Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The Convention for the International Sale of Goods called the Vienna Conference 1980 is an astute international statute that regulates the sale of goods globally. It has been ratified by about 83 countries of the world and countries that have not ratified it have at a point or the other made reference to it. Major economic players apart from England have ratified and have their courts pronounce on the CISG. The Convention provides for the well known elements of contract and also allows for the usage of standard user terms, for example, general terms known or related to certain goods. It is imperial to state that there are also certain regional statutes that are similar to the CISG although with varying differences. It is important to also mention that the CISG also has its lacunae and defects such as allowance for exemption, contents and so on. The CISG has been pronounced upon by courts across the world and has been seen to be highly justiciable.

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International arbitration has become accepted worldwide as the principal and, under certain circumstances the preferred method, of resolving international disputes between states, individuals, and corporations in almost every aspect of international trade, commerce, and investment. In general terms, it is expected that an international arbitration procedure is a much speedier method of dispute resolution than formal court proceedings. Although international arbitration holds many benefits for prospective users, there are some difficulties that may arise along the way. An increasingly frequent complaint concerns delays, particularly unconscionable delays and deliberate delaying tactics caused by the parties (i.e. claimant, respondent and/or the arbitrator) which frustrates the process. Arbitration derives from the consent between contracting parties. This implies that the contracting parties gave their consent that a dispute arising from the contract may be resolved by way of arbitration. This will also explain why default by any of the parties is prima facie inconsistent with the consensual nature of arbitration. It is suggested that default during international arbitration is most likely to occur and does not receive the same treatment as the equivalent in the context of formal state court proceedings. Essentially, the objective of this study is to articulate what the claimant can and should do during the arbitral process if and when the respondent is non-cooperative and obstructive in the arbitral process in an attempt to delay and/or destroy the procedure. This study also considers how tribunals should behave in order to promote fairness and the most efficient form of dispute resolution. The research method applied during this study is to conduct a comparative survey and evaluation of the leading arbitration rules available in order to establish what measures are put in place to overcome or mitigate the effects caused by the non-cooperative respondent.

تناولت هذه الدراسة أهم عنصر من عناصر عملية التحكيم، ألا وهو دور المحكم في خصومة التحكيم، وذلك من خلال معرفة شروط وإجراءات اختاره ومركزه القانوني وسلطاته والتزاماته . و قد بدأت الدراسة بمقدمة تضمنت العناصر الرئيسية للبحث وتناولنا ف الفصل الأول التعريف بالمحكم من خلال بيان معناه وتميزه عن القاضي والخبير والمصالح والوكيل، كذلك بيان الشروط الواجب توافرها في المحكم، كما تم توضيح المركز القانوني للمحكم في خصومة التحكم وكذا بيان طرق تشكيل هيئة التحكيم. كما تناولنا سلطات المحكم، سواء كانت ناشئة عن اتفاق التحكيم، أم المخولة له بموجب القانون، وبيان الالتزامات المرمية على عاتقه أثناء مباشرته لمهمته، وكل ذلك من خلال الفصل الثاني. ومن أهم النتائج التي خلصت إليها الدراسة، هي أن المحكم يتمتع بسلطات واسعة في خصومة التحكيم، إلا أن هذه السلطات الواسعة ليست مطلقة بلا قيود، وإنما يفرض على المحكم عدة التزامات منذ قبوله مهمة التحكيم وحتى صدور الحكم الفاصل في النزاع مرورا بالتزاماته أثناء سير الاجراءات مع مراعاة احترام المبادئ الأساسية للتقاضي. Cette étude portait sur l'élément le plus important du processus d'arbitrage, à savoir le rôle d'arbitre dans l'arbitrage des différends, et grâce à la connaissance des conditions et des procédures choisies statut juridique, pouvoirs et obligations. L'étude a commencé par une introduction comprenait les principaux éléments de la recherche et nous traitée dans le premier arbitre de définition de chapitre à travers les moyens de déclaration et de le distinguer du juge et expert, des intérêts et de l'agent, ainsi que la déclaration des conditions à remplir par l'arbitre, a également clarifier le statut juridique d'un arbitre dans le contrôle des différends, ainsi qu'une description des moyens de la formation du tribunal. Comme nous approchions les autorités de l'arbitre, que ce soit en raison de la convention d'arbitrage, ou qui lui sont conférés en vertu de la loi, et la déclaration des obligations jetées sur lui-même pendant l'exécution de leur mission, et tout au long du deuxième trimestre. Parmi les résultats les plus importants de l'étude, il est que l'arbitre dispose de larges pouvoirs à l'arbitrage des différends, mais ces larges pouvoirs est pas absolue, sans restrictions, mais a imposé à l'arbitre plusieurs engagements depuis accepter la tâche d'arbitrage et jusqu'à la délivrance de l'arbitre décisif dans le conflit par ses obligations au cours de la procédure, avec en tenant compte du respect des principes de base du litige

