Bibliographie sélective OHADA

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Abuse of dominance in the digital markets. Digital markets. Art.102 TFEU: how can it be applied to digital markets? A global perspective: the evolution of the abuse of dominance in digital markets around the world. Europe: the proposal for a regulation on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector (digital market act). United States of America: a time for reforms. China: a new approach towards digital markets. The Google Shopping case: the first step for competition enforcement in digital markets. The European Commission decision (AT.39740). The general Court decision (T-612/17). The Google case in the US: completely different results. A glimpse into the future: the Google Shopping case under the DMA.

Ekonomilerin küreselleşmesi ve piyasaların globalleşmesi karşısında, ortak bir dile sahip olma arzusu giderek daha fazla hissedilmektedir. Bu ihtiyacı hafifletmek için dünya çapında, birçok ülke, kalite ve karşılaştırılabilir bilgiler için UFRS standartlarını benimsemenin uygun olduğunu düşünmüştür. Bu momentumda, SYSCOHADA muhasebe sistemi aracılığıyla OHADA alanı, 2017 yılında standartlarını UFRS ile uyumlu hale getirmeye karar vermiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartlarını (UMS/UFRS), on yedi ülkedeki tüm varlıklarının muhasebesini yöneten Afrika'da Ekonomi Hukuku'nun Uyumlaştırılması Örgütü'nün muhasebe sistemi (SYSCOHADA) ile karşılaştırmaktır. Bu karşılaştırmalı analizin amacı, yukarıdaki iki muhasebe sisteminin benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını ortaya koymaktır. Bu analiz UMS 1 : Finansal Tabloların Sunuluşu, UMS 2: Stoklar, UMS 7: Nakit Akış Tablosu, UMS 8: Muhasebe Politikaları, Muhasebe Tahminlerinde Değişiklikler Ve Hatalar, UMS 10: Raporlama Döneminden Sonraki Olaylar, UMS 12 :Gelir Vergileri, UMS 16 :Maddi Duran Varlıklar, UMS 19 :Çalışanlara Sağlanan Faydalar, UMS 20 :Devlet Teşviklerinin Muhasebeleştirilmesi Ve Devlet Yardımlarının Açıklaması, UMS 21 :Kur Değişiminin Etkileri, UMS 23 Borçlanma Maliyetleri, UMS 37 Karşılıklar, Koşullu Borçlar ve Koşullu Varlıklar, UMS 38 Maddi Olmayan Duran Varlıklar açısından yapılan muamelelere odaklanacaktır. Çalışma, her iki muhasebe standardı hakkında da iyi bir anlayışa sahip olmayı sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle, yatırımcılar ve diğer tüm kişiler, SYSCOHADA ve Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları ile ilgilenenler, bu iki muhasebe standardının finansal tablolarının karşılaştırılabilirliğini kolaylaştırmak amacıyla muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bir anlayışa sahip olabileceklerdir. Çalışma sonucunda SYSCOHADA ile Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartları arasındaki karşılaştırma birçok benzerlik ve çok az farklılık ortaya koymaktadır. Kıta Avrupası muhasebe sistemi ve Anglo-Sakson sisteminden kaynaklanan SYSOHADA hükümleri, kaynaklarını Uluslararası Muhasebe Standartlarında bulmaktadır. Ancak, bu iki standarttaki en büyük fark, SYSCOHADA için tarihsel maliyet ölçüm yöntemi ile UFRS için gerçeğe uygun değer arasındadır. In the face of the globalization of economies and the globalization of markets, the desire to have a common language is increasingly felt. To alleviate this need, many countries around the world have considered it appropriate to adopt IFRS standards for quality and comparable information. At this momentum, the OHADA field, through the SYSCOHADA accounting system, has decided to harmonize its standards with IFRS in 2017. The purpose of this study is to compare the International Accounting Standards (IAS/IFRS) with the accounting system of the Organization for the Harmonization of Economic Law in Africa (SYSCOHADA), which manages the accounting of all its assets in seventeen countries. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to reveal the similarities and differences of the above two accounting systems. This analysis will focus on the treatment of IAS 1 : presentation of financial statements IAS 2: Inventories IAS 7-cash flows IAS 8 accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors IAS 10: events after the reporting period IAS 12 income taxes IAS 16 :property, plant and equipment assets IAS 19 :employee benefits IAS 20 :accounting for government grants and government assistance, description of TMS 21 :the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates IAS 23 borrowing costs, IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, IAS 38 intangible assets . The study will allow to have a good understanding on both accounting standards. Therefore, investors and all others persons interested in the SYSCOHADA and International Accounting Standards will be able to have a good understanding on the accounting regulations in order to facilitate the comparability of the financial statements of these two accounting standards. As a result of the study, the comparison between the SYSCOHADA and international accounting standards reveals many similarities and few differences. Originating from the continental European accounting system and the Anglo-Saxon system, the provisions of the SYSOHADA find their sources in International Accounting Standards. However, the major difference in these two standards is between the historical cost measurement method for the SYSCOHADA and the fair value for IFRS.

