Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Les multiples adaptations du cautionnement à la réalité des affaires par le législateur, les praticiens, mais surtout la jurisprudence, ont fini de rendre attractive cette sûreté. En effet, l'analyse des conditions de validité du cautionnement de dettes sociales a permis de conclure à une limitation des cas d'annulation de la garantie. Toutefois, dans le contexte sociétaire, il existe des aléas pouvant affecter l'efficacité du cautionnement. Ils tiennent d'une part, à l'acquisition incertaine de la personnalité juridique par la société cautionnée et d'autre part, à la modification de la situation juridique de la société cautionnée avec, notamment, des mesures de restructuration telles que la transformation, la fusion ou l'apport partiel d'actif. Ces événements ou circonstances propres au cadre sociétaire placent les créanciers dans une situation de vulnérabilité. Cette situation est fragilisée, en cas d'ouverture de la procédure collective contre la société cautionnée. Certes, le législateur OHADA avait aménagé un régime de protection pour ces créanciers mais, à la faveur de la récente réforme de l 'Acte uniforme portant organisation des procédures collectives d'apurement du passif, ils se retrouvent avec moins de possibilités. En raison de la discipline collective qui caractérise la matière, on assiste à une aggravation de leur situation. Dans les rapports entre les créanciers et la société cautionnée, la procédure n'apporte, en réalité, aucune protection aux risques d'impayé et d’immobilisation de créance et dans leurs rapports avec la caution, on relève, le cas échéant, une restriction de leurs droits.

The regulation of consumer credit in Namibia mainly is provided for by the Usury Act 73 of 1968 and the Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980. These legislative enactments originated in South Africa and were applied in South West Africa during the period of South Africa’s mandate over what is now the Republic of Namibia. Despite the fact that these enactments are over 35 years old, they are substantially unchanged. In response to an awareness of the threat of consumer over-indebtedness and other events such as financial crises, the purpose in this thesis is to undertake a situational analysis of the debt prevention measures as provided for by the Namibian legislative framework and the extent of protection these measures afford consumers in terms of irresponsible credit and over-indebtedness. A broad survey of the policies aimed at promoting responsible lending benchmarks the Namibian consumer credit regulatory framework against the leading international best principles which have been developed in response to global economic challenges. The Namibia Financial Institutions Supervisory Authority in the 2014 Microlending Bill proposes to introduce responsible lending practices in the form of a compulsory pre-agreement assessment of the prospective consumer before providing them with credit. In a comparative investigation, the creditworthiness assessment and related measures central to the responsible lending regimes in South Africa and Australia are considered. Measuring the Namibian consumer credit regulatory framework against these recent developments, it is submitted that the current debt prevention measures are inadequate in protecting consumers from irresponsible credit lending and the risk of consumer over-indebtedness. This thesis supplies reasons for the need in Namibia to update the regulatory structure of the credit industry in order to protect consumers. As a contribution to the promotion of a culture of responsible lending in the Namibian consumer credit market, the thesis proposes the introduction of responsible lending measures in Namibia’s consumer credit legislative framework.

La fiscalité des groupes de sociétés intéresse le monde des affaires et tout contribuable. Le régime fiscal des sociétés est très incitatif à la création de groupes. Cela dit, c’est un régime fiscal récent en Algérie, son application nécessite des conditions. Il peut faire l’objet d’une révision. Le code fiscal algérien s’est ressourcé beaucoup du Code General des Impôts français. La détermination du résultat fiscal d’ensemble est restée une très grande problématique. Le résultat fiscal nécessite différents retraitements. Les transferts de bénéfices et le régime des restructurations donnent eux aussi droit à des impositions. Le régime de consolidation fiscale vise avant tout l’impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés, cela dit les droits d’enregistrements, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, les cas de cessation du régime et les cas de sortie entrainent elles aussi des retraitements. Le groupe de sociétés peut être soumis à un contrôle fiscal en cas d’anomalies dans les déclarations fiscales. Company group’s taxation interests the business world and every taxpayer. Companies’ fiscal regime is very incentive to company creation. This type of regime is recent in Algeria. Its application regimes conditions, it is susceptible of revision. Algeria’s fiscal code has taken much from France’s general fiscal one. The determination of overall tax result is still a very large problematic. Tax result requires different adjustments. The transfer of profits and the regime of restructuring gives right to taxation. The tax consolidation regime aims primarily at taxing companies on their profits. Registration fees, the added tax value and cases of regime cessation, and cases of output causes retreatment. Company groups may be subject to tax control in case of anomalies in tax declaration.

