Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Illegal workers have been and continue to be the most vulnerable category of employees in the labour market, the reason for this is the invalidity of their employment contract due to illegality. For the longest time, the Labour Relations Act (hereinafter the LRA) has not been able to afford these workers protection because they did not fall within the ambit of the legal definition of ‘employee’ and the Act only recognises employees as holders of the rights provided for under the LRA. As a result of the Act not being able to protect these workers, they have become victims of exploitation and vicious abuse in the hands of their employers, making them vulnerable in their employment relationship. The law concerning illegal workers has since changed. Courts have found that these workers are in fact employees for the purposes of the LRA, and that, for an employment relationship to exist there need not be a valid employment contract in existence. An employment relationship may take various forms and the goal that the Labour Relations Act seeks to achieve is to protect those employees who find themselves vulnerable as a result of the illegality of their employment contract. It has also been argued that the law aims mostly at penalising the employer rather than the employee who is economically and socially weaker than the employer, therefore, courts have found that the Labour Relations Act should be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (hereinafter the Constitution) which requires a wider interpretation of who may be afforded the right to fair labour practices.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

No abstract provided.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is one of the most prominent legal bodies in international commerce. In 1980, the final draft of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG or the Convention) was approved by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly and came into operation on 1 January 1988. Generally, the diversity of laws is an impediment to international and regional trade. Traders are discouraged from entering into international sales contracts due to the dissimilarities of legal systems. However, the CISG seeks to unify laws relating to the international sale of goods, whilst codifying the existing rules of international trade. The main objectives of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are to achieve development and economic growth through regional integration.1 The legal integration and unification of sales law has a significant role to play in regional integration. Hence, SADC would do away with difficulties that affect interregional and intra-regional trade by impeding economic growth by making use of widely accepted trade laws, such as the Convention. International trade promotes both economic development and social upliftment. Moreover, democracy, political stability and human rights must be respected to foster sustainable economic growth and development in Southern Africa. 2 With advantages such as accessibility, flexibility, indorsing party autonomy, simplicity, and uniform interpretation, the paper revisits the call for the unification of laws on the sale of goods in SADC and considers the role and significance of the CISG in the region. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Cette étude se penche sur la problématique de la participation des personnes morales de droit public à l’arbitrage en cas de survenance des différends portant sur les relations qu’elles entretiennent avec d’autres personnes d’où l’idée d’une possibilité d’arbitrer les différends résultant d’un contrat de Partenariat Public-Privé. Perçue comme « la qualité de ce qui peut être soumis à l’arbitrage, qu’il s’agisse des parties ou de la matière du litige », l’arbitrabilité soustrait les personnes publiques des juridictions Etatiques, soumet celles-ci à une justice privée. Ces personnes publiques avec leurs cocontractants participent toutefois à désigner ses arbitres. L’Etat Béninois, à l’instar des pays membres de cette organisation d’intégration économique et juridico-judiciaire se montre favorable à ce que chaque Etat soumette son contentieux à l’arbitrage dès lors qu’en tant que personne morale, il pose des actes de gestions ou privés. Cependant, en dépit de ce consentement exprès, il semble plus difficile dans la pratique de voir exécuté une sentence à l’encontre de la personne morale de droit public. Mais lorsque le Prince nourrit l’envie ou le besoin de solliciter l’investissement du privé, fut-t-il directement ou indirectement, peut-il encore échapper aux règles qui s’imposent à lui ? Aussi les craintes de partialité de l’arbitre, d’immixtion du juge d’appui ou d’exécution effective des sentences demeurent nonobstant l’avancée notoire des textes car pour RIGAUX, « il est permis de croire que l’institution arbitrale est dénaturée et même perd l’essentiel de son prix si, à la procédure arbitrale, doit succéder une procédure ultérieure devant les tribunaux Etatiques »

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

There are many ways of making payments. One of the available options for parties to international commercial transactions is international funds transfers. These transfers occur across borders and so, raise conflict of law issues. There are some laws known internationally that regulate international funds transfers. These laws include the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Credit Transfers (no country has ratified it), article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code and the Rome I Regulation. There are diverse ways in determining which law applies to an international funds transfer. This is done either by assessing the transaction as a single transfer or as a set of linked transactions. In African countries like Ghana and South Africa, there is a gap in the approach of the law in addressing the conflict of laws issues regarding international funds transfers. This dissertation addresses the gap in these legal regimes using the present private international law as a guide. Additionally, the present legislation and legal jurisprudence are analysed, and suggestions are given as to its improvement. This author also advocates for a legislation that adequately addresses the issues raised by transnational funds transfers in these countries. Conclusively, this will promote a predictable approach in determining the applicable law in transnational funds transfers.

Trade in Services can be described as a transaction between a supplier and a consumer without any physical movement of goods across international borders. This, in itself, presents major economic growth possibilities in both regional and multilateral terms. Regional trade agreements, if drafted to suit the specific region's strengths, can promote Trade in Services and establish regional integration. The fact that Trade in Services and regional integration, throughout the Southern African Development Community (SADC) specifically, is moving forward at such a slow pace is due to the lack of political ambition and policy makers failing to emphasise the establishment of trade specific regulatory coherence among member states. Given policy’s impact on Trade in Services, regional trade agreements must be designed to address new and emerging issues that, not only haven't been taken up in previous trade agreements, but which is also region specific and focused enough to build on new standards found in other new trade agreements that will boost regional integration. SADC countries are still in process of establishing a regional services market and, as it currently stands, major development possibilities still exist. This study compares the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with SADC’s Protocol on Trade in Services (PTIS), with the goal to determine the principles that are necessary to establish a regional market for the integration of Trade in Services. It was found that the PTIS lacks such principles and that integration of services throughout the SADC region is highly unlikely if set forth in its current direction. The finding was that the establishment of regional integration of Trade in Services throughout SADC will have to start with regulatory coherence among its members.

Au Canada, l’industrie minière est hautement valorisée. Toutefois, à l’international, cette industrie canadienne fait l’objet de nombreuses controverses et le développement durable est au cœur de ces dernières. L’objectif premier de notre recherche est de présenter les liens entre : (1) les enjeux du développement durable pour l’industrie minière canadienne ; (2) la réponse du gouvernement ; (3) le thème de la gouvernance ; (4) les éléments de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) et (5) divulgation des entreprises minières. Un cadre réglementaire est mis en place par le gouvernement canadien pour répondre aux défis du développement durable. Les compagnies minières sont ainsi soumises à des exigences de divulgation par le gouvernement fédéral. Le gouvernement canadien incite les entreprises minières à utiliser le GRI, qui est le standard le plus populaire et reconnu internationalement pour la divulgation. Ce qui mène à notre question de recherche : Le GRI est-il un outil de reddition de comptes efficace pour les principales entreprises de l’industrie minière canadienne à l’étranger ? Notre analyse documentaire d’un rapport de divulgation RSE permet de conclure qu’il y a un écart entre ce qui est dit et ce qui est fait par les grandes compagnies minières. Les rapports tendent à mettre en évidence les éléments positifs et à masquer les résultats négatifs sur le développement durable. Il semble que le GRI soit un outil pour assurer de manière structurée la reddition de comptes des entreprises minières canadiennes à l’étranger, mais il reste insuffisant pour assurer la légitimité de l’information contenue, car on n’y rend pas compte de certaines externalités nuisibles pour le développement durable. ___________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Industrie minière canadienne, International, Responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), Reddition de comptes, Global reporting initiative, divulgation, Développement durable, Gouvernance, Acteurs de la gouvernance, cadre législatif