Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L’Economie Sociale et Solidaire (ESS) est une nouvelle économie née des inégalités qu’ont connues les sociétés prolétaires mais qui de nos jours demeure une alternative pour lutter contre les conséquences désastreuses de l’économie capitalistique et de la mondialisation. Son principe de base étant de placer l’Homme au cœur de ses diverses activités et organisations, lui permet ainsi de promouvoir la solidarité, une gestion participative, etc. Cependant, elle doit faire face à des problèmes et surtout de financement. C’est dans ce contexte que nous nous interrogeons sur une question de grande actualité aussi en Afrique Sub-saharienne (AfSS) et particulièrement au Congo Brazzaville et au Sénégal à savoir : les mécanismes de financement de l’économie social et solidaire. L’objectif pour nous, est d’étudier les éléments qui forment, cadrent et financent l’ESS en AfSS et particulièrement au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal et de vérifier si les dispositifs existants répondent-ils aux valeurs et principes de l’ESS t-elle que connu aujourd’hui dans le monde. De ce fait, et à partir de nos recherches, nous orientons notre travail sur : le Cadre théorique de cette ESS et ses pratiques en AfSS ; son cadre juridique et dynamique et enfin son rôle et système de financement dans l’activité économique au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal. Ce qui nous a permis d’ailleurs de comprendre que l’ESS est un concept ancien dont les valeurs et pratiques ont toujours existés en AfSS. Qu’elle repose sur des dispositifs juridiques et des réseaux de promotion. Et que malgré quelques insuffisances notoires, les dispositifs financiers mis en place dans ces deux pays en particulier ont permis le développement et la modernisation des pratiques et organisations de l’ESS

A governança global é um fenômeno relativamente novo na ordem internacional. A responsabilidade social corporativa surge como um mecanismo da governança global no que tange à responsabilização das sociedades que assumem atribuição cada vez mais relevante diante do mundo globalizado. Os danos ambientais comumente são fruto da ausência de instrumentos efetivos de responsabilidade. O descarte de resíduos sólidos nos oceanos há tempos vem acontecendo e prejudica o meio ambiente marinho vinculado às águas brasileiras. A comunidade internacional enfrenta o descarte de resíduos em águas internacionais basicamente por meio da elaboração de uma legislação que objetiva regulamentar o despejo de resíduos nos oceanos. Assim, cabe investigar se há uma efetiva resposta ao enfrentamento do problema em termos da logística jurídica atualmente utilizada e sua fiscalização pela comunidade internacional. Parte-se da hipótese de que os instrumentos legais em vigor não se apresentam como uma solução estanque ao problema ante a argumentação da soberania dos Estados que leva a não observância das normas internacionais e a não responsabilização dos infratores. Um mecanismo mais eficaz em termos de regulamentação e de fiscalização, aliado à conscientização e educação ambiental são exigências que se fazem necessárias para combater os efeitos dessa prática que ecoa um dano permanente ao meio ambiente marinho. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho dar-se-á através da análise teórica sobre o fenômeno a partir de doutrina selecionada que trata das construções conceituais que abordam o tema.

Many contemporary private and public enterprises have been hit by scandals and underperformance which have been linked to organizational leadership. This study therefore sought to establish the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Leadership and organizational performance crises that have rocked institutions such as Eskom, the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the South African Airways, Steinhoff, Enron and others necessitated the study. The study focused on MBA year three students (class of 2017) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The assumption has been that since these are masters’ students, they have once been exposed to various leadership styles, some of them are leaders, all have studied leadership styles and therefore likely to understand how these styles impact on organizational performance. This is a quantitative study. The total population was 140 students of which a total of 100 were targeted. Simple random sampling was used. Most of the participants revealed that there is a significant link between leadership styles and organizational performance. They unanimously agreed that there is definitely a noteworthy relationship between leadership styles and the organizational performance. The respondents also revealed that transformational leadership style is the most complimentary leadership style to organizational performance followed by strategic and open leadership styles respectively. Participants agreed that toxic leadership style and autocratic leadership style are undermining the organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that organizations ensure continuous checks on leadership in order to ensure that available leadership can assist in the realization of organizational goals. In addition, it is also recommended for organizations to assess the "type" of a leader in terms of leadership styles before he/she is promoted to take leadership roles in the organization in order to make proper placements. This will allow the organization to assess whether that type of a leader is suitable for the organization. Future research is needed on how models can be developed on how to make proper placements to leadership levels/roles. Research should also focus on how leadership styles dovetail with other organizational efforts that are meant to boost organizational performance.