A temática do sigilo bancário objeto da nossa dissertação, para além de atual e rica, comporta a enorme complexidade interdisciplinar e teleológica que, por si só, justifica e alimenta a interminável problemática em torno da fixação do seu regime e âmbito. A referida complexidade do sigilo bancário resulta, por um lado, do facto da configuração e regulamentação do seu regime se conformar aos limites e ao quadro constitucional e, por outro, ao cruzamento de vários princípios fundamentais: de ordem jurídica, que impõem a conjugação das necessidades práticas e interesses legítimos das instituições financeiras, na fidelização à clientela e captações de fundos; de âmbito estatal, na afirmação da política económica do Estado; dos clientes, no resguardo da sua vida económica privada ou do direito fundamental à reserva da intimidade. A requerida interdisciplinaridade reclamada e provada nesta tese, deixa patente a ideia de que a compreensão e a fixação do regime do sigilo bancário, quanto à sua extensão e limites, não se esgota no estrito âmbito do Direito Bancário, antes pressupõe vários outros ramos do Direito os quais regulam de forma direta ou indireta a matéria in casu, e com os quais apresenta a conexão, sobretudo a sua contextualização constitucional, da política económica e fiscal do Estado, traduzida, por exemplo, no suporte fundamental da definição do sistema de crédito, ao favorecimento do aforo e ao invés do entesouramento, a prevenção da fuga de capitais para o estrangeiro, promoção do investimento nacional e estrangeiro, luta contra a evasão fiscal, etc... Assim, ambos dependem em maior ou menor medida, da relevância que se dá ao regime do sigilo bancário. O estudo referente ao regime do sigilo bancário no direito guineense tem a virtualidade de mostrar e provar que a garantia da segurança e da certeza da observância não passa sempre pelas exigências normativas, mas também pela sua configuração e conformação da praxis social bem como das garantias adicionais por parte das outras normas jurídicas, quanto à imposição de deveres éticos e jurídicos, que contribuem de modo significativo para a definição do conteúdo e da fronteira do sigilo bancário em relação aos outros valores ligados à defesa do interesse do fisco, da luta contra evasão e fraude fiscais, branqueamento de capitais e terrorismo internacional. Na atualidade, a proteção do sigilo bancário deve partir da premissa de que existem outros valores com os quais ora se confluem ora se conflituam, no entanto, devendo-se encontrar um ponto de equilíbrio sem prejudicar o essencial destes valores, mediante uma ponderação séria e objetiva, designadamente da luta contra evasão fiscal, branqueamento de capital, terrorismo mundial e da administração da justiça criminal. Nesta ordem de ideias, na ordem jurídica guineense, o regime do sigilo bancário, quanto ao seu conteúdo e extensão, compagina-se com os tais valores, pelo que a compressão do seu conteúdo deve conformar-se com o princípio geral da “reserva do juiz”, contrariamente ao sistema da “reserva da administração” vigente em Portugal, em matéria da administração tributária. Neste sentido, podemos dizer que a solução atualmente vigente no domínio da União Europeia (UE) e no âmbito específico dos países membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE) – pautada na lógica de inoponibilidade do sigilo bancário à administração tributária, no sentido de permitir o acesso direto à informação bancária como condição sine qua non da garantia da justiça e da distribuição equitativa da carga fiscal e luta contra evasão fiscal –, não deverá corresponder uma imposição ao nosso sistema, antes, deverá constituir, ab initio, um galgar de patamares exigentes e suficientemente definidos, de forma faseada, mediante controlos rígidos e segundo autorização do juiz – reserva do juiz. De igual modo, o grau de tal exigência da ponderação é muito mais elevado quando esteja em causa outros interesses ligados à investigação criminal e à prossecução do interesse público relevante ou injuntivo. Postulando, exclusivamente, do Juiz, a tarefa de preenchimento do conceito indeterminado consagrado ao abrigo do art. 135º, n.º 3, do CPP, correspondente à norma do art. 120º, n.º 3, do nosso CPP (ex vi arts.417º/3, al.c) do CPC, e do nosso 519º do CPC), conforme o princípio da proporcionalidade (vide os arts. 18º, da CRP, 30º, n.º 3, da CRGB), de forma a garantir a maior dignidade ao sigilo bancário, mediante a sua quebra na justa medida, em situação de extrema necessidade e na garantia da eficácia, da idoneidade e do efeito útil do interesse a prosseguir. Destarte, a salvaguarda do sigilo bancário, como regra de ouro, requer e exige de todos, um esforço adicional, para que o público e o cliente se sintam protegidos pelo sistema, caso contrário, a continuar a tendência e a postura atual pouco favorável ao sigilo bancário - sobretudo das nossas autoridades judiciária e tributária, que por tudo ou nada recorrem à quebra do sigilo bancário e assim encarando as instituições bancárias como se de agências de informações se tratassem ou como prestadores dos serviços dos tribunais e da administração tributária -, obviamente que os bancos seriam forçados a fechar as suas portas e o setor bancário condenado a desaparecer, pois ninguém confiaria os seus haveres aos bancos. Portanto, a sobrevivência do direito e da nossa ciência jurídica, concebida para facilitar a nossa sã convivência social, depende e exige respeito de cada um e de todos, v.g, aos cultores de direito, magistrados, legisladores, governantes, políticos, empresários, e até a um simples cidadão. Assim sendo, o direito ao sigilo bancário não foge à regra, de cuja efetiva tutela requer a sua transposição do plano jus positivo e constitucional e prático para uma vertente social, a qual, a consciencialização da sociedade em geral sobre a sua necessidade e a sua justificação, revela-se fundamental, mais que a enfática proliferação de normas consagradoras do seu conteúdo positivo ou negativo.