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The recent discoveries of natural resources on both territorial and maritime borders have heightened the probability of conflicts between states specifically in the Horn of Africa and the Greater Lakes Region. As a highly volatile region, conflicts are not a foreign phenomenon which have been plaguing the region since transition to the post-colonial era. It is simple to argue that the cause of disputes is due to the arbitrary borders drawn by the European powers, however, the region is experiencing a contemporary ‘scramble and petition’ with countries racing to exploit and gain over the newfound resources. In addition to this, the rise of nationalist sentiments combined with the burgeoning population and struggle of governments to finance their domestic budgets while trying to reduce borrowing from foreign markets due to the inflation costs which makes it expensive, also plays a key role in the quest to benefit from mineral exploration and excavation. While traditional conflicts rose from land border disputes that escalated to violence especially between border communities, maritime conflicts tend to be handled in legal ways with parties seeking intervention from bodies such as the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Most cases are solved by outright delimitation of the maritime borders rather that joint management of marine land masses or natural resources based on mutual understanding or mutually assured benefits. The recent Kenya-Somalia Maritime dispute is an excellent case study. The aim of this research is to not only show alternative dispute resolution methods that can be used in maritime border disputes but also analyse the switch from pacific means of settlement of disputes to judicial intervention of the court. It begins by looking at the evolution of land border disputes between the two states, touches on the maritime dispute and their diplomatic, economic and security relationship. It further critically analyses the points of view of the two countries and the court’s ruling. Finally, it examines alternative dispute settlement mechanism that could have been used.

O Regime Jurídico do Direito da Concorrência em Angola é recente. Com este regime pretende-se que o mercado angolano tenha como fundamento as regras que estabelecem as bases comuns de relacionamento entre os diferentes agentes económicos do mercado. A actual Lei Constitucional Angolana estabelece o princípio da coexistência de diversos tipos de sectores de actividades, nomeadamente, (i) o sector público, (ii) sector privado e (iii) cooperativo, garantindo a todos igualdade de oportunidades e liberdade económica, mas sujeitando-os aos princípios universais e modernos da economia de mercado, na base dos princípios e valores da sã concorrência, da moralidade e da ética. De acordo com a orientação constitucional, Angola possui um sistema de economia de mercado, todavia, o que se verifica na prática é a presença de um sector empresarial público forte e robusto, como resultado do sistema económico que vinha vigorando desde a independência, por um lado, e da existência de uma legislação conservadora que limita a liberdade de iniciativa do sector privado, mantendo boa parte das actividades económicas como áreas de reservas do Estado, por outro lado. Ao mesmo tempo que se verifica a resistência do Estado em manter áreas reservadas apenas para o sector público, assistimos a ascensão do Direito da Concorrência e os princípios a ele inerentes. Hoje, a legislação pertinente sobre o sector económico orienta-nos para uma visão que privilegie a concretização da economia de mercado e, por isso mesmo, muitos actos têm sido praticados com este fim, nomeadamente, mas sem a isto se limitar, foram actualizadas a Lei do Sector Empresarial Público, a Lei de Base das Privatizações e outras conexas, todas no sentido de adequa-las ao novo figurino da Constituição Angolana e ao novo regime do Direito da Concorrência. A questão é saber se todos estes actos e o próprio conteúdo da Lei da Concorrência permitem-nos afirmar, sem reservas, que o peso que o sector empresarial público tem no mercado angolano é controlado e não viola as regras elementares do Regime Jurídico do Direito da Concorrência.

