Bibliographie sélective OHADA

En matière de formation des contrats, le consentement de la partie qui s’oblige est soumis au principe de liberté des formes. Par exception, la volonté doit adopter une certaine forme contractuelle pour s’extérioriser. Face à l’évolution du droit des contrats et à la nécessité de combattre les déséquilibres contractuels propres aux rapports contractuels actuels, le formalisme expérimente un processus de revitalisation et de renaissance en droit contemporain dont la finalité principale consiste à protéger le consentement contractuel des parties au contrat. Cela rend indispensable l’analyse des fondements du formalisme et de son rôle dans la protection du consentement contractuel en droit contemporain, à travers la révision transversale de ses nouvelles manifestations, principalement en matière du droit de la consommation et du commerce électronique ; pour constater finalement ses véritables effets et conséquences en matière du droit des contrats. In contract law, the agreement of the parties is ruled by the freedom of choice of forms of contract. In this way, contracts are signed by the mere consent of the parties, and there is a freedom regarding the ways for its externalization. Despite this, the evolution of contract law and the need to combat specific contractual imbalances of contractual relationships, formalism is experiencing a revitalization process and a rebirth in contemporary law, with the main purpose to protect the contractual consent. For these reasons it is necessary to analyze the role of formalism in the protection of contractual consent, reviewing its new manifestations, mainly in the field of consumer and commercial law ; finally finding its true effects and consequences in contract contemporary law.

Cette thèse a pour objectif général d 'analyser les effets de la connectivité sur l'accès au marché international des pays de la CEMAC. D'une part, elle expose les effets de la connectivité physique sur les échanges et, d'autre part, elle présente le rôle joué par les institutions dans la connectivité et la facilitation des échanges. En utilisant le modèle de gravité augmenté sur la période de 2006-2013 à partir de la méthode de Pseudo Maximum de Vraisemblance de la Loi de Poisson (PPML), les résultats d 'estimations économétriques ont pu montrer que la CEMAC reste un espace peu connecté et cette faible connectivité constitue un obstacle à ses échanges. De plus, afin de mener à bien notre régression, l'analyse en composante principale (ACP) a été utilisée pour calculer un indice de connectivité physique de transport, de démontrer l'hétérogénéité infrastructurelle et spatiale de la CEMAC, et de classer les pays les plus connectés de la zone.

Le risque zéro n'existe pas ! Aussi, pour se protéger contre d'éventuels impayés, les créanciers n'hésitent pas à demander à leurs futurs débiteurs des garanties. Parmi ces dernières, le cautionnement tient une place de choix. Grâce à sa rapidité, sa simplicité, il séduit et devient au fil du temps « la reine des sûretés » mais dont le royaume cache bien des surprises, surtout pour les cautions qui ne se posent guère de questions lors de la formation du contrat. Prenant le risque d'autrui, les cautions disposent-elles des bonnes clés pour entrer en relations contractuelles ? Mesurent-elles la portée de leur engagement ? Il est permis d'en douter au regard de l'important contentieux qui agite la matière. Dans ce cas, comment les protéger efficacement sans mettre en péril le cautionnement ? Définit, ou plus exactement décrit à l'article 2288 du Code civil comme « celui qui se rend caution d'une obligation se soumet envers le créancier à satisfaire à cette obligation si le débiteur n'y satisfait pas lui-même », le cautionnement est soumis à de vives critiques. On s'interroge sur son efficacité, on doute de sa souplesse, de son aptitude à offrir la sécurité juridique attendue. On fustige également l'intrusion excessive du législateur et de la jurisprudence dans le contrat. Mais ces derniers se sont donnés pour mission de délivrer à la caution le fameux « mode d'emploi » qui doit l'avertir des menaces que dissimule cette sûreté. Mais la philosophie protectrice des cautions a poussé le raisonnement très loin, peut-être trop loin. Or, il faut un ajustement des règles du cautionnement à la mesure du droit des sûretés qui demeure une matière foisonnante où la vivacité, la créativité rythment les rapports contractuels. Le droit du cautionnement doit dès lors se garder d'être figé, immobile dans un monde qui est en perpétuelle mouvement et où le temps est à la révision, aux recherches pour être en adéquation avec les besoins économiques, sociaux et juridiques de notre société. De fait le cautionnement doit s'extraire de ce cercle vicieux dans lequel il est tombé. The zero risk does not exist! So, to protect itself against possible outstanding payments, the creditors do not hesitate to ask their future debtors of guarantees. Among the latter, the guarantee holds a special place.Thanks to it speed, its simplicity, its seduces and becomes over time “the queen of the safeties” but from whom the kingdom hides many surprises, especially for the guarantee which raise themselves not many questions during the training of the contract. Taking the risk of others, pledges do they arrange good keys to enter contractual relations? Do they measure the impact of their commitment? It is allowed to doubt it with regard to the important dispute which shakes the subject. In this cas, how protect them effectively without putting in danger the guarenty? Defines, or more exactly described in the article 2288 of the Civil code “as the one who goes pledge of an obligation submits itself to the creditor to satisfy this obligation if the debtor does not satisfy it himself”, the guarenty is subjected to deep criticisms.We wonder about his efficiency, we doubt his flexibility, its capacity to offer the expected legal security. We also castigate the excessive intrusion of the legislator and the jurisprudence in the contract. But the latter gave for mission to deliver to the pledge the famous “instructions for use” which has to warn it of threats which hides this safety. But the protective philosophy of pledges pushed the very far reasoning, maybe too far. Now, one needs that an adjustment of the rules of the guarenty for the measure of the law of the safeties which remains an abundant material where the liveliness, the creativity give rhythm to the contractual reports. The law of the guarenty has to be careful not from then on to be congealed, to motionless in a world which is in perpetual movement and where the time is for the revision, for the searches to be in adequacy with the economic, social and legal needs for our society. De facto the guarenty has to extract of vicious circle in which it fell.