CISG, yeknesak satım hukuku oluşturma çabasının bir sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. CISG'in temelini satım sözleşmesi oluşturur. Satım sözleşmesi insanların mal alımını sağlayarak ihtiyaçlarını karşılamasını sağlayan bir sözleşmedir. Satım hukukunun temelini satım sözleşmesi oluşturmaktadır. Satım sözleşmeleri tarafların mal ve satım bedeli üzerinde anlaşmaları ile kurulur. Satım sözleşmesinde satıcının asıl borcu ise sözleşmeye konu malın teslimidir. Malın doğru yer ve zamanda teslim edilmesi ve teslim edilen malın sözleşmeye uygun olması konuları teslimin en önemli unsurlarıdır. Malın sözleşmeye uygun olmaması veya sözleşmeye uygun yer ve zamanda teslim edilmemesi satıcının sözleşmeye aykırı davrandığını gösterir. Sözleşmeye aykırılığın tespiti, aykırılığın derecesine göre alıcıya bazı haklar tanımaktadır. Bu çalışma, hem teslim borcunun içeriğini hem de teslim borcu açısından sözleşmeye aykırılığı ayrıntılı olarak ele almaktadır. CISG emerges as a result of the effort to create a uniform selling law. The basis of the CISG is the contract of sale. The sale contract is a contract that allows people to buy goods and meet their needs. The sales contract constitutes the foundation of the law of sale. Sale contracts are established with the parties agreeing on the goods and sales price. The actual debt of the seller on the sales contract is the delivery of the goods subject to the contract. The fact that delivery at the right place and time and the delivered goods conform to the contract are the most important elements of delivery. The fact that the merchandise is incompatible with the contract or not delivered at the proper time and place indicates that the seller is breaching the contract. The determination of breach of contract gives the buyer some rights according to the degree of breach. This study elaborates on the contradiction to the contract in terms of both the content of the delivery debt and the delivery debt.

The rights of freedom of association, to organise and to bargain collectively are recognised internationally and form part of the constitutional framework of progressive and democratic states. The full enjoyment of these rights by trade unions often is hindered by the imbalance in the power relations between the employer and the representatives of the workers, hence the need for statutory intervention. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA of 1995) postulates a collective bargaining regime which is voluntarist in nature and strengthens its effectiveness through a set of organisational rights and the right to strike. Incidentally, the current statutory framework for the enjoyment of organisational rights has had a direct impact on the enjoyment of the right to freedom of association and the right to organise. It is accepted that possession of the right to collective bargaining is internationally recognised as the basis of the authority to set thresholds of representivity in the workplace. The organisational rights framework in this context has been directly impacted upon. It is this direct impact that necessitates an enquiry to determine whether South Africa’s framework on the acquisition of organisational rights conforms to international standards set by the ILO and the Constitution, 1996. This thesis argues that the policy choice of the South African labour relations system in respect of some of the consequences of majoritarianism insofar as representation in individual cases is concerned does not necessarily foster the ideals of the Constitution, 1996 and the principles of international labour standards. The model of democracy as envisaged in the Constitution, 1996 is not one that promotes exclusivity. However, the effect of section 18 of the LRA of 1995, which allows threshold agreements, arguably may foster such exclusivity in the workplace. This situation has resulted in industrial democracy being a terrain of endless conflict between employers and labour, even more among trade unions themselves. As a result, the rivalry between unions in workplaces is exacerbated. The original intent behind the organisational rights of trade unions and their right to strike was to bolster their capacity to bargain collectively. It was meant to get them to focus on collective bargaining gains they can secure and to bargain more effectively. However, the current framework that favours majority trade unions has the effect of minority trade unions generally finding their existence threatened and their being systematically excluded from the acquisition of organisational rights. This study questions the power of majority trade unions to enter a collective agreement with an employer in the workplace and set unjustifiable thresholds of representivity in respect of organisational rights. This arrangement creates a hurdle in respect of the provisions of the LRA that seek to promote industrial democracy, the enjoyment of the rights to freedom of association, to organise and to engage in collective bargaining. Recent amendments to the LRA of 1995 are an attempt to mitigate the effect of sections 18 and 20 on the enjoyment of organisational rights. The CCMA, inter alia, has been granted powers to grant organisational rights to trade unions that do not meet the set threshold in terms of the empowering provisions of the LRA of 1995 if they meet certain requirements. However, these amendments do not go far enough to prevent employers and majority trade unions from continuing to set unjustifiable thresholds that can have potential to replace the determinations of the CCMA. Therefore, the study discusses the question whether the provision in the LRA of 1995 on the setting of thresholds of representivity for the acquisition of organisational rights and the concomitant amendments are in line with the democratic model envisaged by the Constitution, 1996 and to international labour standards which recognise the rights to freedom of association of minority trade unions. This research concludes by advancing recommendations pertaining to threshold agreements and the rights of minority trade unions and to what extent it is justifiable to permit them to enjoy them.

