appuie sur des outils permettant d’identifier trois modèles de gouvernance : la gouvernance partenariale communautaire, la gouvernance institutionnelle et la gouvernance privée solidaire.L’étude présente son projet en termes de problématique et de méthodologie à la suite d’une enquête réalisée dans trois communes périurbaines, respectivement situées dans les villes de Yaoundé au Cameroun, de Lomé et de Notsé au Togo.Les résultats de la recherche ont abouti à la conclusion selon laquelle aucun modèle de gouvernance territoriale ne peut se suffire à lui-même ni être dupliqué sans tenir compte des spécificités propres à chaque milieu. Les acteurs concernés doivent s’inscrire dans un processus participatif nécessitant des compromis et des arrangements dans une vision commune et partagée, indispensables à un développement territorial durable. The advent of decentralisation in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1990s has made some countries such as Cameroon and Togo aware of the need to change the way they think about development. The claims of new development partners like the private sector and civil society have made it possible to rethink the ways of governance at the regional level. Areas built up by these development partners facilitate the emergence of local dynamics in the fight against poverty.This research is devoted to the study of the forms of cooperation and coordination of development partners in the implementation of development projects in the suburban districts of Yaoundé 6 in Cameroon and Aflao-Sagbado and Haho 1 in Togo. The selected cases unveil the existence or not of interactions between three categories of development partners: private and civil society actors, institutional actors and technical and financial partners. These partners (in)form governing bodies and influence the process of building up the communities and bring about the change desired by all.The mobilization of notions related to territorial governance and territories as well as the use of empirical research enable the implementation of an adequate conceptual framework. This framework relies on tools that lead to the identification of three model of governance: community partnership governance, institutional governance and private solidarity-based governance.The study showcases its project through issues and methodology following a survey carried out in three suburban areas located in the cities of Yaoundé in Cameroon, Lomé and Notsé in Togo respectively.The results of the research led to the conclusion that no territorial governance model can either be self-sufficient or duplicated without taking into account the specificities of each environment. The parties concerned must be involved in a participatory process requiring compromises and adjustments within a common and shared vision which are essential for sustainable territorial development.

Étudier l’histoire de la femme marocaine sur le temps long en prenant en compte la période du protectorat, puis l’indépendance jusqu’à la période actuelle permet d’affirmer qu’il y a eu une forme de continuité entre l’époque coloniale et postcoloniale. L’État, principal acteur du changement d’une société donnée (à travers son pouvoir législatif), ne s’est pas vraiment soucié de l’amélioration de la condition des femmes. Une certaine rupture s’est manifestée, toutefois, vers la fin des années Quatre-vingt-dix et sous la pression des organisations de défense des droits des femmes. En effet, le gouvernement a élaboré le plan national d’intégration des femmes au développement (incluant des réformes du statut juridique et familial), mais à cause de divergences multiples le texte ne fut jamais adopté. Un consensus s’est établi par la suite et le Roi mit au vote du Parlement une proposition d’un nouveau Code de la Famille. De fait, le texte est adopté en février 2004. Certes, le Code de la Famille de 2004 accorde plus de droits aux femmes, cependant, par manque de moyens, ce texte n’a pas atteint les objectifs escomptés.

Le contrat de sponsoring des sportifs est un moyen pour des personnes morales de droit privé ou de droit public, des collectivités territoriales ou pour l’Etat, de leur apporter un soutien. C’est un contrat innommé, synallagmatique, aléatoire et conclu à titre onéreux. Sa conception sui generis peut être vue comme remontant à l’antiquité romaine et plus particulièrement au contrat d’auctoratio, qui peut se voir comme sa forme originelle. Depuis sa réapparition dans la société moderne, son évolution lui a permis d’accueillir une multitude d’objets dans son contenu. La qualification du contrat de sponsoring contemporain varie donc en fonction de chacun de ces objets. Polymorphe, il est le plus souvent un contrat d’entreprise lorsqu’il est conclu avec un sportif individuel. C’est en revanche un contrat de travail lorsqu’il est passé avec un sportif d’équipe. C’est cette qualification qui a suscité un contentieux abondant durant ces dernières décennies. Toutefois, le nombre de ces litiges tend aujourd’hui à se réduire depuis que le législateur a reconnu et défini le statut des sportifs professionnels et qu’il a posé les règles d’un contrat de travail spécifique. Un contrat qui leur est exclusivement réservé. Pour autant, si les éléments accessoires du contrat de sponsoring des sportifs étaient facilement identifiables, les principaux en étaient ignorés. En s’employant à rechercher l’essence et les fondements historiques de ce contrat, en mettant en perspectives ses formes archaïques originelles et contemporaines, et en disséquant au moyen d’une méthode d’analyse substantielle ces dernières, cette étude met en lumière avec fidélité ses vrais éléments essentiels et permanents. Elle démontre que pour les sportifs d’équipe les plus renommés, l’étendue continentalisée ou mondialisée de leur notoriété inverse ou supprime le lien de subordination de leur contrat de travail. Alors que ce dernier est présenté et qualifié de spécifique par le législateur, la nouveauté de ce qualificatif de « spécifique » ne relève plus dans leurs cas que d’une fiction. Un tel contrat leur est inadapté. Aux fins de rétablir la réalité des faits, c’est d’après le critère déterminant, la notoriété du sportif d’équipe, que doit s’établir le choix de la qualification de ce contrat spécifique de sponsoring. A cet égard, seront formulées des pistes de réflexions et des propositions. Elles inviteront le droit, et les spécialistes de la pratique, à dépasser certains tabous sociétaux et culturels afin de créer des règles à la hauteur de la spécificité de ce contrat et de l’importance des enjeux sociaux économiques et financiers y afférents.