Le thème de recherche porte sur la clause du prix en matière des contrats du commerce international, Cette étude qui tente d’y contribuer, porte essentiellement sur le domaine des pratiques contractuelles en droit des contrats du commerce international de longue durée, elle se propose de chercher les différentes techniques conventionnelles et juridiques pouvant maintenir la stabilité du prix et de chercher un moyen permettant de sauvegarder l’équilibre contractuel en dépit d’un bouleversement des données initiales causé par la survenances de circonstances nouvelles. Le prix est un élément essentiel dans la vie du contrat du commerce international sur lequel se focalise le consentement. Il est le centre de gravité du contrat international, mais vu la durée d’exécution des contrats internationaux et les différentes circonstances -imprévision ,force majeure et bouleversement économique- qui entravent la bonne exécution des clauses du contrat dont il est le prix, la modification et l’adaptation du prix devienne une nécessité imposée par les pratiques contractuelles et la jurisprudence arbitrale, cette révision ou réadaptation causé par l’impact de nouvelles circonstances imprévues permettra de sauver le contrat de sa disparition prématurée. Ainsi, le prix change de statut est devient élément secondaire qui varie en vertu des nouvelles circonstances, il remplit la fonction de protectionnisme pour maintenir la stabilité des contrats du commerce international.

Este trabajo estudia los remedios antitrust que la Comisión Europea tiene el poder de imponer en el marco de su actividad de aplicación pública del Derecho de la competencia y asimismo analiza uno de los remedios que pertenecen al área del private antitrust enforcement, es decir el remedio indemnizatorio que los órganos jurisdiccionales nacionales pueden reconocer en favor de las víctimas de ilícitos concurrenciales en los supuestos de ejercicio, en forma autónoma o subsiguiente a la intervención administrativa, de una acción de indemnización por daños y perjuicios por incumplimiento de la normativa comunitaria de defensa de la competencia. En el trabajo se realiza antes de todo un encuadramiento general de ambas categorías de remedios en el ámbito del sistema de antitrust enforcement. Sucesivamente se desarrolla un análisis de los remedios públicos tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como a la luz de la praxis aplicativa comunitaria, recurriendo a una aproximación metodológica de tipo dogmático y económico. El trabajo, empleando una metodología parecida estudia los aspectos sustanciales y procesales del remedio indemnizatorio. El estudio de este remedio, en particular, se realiza arrancando de un breve análisis de la aplicación privada de la normativa antitrust en el ordenamiento estadounidense, del estado de desarrollo del private antitrust enforcement en Europa antes de la adopción, ratione materiae, de un Libro Verde por parte de la Comisión Europea, de las posiciones asumidas en el debate comunitario por los stakeholders españoles y del posible impacto del nuevo régimen armonizado en el ordenamiento jurídico español.