There is tension between the South African Revenue Service’s duty to collect taxes on the one hand, and its duty to respect taxpayers’ rights on the other. An environment where there is clearly respect for the rights of the taxpayer may indeed result in increased voluntary compliance. This thesis constitutes a comparative appraisal of whether the following enforcement powers of the South African Revenue Service (“SARS”) in the South African constitutional context, namely (i) SARS’ power to conduct searches and seizures in order to verify compliance and investigate the commission of offences; (ii) the “pay now, argue later” rule; and (iii) the appointment of a third party on behalf of a taxpayer are in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (“Constitution”). It is argued that these powers do not necessarily conform to the Constitution’s values and the fundamental rights contained in the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution. To address the apparent shortcomings in the current dispensation, the thesis compares these enforcement powers of SARS with similar powers afforded to the revenue authorities of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Nigeria. Important conclusions are drawn from this comparative review and a number of recommendations for law reform are proposed which, if implemented, would align these enforcement powers with the provisions of the Constitution. The recommendations entail, inter alia, that the seizure component of a search and seizure process should be treated separately, that half of the payment obligation should be suspended until the dispute is heard by an impartial forum, and that an objective measure must be in place to ensure that a taxpayer is able to afford basic necessities when a third party appointment is made.

A crise financeira de 2007-2008 proporcionou perdas de legitimidade política e econômica aos EUA no sistema interestatal. Até então, o modelo de organização socioeconômica estadunidense era hegemônico na economia-mundo capitalista. Mas, mais do que um modelo de capitalismo, as desregulações financeiras e a defesa excessiva da austeridade orçamentária para os demais Estados foram adotadas pelos EUA com o objetivo de assegurar a emissão exclusiva da moeda internacional dos sistemas financeiro e monetário internacional. A possível substituição do dólar como fundamento do padrão monetário desses sistemas diminuiria a autonomia relativa dos EUA. Assim, eles mantiveram as vantagens políticas e econômicas propiciadas pelo poder monetário e pelo estadismo monetário e asseguraram a manutenção da configuração hierárquica favorável desse sistema interestatal. Por outro lado, essa crise estimulou a formação de novas alianças geopolíticas e novas relações de cooperação entre Estados localizados na semiperiferia e na periferia da economia-mundo. Esses Estados propõem, em maior ou menor grau, outros modelos de desenvolvimento e procuram mudar a configuração hierárquica interestatal, com uma aposta no multilateralismo. O Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (NBD) criado pelos BRICS é uma das alternativas que surgiram como possibilidades de reordenamento hierárquico nesse sistema, começando o elo conflito em torno da moeda e das finanças. Desse modo, o objetivo geral desta tese doutoral é avaliar qual a viabilidade de possíveis mudanças nas relações de poder monetário e de estadismo monetário no sistema interestatal capitalista a partir do NBD dos BRICS. Para tanto, analisa-se de que maneira, em geral, a relação entre moeda e poder influencia na hierarquia de Estados e moedas no sistema interestatal da economia-mundo capitalista. Da mesma forma, examina-se especificamente o processo de construção do poder monetário e do estadismo monetário dos Estados Unidos a partir da construção do regime Dólar-Wall Street e de que forma essa estratégia contribuiu, de forma não intencional, para enfraquecer a própria hegemonia estadunidense no pós-crise. E, por fim, avalia-se a capacidade da influência do NBD para a reforma monetária e financeira internacional no sentido de maior multilateralismo. Nesse processo, o NBD representa uma alternativa de acesso a financiamento para a acumulação autônoma de capital e de defesa contra a manipulação monetária e financeira por parte dos Estados do núcleo orgânico desse sistema, em particular os EUA. Da mesma forma, o NBD reforça as demandas para reformar o sistema financeiro e monetário internacional, o que pode alterar a capacidade de exercício do poder monetário estadunidense e suas consequentes vantagens políticas e econômicas. Assim, haveria uma mudança qualitativa na hierarquia desse núcleo orgânico. A possível substituição, ou perda de importância, do dólar diminuiria a autonomia relativa dos EUA e contribuiria para mudanças na configuração hegemônica da economia-mundo capitalista.

Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nun amacı, sermaye piyasasının işleyişinin güvenli bir biçimde sağlanmasına ve yatırımcıların hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmasıdır. Bu amaçla yatırımcıların(halka açık anonim ortaklık pay senedi sahiplerinin); yatırımlarını gerçekleştirirken kararlarını doğru bilgilere dayanarak vermelerini sağlamak, şirketin kontrolüne sahip olan şahısların kişisel menfaatlerinden bağımsız olarak sadece şirketin menfaatleri doğrultusunda hareket etmelerini temin etmek üzere SerPK kendi içinde düzenlemeler barındırmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de SerPK madde 21 hükmüdür ve SerPK'nın amaçları doğrultusunda bir özel hüküm niteliği taşımaktadır. Söz konusu hükmün ratio legis'inin, halka açık anonim ortaklığın; ilişkili kişiler ile yapılan işlerde emsallere, piyasa teamüllerine uygun, ticari hayatın basiret ve dürüstlük ilkelerine uygun işlemler gerçekleştirmesini sağlamak suretiyle, ortaklık pay sahiplerinin menfaatlerinin korunması olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. SerPK madde 21'de sayılan yapılan işlem sonucu; halka açık ortaklığın, kolektif yatırım kuruluşunun, bunların iştirak ve bağlı ortaklıklarının; kârlarını azaltmak, malvarlıklarını azaltmak, kârlarının artmasını engellemek, malvarlıklarının artmasını engellemek, kârlarını korumak veya artırmak için yapmaları beklenen faaliyetleri yapmamak, malvarlıklarını korumak veya artırmak için yapmaları beklenen faaliyetleri yapmamak suretiyle ilişkili oldukları kişilerin kârlarının ya da malvarlıklarının artmasını sağlamak şeklinde aktif veya pasif davranışlarla kazanç aktarımında bulunmaları yasaklanmıştır. Konunun vergi hukukunda, Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu m. 13'te transfer fiyatlandırması yoluyla örtülü kazanç dağıtımı adıyla düzenlenmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Şüphesiz vergi hukukunda gözetilen amaçlarla sermaye piyasası hukukunun izlediği amaçlar arasındaki farklılık, maddi unsurları benzeyen bu iki düzenlemeyi birbirinden ayırmaktadır. Konunun vergi hukuku ve maliye boyutu bağlamında eserler mevcuttur. Buna mukabil bu tez ile SerPK düzenlemesinin ardından konunun özel hukuktaki yeri ve sonuçları ile spesifik olarak konunun Borçlar Hukuku, Ortaklıklar Hukuku ve Sermaye Piyasası Hukuku yönlerinden araştırılması hedeflenmektedir. [...] Related-party transactions include the routine forms of abusive insider behavior that have come to be dubbed tunneling in the economic literature a category that includes all forms of misappropriation of value by corporate insiders. Prohibited related party transactions are the ones which contain transfer prices that contradict the arm's length principle. SerPK article 21/4 say that parties which have received an income transfer are obliged to return the transferred amount with its legal interest within the period to be determined by the Board. Sweeping prohibitions of related-party transactions were once common in company law. Apart from bans on loans, prohibitions tend to focus on transactions between managers and third parties that are thought to divert the value of information that the law assigns, implicitly or otherwise, to the company or its shareholders. It is forbidden that publicly- held corporations and collective investment schemes and their subsidiaries and associates to transfer income to real persons or legal entities with whom they have a direct or indirect relationship in terms of management, audit or capital by decreasing their profits or their assets or by preventing the increase of their profits or their assets via performing transactions such as making contracts or commercial practices containing different prices, fees, costs or conditions producing a trading volume in violation of the conformity with market practices and comparability to similar transactions prudence and honesty principles of commercial life.

As we have seen from the numerous high profile launch failures and accidents that have occurred between 2014 and 2016, space activities are still ultra-hazardous in nature, despite sixty-plus years of technological development. These activities range from essential to modern life (ex., telecommunications) to futuristic and forward thinking (ex., space tourism). In order for these activities to not only continue, but also develop and grow, this inherent risk must be managed.Further complicating the risk dynamic in outer space, States are required to take liability and responsibility for the activities of their nationals in space, including private entities and individuals. The reality of this relationship is that while States wish to promote the development of their domestic space industries, they will also usually require certain levels of insurance and indemnification to protect the State against potentially costly mishaps.With regard to outer space, political will is lacking at an international level to create new binding rules for activities in space. Likewise, States are reluctant to unilaterally impose stricter (even if ultimately beneficial) regulations on their entities for fear that their domestic industries will flee abroad to greener pastures, creating a regulatory prisoner's dilemma. These factors create a scenario where the major space insurers responsible for writing policies across national boundaries may be uniquely positioned to enforce or at least promote mechanisms to increase safety and sustainability in the commercial space industry. Increasing safety and sustainability in outer space may help to keep premium costs from growing out of control for these hazardous activities, as well. Thus, this thesis addresses three fundamental questions: 1)From a legal and policy perspective, is there a regulatory void that needs to be filled, at least temporarily?2)Are insurance companies in a position to be able to fill or partially fill that void?3)If so, how, and what actions can they undertake to improve their ability to execute that governance function?In answering these questions, this manuscript-based thesis explores the existing body of space law and common practices in space activities, including notable lacunae, and applies theories of "insurance as governance." This approach permits both analysis of the existing status of the industry and recommendations to increase the viability of space activities moving forward.

La thèse analyse en théorie du droit l’évolution de la procédure civile sous l’angle des enjeux de l’accès à la justice. Elle formule l’hypothèse d’un modèle de régulation sociale qui opère un renversement de la perspective moniste positiviste classique par l’intégration des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. La thèse répond à la question de recherche suivante : Quels fondements théoriques à l’évolution de la procédure civile pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice ? D’un point de vue méthodologique, la thèse opte pour une démarche théorique et documentaire. Elle emprunte aux principales Écoles de théories du droit, en particulier à l’École sociologique. Le cadre théorique s’appuie alors sur les théories du pluralisme juridique, des systèmes et du réseau. Ces théories irriguent la thèse tout entière et servent de grille analytique aux deux parties principales de celle-ci. Dans la première partie, la thèse délimite et précise le concept d’accès à la justice. En trois chapitres, cette première partie s’attèle méthodiquement à déconstruire les acceptions dominantes institutionnelles et restrictives du concept. Elle aboutit à l’élaboration d’une définition innovante à valeur théorique et pratique de l’accès à la justice. Dans la seconde partie, l’analyse porte sur l’évolution des paradigmes de la procédure civile. En trois chapitres, elle pose une critique du système dominant de règlement des conflits en général et de la procédure civile en particulier qui reposent sur le droit selon les principes de hiérarchie des normes. La thèse déconstruit cette vision, puis propose une théorie générale supportant la légitimité des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Finalement, la recherche suggère une évolution de la procédure civile et soumet à cet effet un modèle de système de justice alternatif intégrant les modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Le modèle de régulation proposé est non antinomique et complémentaire au modèle dominant. Le modèle de régulation sociale construit dans la thèse s’articule autour de trois paradigmes fondamentaux à savoir la décentralisation, la multipolarité et la complémentarité. La thèse constitue un compendium d’analyses et soumet un cadre de référence des paradigmes de base d’un système de justice renouvelé pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice.