The ability of an organization to adjust its operation in light of the evolving changes in their operating environment determines the sustainability of the business unit in both the short and long term. The objective of the study was to determine the response strategies adopted by Kenyan commercial banks in response to the interest capping laws. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The population of the study was 42 commercial banks operating in Kenya. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire that was both closed and open ended. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. The study found that banks have employed adaptation strategies through working with other partners in the banking sector to leverage their synergy and concentrate on areas that enhance competitive advantage. The research findings also reinforced the need for the banks to work together as a sector and attempt and change the laws that inhibit their operations through lobby groups in parliament and other forums. The study also show that there exists a link between firms‟ strategic activities and their strategic responses and therefore, bank managers should diversify their product range especially to the youth who are apt in using the mobile technology to access services and improve the bank level of efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study recommends that the commercial banks ought to conform to the regulations to attract customers while the Central Bank as a regulator should likewise be sensitive to the operating environment and should be flexible in setting the rules in order to attract investment and support the growth in the banking industry. The Interest capping law is still at its infancy stage in Kenya and thus there is room for further research as the full impact of the law is realized in the long term.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

L’affrètement est un élément incontournable du droit maritime. L’outil que représente le contrat d’affrètement, bien que légalement encadrée, a été notamment forgé et standardisé par les professionnels qui ont su tirer pleinement profit de la liberté contractuelle qu’offrait ce mode d’exploitation. C’est grâce à cette liberté accordé aux parties que l’affrètement a été choisi pour exploiter les navires de grande plaisance. Cependant, malgré que le régime d’affrètement soit adapté à ce type de navigation, la prestation découlant de la mise à disposition d’un yacht doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux fiscaux, juridiques et sociaux qui obligent l’industrie si particulière du yachting à réagir en conséquence et se tourner vers d’autres mode d’exploitation tel que le contrat de croisière.

L' elaborato si propone l' obiettivo di analizzare le nuove tipologie arbitrali introdotte dalla legge n. 183/2010 e le loro probabilità di successo nell'ordinamento italiano. Per far ciò, prima di concentrarmi sulla attuale disciplina, ho proceduto ad una ricognizione storica dell' istituto arbitrale e dell' impianto normativo su cui il legislatore del 2010 è intervenuto. Infine ho svolto un' analisi di diritto comparato, prendendo a riferimento gli ordinamenti di USA ed Inghilterra e verificando come lì l' arbitrato ed in generale i metodi ADR, vengono utilizzati.

Microfinance institutions are specialized in the financing of economic activities of small sizes. They have a social role to target many excluded from the traditional financial system, including poor households, sole proprietorships, small and medium enterprises and mutual aid associations by offering to them suitable financial services (Kobou et al. 2009). In doing so, they are perceived by the vast majority of public opinion internationally as a useful lever for poverty reduction. They must nevertheless obtain sufficient economic and financial results to ensure their viability and sustainability. But in recent decades, there is a certain fragility of MFIs with cases of cascading bankruptcy in Cameroon, where one of the major causes of this bankruptcy remains the unpaid. This study examines the causes of the unpaid loan in the microcredit process in second category of microfinance institutions in Cameroon through the specific case of the "Bourse d’Epargne et de Credit" (BEC). To do this, a multi-variables analysis based on logistic regression method was performed on 195 individuals who have benefited the credit based on six factors, including the sex of the applicant (male or female), the socio professional category of applicant (trader, employee, and very small business-man), the credit period, the number of times an individual has benefited a credit, interest expenses borne by the applicant and the time to study and reply one credit demand. After analysis and discussion, it emerges that: the very small business-man, credit duration, the number of times an individual has benefited the loan; the interest charges borne by the customer are risk factors that increase the level of unpaid with a significant level of 5%. Other factors of the professional category (trader and employee); the credit applicant customer's gender (male or female) and the time to study and reply to a credit demand are factors that have low risk for unpaid. These factors are considered as protective factors of unpaid, also at the significant level of 5%. In addition, it also shows that certain portion of the target where credit is granted is unsuited to the context of the institution's objectives; there is a managerial problem in the structure in question.