La intención de esta investigación, es realizar un breve análisis de las ventajas y desventajas que representa, la inclusión en los contratos comerciales, de una cláusula contractual que prevea la resolución de los posibles conflictos que pudiera suscitarse entre las partes, con la interpretación o el cumplimiento del contrato, a través de un ADR, que vincule en un solo proceso a la mediación y al arbitraje (Cláusula Med-Arb). Lo anterior, se pretende verificar a la luz de las disposiciones emitidas por los principales organismos en el comercio internacional, y su perspectiva de aplicación en el Derecho Español.

Los paraísos fiscales son territorios que se caracterizan por tener una baja o nula imposición a determinados vehículos para canalizar inversiones, tener una atractiva legislación comercial y financiera, así como otorgar una confidencialidad a los inversionistas. Sin embargo, legislaciones como la peruana y la española, regulan diversos aspectos de las inversiones realizadas a través de estos territorios o de las operaciones que la empresas locales realizan con residentes de dichos territorios; es decir, desarrollan normas defensivas “anti paraíso” para evitar perjudicar su recaudación tributaria ante el uso de dicho vehículos. Estas normas parten por la difícil tarea de definir qué países o territorios son considerados paraísos fiscales para esta legislación, lo que en sí mismo es una labor compleja por la multiplicidad de criterios utilizados para tal fin, como el uso de tasas referenciales o listados. Incluso en el caso de listados que enumeran las jurisdicciones que se considerarán paraísos fiscales, encontramos variaciones ya que las cifras varían en cada ordenamiento. Así, la legislación peruana sólo identifica 43 paraísos fiscale y la legislación española 33. Una vez que la legislación pasa por la tarea de identificarlos, la segunda etapa consiste en la regulación de normas que previenen los principales usos de los paraísos fiscales: a) Domicilios de conveniencia, b) Sociedades Instrumentales, c) Sociedades Base y las d) Sociedades de servicios. Los paraísos fiscales tienen sus antecedentes más próximos en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Su notoriedad y crecimiento obedece al desarrollo industrial y económico que se producen después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial así como al proceso de independización de colonias que se encontraban como nuevos Estados en la búsqueda de la atracción de capital extranjero. Actualmente a ello se le suma, entre otros aspectos, la globalización que ubica a los paraísos fiscales en una sociedad de la tecnología e información. Así, en un contexto cada vez más globalizado, los territorios de baja o nula imposición se convierten en una alternativa para optimizar los flujos de la empresa, no sólo por los beneficios fiscales que otorga a la inversión extranjera, sino además, porque ofrecen facilidades financieros, económicas y practicidad en las operaciones. Asimismo, ante estas alternativas se produce también el endurecimiento de las normas frente a las operaciones con paraísos fiscales por lo que se hace imperioso tener claras las características, ventajas y desventajas de este instrumento de planificación tributaria. Bajo la premisa propuesta se hace necesario identificar, las contingencias que podrían derivarse de su utilización e implementación, considerando la creciente regulación anti-paraíso. A través de esta investigación, analizaremos la figura de los paraísos fiscales como una herramienta legal en el Planeamiento Tributario Internacional, cuya utilización dependerá de los inversionistas que estructuren un correcto planeamiento a través de la utilización de estos territorios, la cual es una actividad lícita si se cumplen con los requisitos y condiciones establecidas para su constitución y operatividad. El Planeamiento Tributario, al constituir una estrategia para aminorar la carga tributaria, puede contar con la utilización de estos territorios, asumiendo las consecuencias legales que imponga el país de residencia, ponderando estas restricciones con los beneficios que se obtendrán por invertir en países con una imposición muy baja. En ese contexto, con la elaboración de esta tesis se busca graficar las características de los paraísos fiscales, los principales mecanismos de utilización de estos; así como las medidas anti – paraíso fiscal; igualmente consideramos relevante indicar la proyección del uso de paraísos fiscales de Centroamérica y El Caribe; todo ello a fin de hacer más eficiente su utilización en el empresariado mediante proyectados de los beneficios y riesgos de su uso.