Since deeper 'open-door' domestic reform in 1992, China has consistently maintained its position as the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) recipient among developing countries. In recent years China is going global as well. Accompanied with a large amount of outbound FDI, the level of debt is also increasing. Thus it is necessary for China to adopt a sustainable development policy and behave based on rules. China needs to work with the world to promote a rules-based investment climate. At a multilateral level, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 and promised general and specific obligations on market entry and non-discrimination principles. Bilaterally, only after 2001, China has started negotiating preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The first part of the thesis analyses China’s legal obligations in investment agreements in pre- and post-WTO entry phases. Chapter 1 introduces China’s investment policy before 2001. Chapter 2 clarifies China’s commitments on non-discrimination principles under the WTO agreements, especially China’s Protocol of Accession. Chapter 3 compares Chinese BITs and PTAs with regard to investment principles. The second part of the thesis concerns interpretation on substantive and procedural provisions. Chapter 4 tries to answer the question of whether and how do tribunals consider jurisprudential concepts developed in the case law of the trade regime when resolving investment cases. Chapter 5 examines different remedies in trade and investment agreements. It is important for China to keep compliance with its commitments in international agreements, otherwise, it would face countermeasures which are highly costly. Also, China can implement competition rules in its domestic market for improving firms’ efficiency. Meanwhile, a balancing approach which emphasizes corporate social responsibility is equally important for China’s companies going global.

4054 Sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun'un uygulanması bakımından teşebbüs kavramının merkezi önemi haiz olması, ilk olarak teşebbüsün tespit edilmesini gerektirmektedir. Ancak kendiliğinden gelişmiş birtakım fiili durumlar ve yasal düzenlemeler, teşebbüsün tespit edilmesini giderek zorlaştırmaktadır. Teşebbüsün sınırlarını belirleme amacı taşıyan bu tespit rekabet hukukunda "ekonomik bütünlük" kavramıyla ifade edilmektedir. Fiili durumlar ve yasal düzenlemelerin sebep olduğu karmaşa dolayısıyla teşebbüsün tespit edilmesinde merkezi öneme sahip ekonomik bütünlük kavramının belirlenebilmesi noktasında uygulamada çeşitli zorluklar ile karşılaşıldığını söylemek mümkündür. RKHK bağlamında rekabet ihlaline yönelik işlemlere taraf teşkil eden unsurlar teşebbüsler olduğundan ilgili teşebbüslerin ve dolayısıyla bu teşebbüslerin sınırlarının belirlenmesi gerektiğinden, ekonomik bütünlük burada büyük öneme sahip bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı ekonomik bütünlüğün ne şekilde tespit edileceği sorununun ele alınması ve çözüme yönelik öneriler sunulmasına yöneliktir. For the implementation of the Code on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, the fact that the concept of enterprise has a central importance requires that the enterprise be determined first. However, some spontaneously developed actual situations and legal regulations make it increasingly difficult to identify the enterprise. This determination, which aims to determine the boundaries of the enterprise, is expressed in the concept of "economic entity" in competition law. It is possible to say that various difficulties have been encountered in the practice of determining the concept of economic entity with the central presumption when the enterprise is identified due to the actual situation and the complexity caused by the legal regulations. In the context of the Code on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, the economic entity is a concept with great precaution here, since the elements that are the parties to the competition breach are enterprises, and the boundaries of the related undertakings and therefore of these undertakings must be specified. For this reason, the aim of the study is to examine the problem of how economic entity will be determined and to propose suggestions for solution.

This study is situated in the context of the regionalisation of international criminal law. It deals with the development of African international criminal law under the aegis of the African Union (AU). It aims to examine the factors which inform this development, the concept and the content of regional law so laid down for the African continent. The primary objective has been the exploration of theoretical and practical bases for the establishment of a viable system of African regional criminal justice in order to deal with crimes against peace and security in Africa, which put in danger African regional public order. The thesis also examines the relationship between African international criminal law and the global system of international criminal justice, currently dominated by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the United Nations Security Council. The systemic analysis of these different issues have enabled to reach three main conclusions. First, the development of African international criminal law is not simply a conjectural consequence of the crisis observed within global international criminal law. It is also and chiefly the result of the policy of self-reliance of the AU and its member states aiming to protect and defend African regional public order through the recourse to regional institutions of criminal accountability. Second, the African Union is consequently promoting a system of African regional criminal justice based on three optional models of justice, namely the delegation of jurisdiction to a member state, the creation of hybrid courts with participation of regional judges and the establishment of a regional criminal court. Together with those crimes against peace and security that are of specific concern to the African continent, these models of justice form the core of the content of African international criminal law. However, the viability of the system towards delivering efficient justice remains problematic. There are numerous challenges to overcome, including ratifying the Malabo Protocol of June 2014 instituting the “Criminal Court of the African Union”, promoting judicial cooperation of African states and finding financial resources to support the Court’s actions. Third, African international criminal law is not a replacement of global international criminal law in the continent. There is rather a coexistence of norms and institutions which commands a certain degree of coordinated relationships to avoid competing actions and so inefficiency of justice. This thesis discusses two main approaches to consistent relationships between African regional criminal law and the global system of international criminal justice, namely the hierarchical model and the cooperative approach. It proposes a third alternative approach, that is, the regionalisation of the ICC in conjunction with the principle of regional territoriality.