It is universally acknowledged that international trade and cooperation have become key drivers of SMEs. Indeed, the success of SMEs in the sales sector depends upon their capacity to conquer the foreign market and compete with larger companies. Many SMEs today, in particular those in Central and West Africa, are very much aware of this reality. However, because of differences between domestic laws and their maladjustment, many African SMEs still struggle to enter the international market and compete with larger companies. It is therefore obvious that any SMEs that want to succeed in international commerce today will be called upon to confront different regulations, whether domestic, regional or international, which are often shaped according to the realities and expectations of a particular environment. The challenge today is to regulate and harmonise these different legal systems, in order to render the law identical in numerous jurisdictions. This process of unifying the law internationally, in particular the law of sale, started in 1920 and culminated in 1988, with the implementation of the CISG. This Convention, which has become the primary law for international sales contracts, endeavours to deal with this problem of differences in law between states on a global scale, by attempting to achieve a synthesis between different legislations, such as civil law, common law, socialist law, and the law regarding industrialised and Third World countries. Even though the CISG appears to be a compromise between different legal systems, the fact remains that it is not yet applicable in many countries, especially those in Central and West Africa, which are mostly still ruled by domestic and regional law, namely the OHADA. The purpose of this study is to attempt to analyse and compare the OHADA’s Uniform Act Relating to Commercial Law to the CISG, in order to identify similarities and differences between the two, and to determine, with regard to the operating mode and structure of SMEs in West and Central Africa, which one of the two legislations is more appropriate.

L'applicabilità della disciplina arbitrale nelle controversie societarie.

Cette étude aborde la problématique de la participation des personnes morales de droit public à l’arbitrage à l’occasion des litiges relatifs aux relations qu’elles entretiennent avec les personnes privées étrangères. Par opportunisme économique, un certain nombre de pays développés et en développement se montrent tout à fait favorables à ce que l’État se soumette au contentieux arbitral. Dans d’autres pays, tels qu’en Amérique latine et dans le monde arabe, il se manifeste des tendances nettement hostiles gravitant entre l’interdiction totale et une adhésion conditionnelle de l’État à l’arbitrage. Deux écoles s’affrontent, celle des privatistes qui considèrent l’arbitre international comme le juge naturel du milieu des affaires, face à celle des étatistes qui postulent que les juridictions étatiques demeurent les seules habiles à connaitre souverainement des litiges opposants les personnes publiques à leur interlocuteur privé. Les raisons qui sous-tendent l’assouplissement de certains gouvernements vers un élan libéral de l’arbitrage en droit public, résultent du phénomène globalisant de l’économie qui tend à réduire à néant les règles internes des États dans le cadre du nouvel ordre économique mondial. Par contre, les conséquences sociales, financières et juridiques des sentences arbitrales portent certains gouvernements à adopter une position réfractaire à l’arbitrage mettant en cause les entités publiques. Ils brandissent le droit à l’autodétermination des peuples pour éviter le bradage de leurs ressources au détriment des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de leurs populations, et ce, en dépit du fait que l’investissement direct étranger joue un rôle considérable dans le développement des pays en émergence. Notre défi ultime dans ce travail est d’explorer les diverses avenues permettant d’atteindre un juste équilibre entre les intérêts publics et la protection des investissements privés. Ceci exige un changement de paradigme qui prendra en compte les dimensions plurielles que constitue le contentieux investisseurs-États. This study investigates the difficulties that arise when legal disputes between public bodies and foreign private entities are resolved through arbitration. For economic expediency, some Western states and developing countries are quite open to the idea of resolving legal disputes by submitting to arbitration proceedings. Other countries, such as Latin America and the Arab world, have a clearly hostile approach to state participation in arbitration proceedings, ranging from total prohibition to conditional submission. There is a clash between two schools of thought: the privatist approach that considers international arbitration to be the business community’s natural forum, as opposed to the statist approach according to which only state courts are qualified to consider legal disputes between public bodies and private entities. The underlying reasons for the increased flexibility of certain governments in favor of a liberal move towards public law arbitration are a result of the globalizing effect of the economy, which tends to decimate domestic state laws within the framework of the new global economic order. On the other hand, the social, financial and legal consequences of arbitration awards render some governments resistant to arbitration involving public entities. They brandish the right to self-determination of peoples to guard against the depletion of their resources to the detriment of the economic, social and cultural rights of their populations. This is despite the fact that foreign direct investment plays a considerable role in the development of emerging countries. The ultimate aim of this study is to explore different avenues for striking a fair balance between public interests and the protection of private investments. This requires a paradigmatic change so as to take into account the multiple dimensions of legal disputes between the state and investors.

Passivity rule: origin and reasons. Adoption of the European directive 25/2004 and its provisions. The adoption of the European directive by major member states and passivity rule in USA and China. The economic implications of passivity rule. Possible future developments.