La notion de principe directeur est apparue en procédure civile il y a une quarantaine d’années et sert depuis de guide établissant les garanties fondamentales de bonne justice dans le procès civil. Elle s’est, ensuite, implantée en matière administrative et pénale. Un engouement pour cette notion l'a fait apparaître récemment en droit des contrats à un double niveau : au plan interne tout d'abord, depuis 2008, les différents projets de réforme du droit des contrats innovent par la création d’une nouvelle catégorie juridique, les principes directeurs. En fonction des projets, il est proposé d’intégrer dans cette catégorie la liberté contractuelle, la force obligatoire, la bonne foi, la cohérence. Au plan européen ensuite, les autorités bruxelloises s'interrogent, depuis un certain temps, sur l'opportunité de l'élaboration d'un droit européen des contrats commun à tous les États Membres. À cet effet, on retrouve des principes directeurs dans divers textes, codifications savantes et propositions à venir. Dès lors, ce concept a suscité un grand intérêt et les commentateurs ont majoritairement porté un regard très critique sur cette éventuelle introduction. Plus rarement, cette dernière a provoqué une certaine approbation. L’objet de la recherche consiste donc à approfondir le concept de principes directeurs du droit des contrats car après les premières questions liées à la curiosité scientifique doivent venir les recherches portant sur la science des principes directeurs du droit des contrats. Et si la notion est aujourd’hui fréquemment utilisée, son concept demeure énigmatique, aucun consensus ne s’étant opéré sur le sens même à lui donner et sur ses effets. La notion présente donc de nombreuses zones d’ombres qu’il faudra révéler, d’autant plus, qu’après de multiples résistances du Sénat, la loi du 16 février 2015 a habilité le gouvernement à réformer le droit des contrats par la voie de l’ordonnance. Or, les derniers projets reconnaissent des principes directeurs, il est donc temps d'apprécier la notion et ses effets potentiels. The notion of guiding principle appeared in the field of civil procedure forty years ago and has been since then used as a guide establishing fundamental guarantees for fair justice in the civil trial. Later on, it was implemented in the criminal and administrative matters. Enthusiasm for this notion made it emerge recently in the field of contract law at a double layer: firstly in the domestic legal order, the different reform projects for contract law have been innovating since 2008 because guiding principles have been determined as a new legal category in this matter. According to the project, including in this category contractual freedom, binding force, good faith and coherence has been proposed. Secondly, from a European perspective, Brussels authorities have been questioning for quite a long time the opportunity to elaborate a European contract law common to all member States. As a consequence, some guiding principles can be identified in several sources, scientific codifications and proposals to come. Since then, this concept has generated a great interest and commentators have mainly severely criticised a hypothetic introduction. More rarely, it has been significantly supported. Therefore the purpose of the research is to study in depth the concept of guiding principles in contract law since after the first questions relying on scientific curiosity, researches related to the science of guiding principles in contract law must come. Even though the notion is today often used, its concept remains an enigma, no consensus has been found on its sense or effects. The notion carries many shadowy aspects that will have to be enlightened, especially as after several oppositions from the Senate, the Act adopted on the 16th of February in 2015 authorised the Government to reform contract law by executive orders. Nonetheless, the latest projects recognise some guiding principles so it is time to evaluate the relevance of the notion and determine its potential effects.

Jurisprudence

Ce travail étudie, théoriquement et empiriquement, l'interaction entre le commerce international et l'investissement direct étranger (IDE), interaction qui a été un des principaux canaux de la mondialisation économique et de l'essor des chaînes de valeur mondiales dans la segmentation des activités de production. Les modèles théoriques montrent que le commerce international et les IDE peuvent se développer dans une relation de substituabilité ou de complémentarité. La nature de cette relation peut être la conséquence de facteurs exogènes, déterminants de la spécialisation des pays, ou le résultat de la stratégie endogène des firmes dans l'organisation de leurs activités à l'international. La validation empirique s'appuie sur une adaptation du modèle de gravité, en appliquant les techniques économétrique sur données de panel sur des données bilatérales pour la France au cours de la période de 1993 à 2012. Les estimations mettent en évidence une relation de complémentarité entre le commerce et l'IDE au niveau le plus agrégé. Cependant, une analyse comparative à un niveau plus désagrégé permet de trouver des indices de substituabilité et de complémentarité selon les groupes de pays partenaires.