Son yıllarda, uluslararası ticaret hukukundaki gelişmelerle birlikte sınır aşan şirket birleşmeleri de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Şirketler bakımından yabancı bir şirketle birleşmenin getirdiği pek çok avantaj yanında, çeşitli zorluklar da mevcuttur. Bu zorluklardan en önemlilerinden bir tanesini de sınır aşan birleşmelere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti oluşturmaktadır. AB hukukunda, sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine ilişkin düzenlemeler öngörülerek üye devletler arasındaki uygulamanın yeknesaklaştırılması adına 2005/56/EC sayılı Direktif kabul edilmiştir. Türk hukuku bakımından ise, sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerinin önemine vurgu yapılmakla birlikte bu hususta henüz bir düzenleme getirilmiş değildir. Çalışmada, AB hukukunda bu hususta öngörülen düzenlemeler de değerlendirilmek suretiyle, Türk hukukunda sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukukun tespiti üzerinde durulmuştur. Sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin görüşler de değerlendirilerek, AB hukuku ile de uyum sağlamak adına, Türk hukukunda her bir birleşme işlemi için uygulanacak hukuk değerlendirilmiş ve sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin düzenleme önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınır aşan birleşme, uygulanacak hukuk, şirket birleşmeleri, 2005/56/EC, AB hukuku. With the recent developments in international commercial law, cross-border mergers have been developed during the last few decades. Besides the advantages of merging with a company from a different country, there are also some difficulties especially about determining the applicable law. In European Union, Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on cross-border mergers of limited liability companies has been accepted to regulate this issue and harmonise the rules of substantive law of the member states. In Turkish law, despite the emphasize on the significance of the cross-border mergers at the preamble of Turkish Commercial Code, currently there is no codification about cross-border mergers. This study attempts to make a discussion about the applicable law to cross-border mergers from the perspective of Turkish law and a comparison between the regulations of European Union law and Turkish law. Yet, taking into consideration the EU-Turkey relations and the developments about the adaption of Turkish law to European Union law, the harmonization of rules about cross-border mergers must be inevitable. As the applicable law to cross-border mergers is topical and important subject for Turkish law, the study will also deal with the legislation proposal in accordance with European Union law. Key Words: merger, cross-border merger, applicable law, 2005/56/EC, EU law.

Some contemporary challenges for global trade regulation and labour governance arise from the barriers between questions of law and social justice, and development policy and distributional issues. This thesis attempts to address some of these regulatory or governance challenges by exploring the interactions between sustainable development (SD), trade regulation, and social or distributive justice. Borrowing from multiple disciplines, i.e. law, international relations, and development economy, and focusing on the problems of low-income countries, this thesis examines the potential and importance of a broad ideational objective in introducing transformative changes in different regulatory or governance mechanisms. This thesis does not discuss ways to link trade regulation or labour governance with SD; rather here the possibilities of operationalizing SD, within the global trade regulatory site or transnational governance mechanisms, are explored from a capability perspective. It is argued that a capability-based understanding can resituate some questions on trade-SD interaction and introduce important behavioural changes in the functioning of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Yet, ongoing operationalization of capability-based SD requires effective market complementary interventions from governance mechanisms operating at different spaces and with diverse actors. Certain emerging transnational governance mechanisms, which connect broader social or distributional issues such as labour governance with trade opening or economic cooperation, attempt to provide crucial market complementary interventions. Taking examples from the recent transnational safety initiatives for Bangladeshi garment workers and relying on a broad conceptualization of the social or distributional issues, it is argued that attention to capability enhancement produces a much more compelling form of labour governance mechanism at these hybrid sites. With a focus on capability-based SD, a model of transformative linkage is proposed for effective labour governance. The model demands that fundamental and redistributive rights of labour are interconnected and appropriate labour governance requires a stronger form of corporate responsibility. Analyzing the interaction of diverse rules, governance processes and mechanisms, with the demands of marginalized forces the global hegemony of capital is juxtaposed with available options and possible alternatives.