Trata-se de estudo sobre desafios existentes para a harmonização do direito do comércio internacional, entendendo-se harmonização de forma ampla, como busca da harmonia dos instrumentos e regras do comércio internacional. Dessa forma, o estudo trata tanto de questões de unificação quanto de harmonização do direito do comércio internacional. A harmonização, em sentido específico, deve ser entendida como a utilização de um instrumento como modelo ou fonte de inspiração para a elaboração ou interpretação de outros instrumentos ou dos direitos nacionais. A unificação, por sua vez, é entendida como o resultado da aplicação de um instrumento único de modo que o aplicador que a realizou seja indiferente. Nesse sentido, os desafios estão nos fatores que impedem o preenchimento dos requisitos que levam à unificação e à harmonização, quais sejam: elaboração dos instrumentos, entrada em vigor dos tratados, incorporação dos modelos aos direitos nacionais, aplicação dos instrumentos pelos aplicadores (árbitros e juízes), o que inclui questões relativas a regras de conflito de leis, normas imperativas e ordem pública, relação entre os instrumentos quando da sua elaboração e quando da sua aplicação.

Cette étude porte sur les modifications apportées par l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 et notamment l’impact qu’elles devraient impliquer sur la théorie de l’erreur en tant que vice du consentement, entraînant un défaut dans les conditions de validité du contrat (article 1128 nouveau du Code civil). Sur cette seule notion, le changement est éloquent. Le Code civil actuel ne contient que deux dispositions relatives à l’erreur (article 1109 et 1110) et une jurisprudence foisonnante qui en détermine les contours alors que la réforme en prévoit dorénavant six (articles nouveaux 1130, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135 et 1136). Cette modification quantitative a pour objectif de préciser les contours d’une notion dont le champ d’application est fortement discuté tant par les praticiens du droit que par les professionnels. Dans ce domaine du contrat de franchise, les difficultés liées à la prise en compte de l’erreur sur la rentabilité, c’est-à-dire du potentiel de chiffre d’affaires dégagé par l’exploitation d’un commerce, réside dans la nécessaire mise en balance des intérêts de chacune des parties. Nombreux ont été les franchisés à arguer d’une erreur sur la rentabilité ayant entraîné un vice de leur consentement au moment de la conclusion du contrat, afin de se délier d’un réseau de franchise jugé non rentable. Cependant, l’annulation du contrat ne peut revêtir la forme d’une épée de Damoclès au-dessus du franchiseur. Il est essentiel de trouver un équilibre afin de pouvoir, à la fois, protéger l’intégrité du consentement du franchisé et apporter une stabilité aux relations valablement conclues. À partir de ces multiples constatations, cette étude tentera d’appréhender la difficulté du droit positif et de l’ordonnance portant réforme du droit des contrats à élargir le champ d’application de l’erreur. En ce sens, la nouvelle définition de l’erreur sera-t-elle de nature à sonner le glas de la construction prétorienne reconnaissant l’erreur sur la rentabilité économique de l’activité entreprise comme source de nullité du contrat de franchise ? Afin d’y parvenir, l’analyse du renouvellement de la qualification de l’erreur (Partie 1) devrait permettre d’appréhender les raisons pour lesquelles la reconnaissance de l’erreur sur la rentabilité dite « objective » constitue un instrument au service de l’intégrité du consentement du franchisé (Partie 2).