La fausse qualification de «moyen de défense» attribuée par tradition à l'exception de procédure a conduit le législateur à la soumettre à un régime totalement incohérent et inadapté. L'illustration en est donné par l'échec constaté de l'exclusivité de compétence attribuée au juge de la mise état sur les exceptions de procédure, échec se matérialisant par les nombreuses dérogations que ne cesse d'apporter la jurisprudence à leur régime. Elle se traduit aussi par la quasi-impossibilité pour le demandeur à l'action principale de s'en prévaloir, ce en totale contradiction avec l'esprit des textes. Cette incohérence est illustrée enfin par les confusions opportunistes entre exception de procédure, fin de non-recevoir, incident et défense au fond. L'exception de procédure n'est pas un moyen de défense mais une demande incidente relative à la marche de la procédure qui en termes d'ordre logique doit être examinée par préalable au fond. Elle n'intéresse donc que les rapports procéduraux c'est-à-dire l'instance dont l'ouverture et la conduite aux termes des articles 1 et 2 du Code de procédure civile appartiennent aux parties. La classification et le régime des exceptions de procédure doivent en tenir compte. Il faut donc distinguer les exceptions de procédure opposées à l'ouverture de l'instance de celles qui sont opposées à sa continuation. Seules les premières doivent relever de la compétence exclusive du juge de la mise en état de qui on doit réussir à faire un véritable juge de l'introduction de l'instance. Les exceptions de procédure opposées à la continuation, par contre, doivent pouvoir être proposées au fur et à mesure de leur survenance ou de leur révélation sauf la possibilité pour le juge de les écarter ou de prononcer des condamnations pécuniaires à l'encontre de la partie qui se serait abstenue dans une intention dilatoire ou abusive de les soulever plus tôt.

Management accounting information should aid management in the design and implementation of strategy. Firms adopting a customer-focused strategy need customer accounting (CA) metrics. Yet accounting literature provides limited insights into what CA metrics are used, how they are used, or what factors influence CA measure choice or hinder more widespread adoption of CA practices. This thesis enhances knowledge of actual CA practices as they operate in firms with a customer-focused strategy and uses contingency theory to explain the choice of CA practices and their use in three exploratory case studies consisting of two national banks and a global courier company. The two strategic business units in Alphabank employ locally-developed, activity-based costing systems to produce CA information. Personal Banking incorporates a ‘customer needs met’ variable into a customer lifetime value measure used to segment customers based on potential profitability. Business Banking is smaller and currently uses historical customer profitability analysis at the individual customer level. Despite Alphabank’s overall customer-focused strategy, only product profitability is reported at executive level, and tensions between finance and operations potentially hinder more widespread CA usage. Betabank offers excellent customer service, but despite being very customer-focused they do not measure customer profitability. Executives use predominantly aggregate financial figures with a focus on net interest margin. Service excellence is paramount and Betabank do not consider financial CA useful as they do not segment customers. However, they extensively use non-financial customer related measures to monitor excellent customer service provision in order to enhance future profitability. The courier company uses activity-based costing to produce historical customer profitability analysis which reports direct margin, gross margin and earnings before interest and tax. The analysis discloses significant profitability differences between customer segments, and even between individual customers within segments where customer relationship management is employed. They do not measure full customer lifetime value but the next year’s customer profitability can be modelled using historical cost drivers. Financial CA measures drive initiatives to enhance customer profitability and/or trigger price negotiations. Non-financial CA measures are used to drive the customer-focused strategy and enhance profitability. The three cases demonstrate a considerable diversity in their usage of financial CA practices, with Betabank choosing to use no financial CA at all. Competitive intensity and the use of customer relationship management are found to be key drivers of CA usage at the individual customer level. Segmental customer profitability analysis is used when a large number of customers receive standard services at standard prices. No individual customer profitability analysis is needed for such homogenous customers as they can be efficiently managed using revenue. Non-financial CA measures were found to be widely used and hence a key contribution of this study is that in practice customer-related, non-financial performance measures are a key component of CA practices and may be extensively used to drive a customer-focused strategy. From case analysis a contingency-based framework has been develop which identifies combinations of factors with strong interrelationships and common influences on the choice and usage of CA measures. This framework provides three main groupings of contingent factors (type of competitive advantage, level of customer heterogeneity, and stage of organisational development) which together potentially have strong predictive power in relation to the nature of CA measures which benefit firms with a customer-focused strategy.