Nüfus artışı, uyuşmazlıkların karmaşık boyutlara ulaşması, ekonomik kısıtlar, yeni uyuşmazlık çözümü anlayışları gibi nedenlerle modern medeni usul hukuku, sübjektif hakların korunması ve maddi gerçeğe ulaşma gibi klasik hedeflerin dışında, yeni hedeflerin başarımına odaklanmaktadır. Adalete erişimini zorlaştıran kısıtları ortadan kaldırmak noktasında, alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerine işlerlik kazandırılması modern yargılama reformlarının olmazsa olmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Kısaca tarafsız üçüncü kişi yardımıyla yürütülen müzakere şeklinde tanımlanabilecek arabuluculuk yöntemi de, bu şekilde gerçekleştirilen reform hareketlerinde yaygın olarak benimsenen ve üzerinde en çok çalışılan alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi olarak gündeme gelmektedir. Arabuluculuk, en yalın haliyle yukarıdaki şekilde bir tanıma sahip olsa da bugün, söz konusu yöntem ile ilgili literatür oldukça derin boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Arabuluculuk sürecinin modellenmesine ilişkin çalışmaların, artık klasik kolaylaştırıcı – değerlendirici bloğundan sıyrılarak taraflar arasındaki sorunlara ilişkisel boyuttan yaklaşan yeni modellerin oluşturulmasına odaklanması bunun göstergelerinden sadece biridir. Bu çalışmanın konusu, Robert A. Baruch Bush ile Joseph P. Folger tarafından 1994 yılında kaleme alınan The Promise of Mediaton: Responding to Conflict through Empowerment and Recognition isimli eserde temelleri oluşturulan ve aynı yazarların 2005 yılında yayınladıkları The Promise of Mediation: The Transformative Approach to Conflict isimli eser ile günümüzdeki halini alan dönüştürücü arabuluculuk yaklaşımının, problem çözücü yaklaşım ile entegrasyonunun sağlanmasının mümkün olmadığına yönelik argümanına karşı, bu yaklaşımın problem çözücü yaklaşımla uyumlaştırılmasının mümkün olduğu temel argümanından yola çıkarak uygulamaya yönelik heterojen bir arabuluculuk yaklaşımı oluşturmaktır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın birinci bölümünde arabuluculuk yöntemi genel hatlarıyla ele alınacak, ikinci bölümde temel müzakere modelleri içindeki konumundan başlanarak dönüştürücü yaklaşımın arabuluculuk alanındaki konumu saptanacak ve bu yöntemde benimsenen temel taktik ve stratejilere değinilecektir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise, dönüştürücü arabuluculuğa getirilen eleştiriler genel olarak ele alındıktan sonra, söz konusu arabuluculuk yaklaşımını problem çözücü yaklaşımla aynı arabuluculuk sürecinde bir araya getirebilecek heterojen, modüler ve dinamik bir arabuluculuk modeli oluşturulmaya çalışılacaktır. Son bölümde ayrıca, uyumlaştırılmış yaklaşım adı verilen bu yaklaşımın çatışma dönüşümüne odaklanan bir yaklaşımın uygulama alanını genişletme ve mahkeme bağlantılı uyumlaştırılmış arabuluculuk yapısını oluşturma şeklinde tezahür eden iki temel fayda odağına vurgu yapılacaktır. Sonuç bölümünde ise, çalışmanın tezine yönelik değerlendirmeler bir bütün halinde sunulacaktır. Due to reasons like population growth, conflicts reaching complex dimensions, economic constraints, new dispute resolution approaches, modern civil procedure law focuses on the achievement of new goals, beyond the classical goals of protecting subjective rights and achieving material truth. At the point of eliminating the constraints that make it difficult to access to justice, the introduction of alternative dispute resolution methods has become an indispensable part of modern judicial reforms. In short, mediation method that can be defined as a negotiation conducted with the assistance of a neutral third party is also the most commonly used alternative dispute resolution method that is widely adopted in these reform movements carried out in this way. Although mediation has the above definition in its simplest form, today the literature on this method has become quite extensive. The fact that studies on modeling the mediation process are now focused on creating new models approaching the problems between the parties from a relational dimension rather than the classical facilitator - evaluator block is simply one of the indicators of this. The subject of this study is to build a heterogeneous mediation approach for implementation, based on the basic argument that it is possible to harmonize transformative mediation approach with the problem solver approach, against the argument that it is not possible to achieve integration of the transformative mediation approach, which was established in the work The Promise of Mediation: Responding to Conflict through Empowerment and Recognition, written by Robert A. Baruch Bush and Joseph P. Folger in 1994 and taken its current form in the work published by the same authors in 2005, The Promise of Mediation: The Transformative Approach to Conflict, with the problem solving approach. In the first part of the study, the mediation method will be discussed in its general terms, and in the second part, starting from its position in the basic negotiation models, the position of the transformative approach in the field of mediation will be determined and the basic tactics and strategies adopted in this method will be mentioned. Finally, in the third part of the study, after the criticisms of the transformative mediation approach are discussed in general terms, a heterogeneous, modular, and dynamic model of mediation will be developed that brings this approach together with the problem solving approach in the same process. In addition, in the final section, two fundamental focuses of benefit of this approach, which is called the harmonized approach, that manifests themselves as expanding the scope of application of an approach that focuses on conflict transformation and creating court-connected harmonized mediation structure, shall be emphasized. In the conclusion section, evaluations of the thesis of the study will be presented as a whole.