This study investigates whether there is a relationship between corporate governance and derivatives, whether corporate governance influence in firms impacts the association between derivatives and firm value, and whether corporate governance influence affects the association between derivatives and cash flow volatility, stock return volatility and market risk. This study uses two different data samples of publicly traded firms listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The first sample comprises a panel of 6900 firm year observations and the other consists of a panel of 6234 firm year observations both over the eight-year period from 2004-2011. With regard to whether there is a relationship between corporate governance and derivatives, the findings from the empirical results show that corporate governance does influence derivatives and therefore is an important determinant in the firm’s decisions to use derivatives. Of the thirteen corporate governance variables examined, board size, institutional shareholders, CEO age, CEO bonus, CEO salary, insider shareholders and total CEO compensation show significant association with derivatives. This study finds that derivative users exhibit higher firm value on account of the corporate governance influence, which is correspondingly largely insignificant for derivative non-users. Further the research indicates that the impact of corporate governance varies according to the different types of risks examined. Generally, the board of directors and CEO governance mechanisms reduce stock return volatility to achieve hedging effectiveness. This supports the view that directors and management take actions to reduce stock return volatility to protect their personal portfolios without having to bear the costs of hedging themselves. With respect to cash flow volatility, the board of directors and CEO related corporate governance mechanisms largely exhibit increased risk to show evidence of speculative behavior. It supports the perceptions that managers and directors have a strong motivation to show higher earnings to protect jobs and reputation and to enhance compensation. All the shareholder governance mechanisms encourage risk taking with respect to stock return volatility, without any increase in firm value. This is in line with research findings of market granularity by institutional and other larger block holders to indicate that these investors increase stock price volatilities and play the markets for their own financial gain. Besides they have little interest in diversifying firm risk as they already have well protected portfolios and would not want to incur additional costs of hedging. The study finds evidence of association between corporate governance and hedging, speculation and selective hedging. Of the thirteen corporate governance variables examined in the study board diversity consistently shows hedging effectiveness, with accompanying increase in firm value. While board meetings, institutional shareholders, block shareholders, CEO age, CEO base salary and CEO compensation exhibit exclusive speculative behavior. The remaining corporate governance mechanisms: board size, insider shareholding, CEO tenure, CEO bonus and audit committee size, show evidence of selective hedging behavior. The concurrent hedging and speculative behavior evidenced in this study supports literature in respect of selective hedging by non-financial firms. It also validates the idea that corporate governance delves in risk allocation strategies that have been evidenced by past research. The results remain unchanged, after using alternative measures for firm value and firm risk, and alternative methods of analyses.

Cette thèse, dans une approche démonstrative conciliant à la fois l’exégèse objective et subjective vise à mettre en exergue la condition des privilèges dans les procédures collectives. De cette condition, il apparaît que les privilèges sont instrumentalisés. Lorsqu’ils apparaissent comme un obstacle à l’atteinte des finalités de service public économique assignées aux procédures collectives, leur condition parait défavorable. De ce fait, ils subissent, à l’image des autres sûretés réelles sans dépossession la rigueur de la discipline collective. Le fait qu’ils soient de source légale ne permet pas de les soustraire aux fourches caudines des procédures collectives. La tendance législative contemporaine est à l’alignement de la condition des privilèges sur celle des autres sûretés réelles sans dépossession. En revanche, lorsqu’ils sont au service des finalités des procédures collectives, leur condition paraît favorable. Ce traitement dialectique des privilèges dans les procédures collectives procède d’un véritable pragmatisme de la matière du droit des entreprises en difficulté. Celle-ci semble seulement s’accommoder des solutions de droit commun, qui servent ses intérêts. Le législateur OHADA des procédures collectives, à l’analyse de la réforme intervenue le 10 septembre 2015, intègre l’approche économique et pragmatique de la matière. Celui-ci a institué un privilège de l’argent frais ou de new money qui, à première vue, est au service des intérêts des créanciers apporteurs de nouveaux crédits et de biens, mais, au fond, sert plutôt ceux de l’entreprise débitrice. Cette politique juridique, au demeurant, réaliste qui, consiste à faire des privilèges, des outils à orientation téléologique et incitative, parait insuffisante en droit OHADA. Il est suggéré entre autres au législateur OHADA des procédures collectives : de renforcer l’efficacité du privilège de new money, de reconnaître expressément la qualification de privilège à la garantie légale des « créanciers de la masse », d’instituer un critère téléologique, plus pertinent et sélectif d’admission au traitement privilégié réservé aux créances postérieures élues, d’énoncer plus clairement la règle du paiement à l’échéance des « créances de la masse » de l’article 117 de l’AUPC, d’améliorer le rang de paiement des « créanciers de la masse », afin qu’il soit suffisamment attractif et incitatif pour mobiliser le financement de l’entreprise en cessation des paiements.

This thesis is a policy-based study of the regulation of agency work in South Africa. It is set against the contextual background of a recent legislative overhaul and an increase in the number of precarious workers. The study aims to appraise the extent to which the South African regulatory framework complies with international norms in respect of agency work. The research considers how German and Namibian regulation might improve the current model of the regulation of agency work in South Africa. The study identifies the purpose of labour law in South Africa as offering diversified rights as well as being economic in nature. The premise upon which the thesis is based is a social justice approach to the function of labour law. An analysis of ILO and EU regulations on agency work is conducted, and identifies a combined list of norms in respect of the protection of agency workers. South Africa?s labour law policy approach is explored together with the amended regulation on agency work. A comparison is drawn with foreign countries? regulations and policy approaches: the appraisal identifies shortcomings in South Africa?s regulatory model. The study focuses on the evolutionary improvement of agency workers? protection based on international approaches. The research culminates by formulating an amended model for the regulation of agency work in South Africa, in which these proposed adaptations seek to remedy the shortcomings which were observed in the appraisal process.

The practice of foreign agro-investment (FAI) for the production of food crops and biofuel crops has been a recent phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. In fact, the present era of climate change has caused foreign countries to acquire vast tracts of land - often through multinational corporations - in order to propagate biofuel or expand their home industries abroad. Practices of FAI have resulted in a form of land grabbing, as local communities are often evicted from their land without their consent. FAI activities are reported to have considerable impact on people in areas where they occur, which range from environmental to social and economic impacts. There is compelling evidence that FAI land deals are not transparent and inclusive, which raises pertinent concerns with respect to participatory rights, access to information, the compatibility of property rights, environmental protection and the protection of the rights and interests of local communities generally, among other issues. The lack of respect for and protection of local communities’ rights and interests during FAI land deals and activities form the crux of this study. In this light, the overall aim of this thesis is to investigate and ascertain how the procedural aspects of a rights-based approach (RBA) could be used to provide adequate protection to local communities’ rights and interests during FAI activities in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa. The study is premised on the notion of a RBA to FAI governance and captures the procedural aspects of the right to access to information, public participation and the right to access to justice in international, regional, sub-regional and national human rights legal regimes. It is argued that because these rights have the potential to significantly contribute towards the protection of the rights and interests of people that are adversely affected by development activities, their incorporation remains useful and relevant in the FAI context. It is further claimed that the implementation of the procedural RBA in FAI land deals could strengthen the ability and capacity of the state to increase opportunities for more meaningful dialogue with local communities, while concomitantly helping the state to fulfil its international and national obligations as a duty-bearer to respect, protect and fulfil the rights and interests of its people. In addition, procedural rights encompass elements of good governance and democracy and could be used as a necessary and vital tool to prevent a government’s exercise of arbitrary power generally and in the context of development activities. This is predicated on the belief that procedural rights serve inter alia to strengthen democratic structures and processes and to curb corruption and the mismanagement of national resources, and ultimately to promote sustainable development. In this study, it is argued that a RBA generally and its procedural aspects specifically could play an important role in setting the standards and defining the processes that are appropriate to repudiate the unacceptable impacts of FAI and simultaneously address distributive concerns with the hope of promoting and ensuring more responsible and sustainable FAI. Conversely, the absence of such a normative baseline suggests that large-scale land transfer under the guise of FAI practices would endlessly levy an unacceptable toll on the fundamental rights of the vulnerable host population. The first step in this thesis is to analysis the theoretical concepts of governance and good governance in order to establish the eventual objective of what FAI governance and good FAI governance should entail. A further component of the theoretical analysis includes an analysis of a RBA and a RBA to FAI governance. These components are investigated in order to determine a possible solution to the impacts of FAI activities from a rights-based perspective. Second, the thesis investigates and analyses the procedural aspects of a RBA espoused in international, regional and sub-regional legal regimes. It distils generic characteristics and minimum requirements of the RBA for good FAI governance to be used as benchmarks in the context of project development-related activities, including FAI. As benchmarks, the international, regional and sub-regional legal regimes provide minimum criteria to which the legal frameworks of countries must adhere to and conform with. This part also examines the procedural RBA frameworks in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa and critically evaluates the legal frameworks in these countries against the distilled generic characteristics and minimum requirements of the RBA in terms of good FAI governance. Third, the thesis concludes with a set of recommendations on the procedural RBA frameworks in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa. These recommendations are meant to address the current lacunae in these domestic procedural RBA frameworks, and to propose measures designed to enable a situation where the rights and interests of local communities are better protected in the event that FAI land deals are concluded.

Araştırmamız bugüne kadar ülkemizde İslam hukukçularınca doktora düzeyinde girilmemiş ve değerlendirilmemiş bir mesele olan İslam hukuku açısından elektronik ticareti konu edinmiştir. Bu manada ilk bölümde İslam hukuku açısından ticaret hukuku kavramlarına kısa bir değini yapılmış ve bununla ilgili çok temel bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde İslam hukuku açısından e-ticaret incelenmiş, E-ticaretin İslam hukuk kavramlarıyla nasıl anlaşılabileceğine ve anlatılabileceğine dair görüş ve tespitlerimiz sunulmuştur. Elektronik ortamda akitleşme, irade beyanı gibi yeni durumların analizi yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise fıkhî hükümleri açısından e-ticaret incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde de e-ticarette yeni ortaya çıkan durumlar, kavramlar ve olgular incelenmiştir. Fıkhî açıdan hangi kavramlarla açıklanacağı hususunda kanaatlerimiz sunulmuştur. İkinci bölüm değerlendirme ve analiz ağırlıklı iken üçüncü bölümde daha çok pratik sonuçları açısından durum incelenmiş, bu hususta literatüre girmesi gerektiğini düşündüğümüz yeni kavramlar ve tasnifler de zikredilmiştir. Son olarak da mevcut modern yasalarda e-ticaretin nasıl ele alındığı gösterilmiş, İslam hukuku açısından nasıl değerlendirilebileceğine dair görüşlerimiz arz edilmiştir. This work is about electronic commerce in İslamic law which has not been studied or evaluated by anyone with such a scale until now. In this sense, at the first section, the concepts of commerce law have been mentioned briefly by the view of Islamic law, and has been given basic knowledge. At the second section, E-commerce regarding to concepts of Islamic law has been examined. Our opinions and detections about it like how this is must be understood with the notions of Islamic law have been presented. The conceptual analysis of new situations such as contracting, declaration of intention, on the İnternet has been done. At the last section, e-commerce regarding rules of Islamic law has been examined. In this section, new situations and concepts that just emerged have been examined. Our opinions have been presented. As the second section weighted with assessment and analysis, at the third section, the case has been examined rather practically. New concepts and categorizations that must be added to the literature have been mentioned.

The present study aims at analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) by examining most thoroughly the different interpretations of its text on the light of several western legal traditions. This analysis of the implications of such different interpretations will give rise to a discussion on the level of interpenetration among different legal systems. This, in turn, leads to an analysis of the impact of the conditions imposed by the Convention on its interpretation, which is considered a selfcontained autonomous ruling within the text of the Convention. As can be seen from a historical overview of the matter, the pursuit of unified regulations governing the international purchase and sale of goods is precisely the result of trade practices and of the consolidation of customary laws and principles. This thesis is thus based on the dynamics of this unifying process. The analysis will focus on its innovative feature of a consonant interpretation; an important structural element which may determine the success or failure of the text of the Convention when observed in different legal environments. It will be taken into consideration the role of the relation between governments and their institutions established with International Organizations, as well as that of the need for predictability when signing international agreements. Therefore, elements such as sovereignty and globalization are essential for a proper understanding of the impacts of this Convention in international law, namely, international trade laws

We develop a conceptual model of contracts as regulatory instruments in over-the-counter (OTC) financial markets. The model is informed by the functional understanding of financial regulation as addressing problems of counterparty risk, liquidity, information and systemic risk and structural understanding of regulation as a process of standard-setting, monitoring and enforcement. The justification of conceptualization contracts as regulatory instruments is found in the nature of the political economy considerations that inform the definition of certain contracts used in OTC financial markets. While many scholars rely on conceptualization of the said contracts as boilerplate, we argue that there exist important qualitative differences between boilerplate and regulatory contracts, which we link to a broader spectrum of interests taken into account in their definition in the process of standard-setting. The model and its application to loan and derivatives markets help to highlight the impact of governance features of the organization developing the contract and the regulatory competition to which the organization is exposed on the scope of the regulatory function. We also use a number of indicators and attributions to examine the effectiveness of regulatory contracts. While the contractual model displays some weaknesses in terms of both standard-setting (conflicts of interest) and enforcement (reliance on delegation) compared to its better established counterpart – the organizational model associated with exchanges – the contractual model helps to account for important self-regulatory features of OTC financial markets and offers suggestions as to how the structure of OTC financial markets can be improved.