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La téléphonie mobile occupe une place importante dans notre société. Nous sommes passés de téléphones n’ayant que pour principale fonction la communication, à de véritables instruments de développement économiques. Désormais utilisées dans le monde entier et adopté par des populations issues de toutes les classes sociales, les transactions effectuées par la téléphonie mobile doivent aujourd’hui indéniablement être astreintes à un encadrement juridique efficace, orienté sur la protection des consommateurs de ces services. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous avons décidé de nous consacrer à l’analyse des prestations de services de paiements mobiles. Ces dernières, qui sont particulièrement appréciées des populations africaines, nous ont menés à analyser le contrat qui lie les consommateurs de ces services. Malgré l’existence de certaines règles importantes, il est apparu que de nombreuses insuffisances mettant en danger le consommateur pouvaient être relevées. Cette réalité n’est que le fruit de plusieurs obstacles qui se dressent face à l’élaboration d’un cadre juridique adapté aux consommateurs. Ils proviennent essentiellement du fait que le continent africain n’est autre que celui qui accueille cette nouvelle technologie, qui n’a pas encore été appréhendée par d’autres continents dont certains États membres ont longtemps constitué un exemple pour ceux-ci. Même au sein du continent africain, les efforts déployés par certains États d’Afrique de l’Est n’ont pu être textuellement retranscrits, au vu de la particularité de chaque État, et de chaque système juridique. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous verrons comment le législateur pourrait être en mesure de réduire les inégalités qui existent entre le consommateur d’une part, et les professionnels d’autre part.

La circulation en ligne des médicaments est une réalité de notre monde numérique. Elle s’exprime entre autres à travers la circulation des informations, des services, des idées, des produits. Au regard du rôle du médicament dans le cadre de la thérapie de soins, ce nouveau mode de distribution ne peut être régi uniquement par le cadre juridique d’ordre général applicable au commerce électronique. Le médicament, avant d’être un produit du commerce, est un produit de santé publique ; et l’accès à ce dernier un « droit humain ». En raison de cet ensemble d’éléments, l’entrée du médicament dans le « marché numérique » soulève plusieurs enjeux juridiques ; et justifie la réticence du législateur (au sens classique) qu’il soit national ou international. Cette réticence qui remet en cause le principe de libre circulation des biens et des services, est due à un certain nombre de défis que pose la création d’un circuit de distribution fiable dans le cyberespace. Ces défis sont liés à la définition des normes devant régir la création d’une architecture au sein de laquelle il est facile d’effectuer les contrôles qui garantissent la qualité des produits pharmaceutiques. En outre, la création du « marché électronique » du médicament suppose la définition des acteurs aptes à assurer le bon fonctionnement de cette architecture. Bien plus, il s’agit de la capacité de nos systèmes juridiques à définir un corpus normatif capable de réguler les incidences de la numérisation du circuit de distribution sur les pratiques et les relations entre les différents acteurs. L’objectif visé est de favoriser la disponibilité du « bon médicament pour le bon patient et au bon moment ». Or dans une analyse pragmatique et à l’heure actuelle du développement de la connaissance du cyberespace, la définition d’un tel corpus normatif n’est pas aisée en raison du caractère sans cesse changeant du « marché électronique » qui ne permet pas d’avoir des cadres de références stables. L’idée que nous avons partagée dans le cadre de cette analyse est celle selon laquelle ces défis ne devraient pas nous empêcher de travailler à la création d’un système légal de distribution en ligne qui définit le statut juridique des différents acteurs intervenant dans le circuit de distribution. En bref, un système qui fixe les cadres de références qui régissent l’architecture au sein duquel se font les opérations en ligne; et qui protège les cyberpatients tout en les transformant en « actients ». Pour ainsi dire, des « cyberconsommateurs » outillés sur les procédures de contrôle et de recours possibles en cas de préjudice subi, car dans le déni de construire un système de distribution légal, on laisse la place à la prolifération d’un réseau illégal de distribution en ligne.

O presente trabalho tem como objeto o regime especial dos grupos de sociedades comerciais à luz do direito angolano. O principal objetivo é dar o nosso contributo para a estrutura académica do país, para um melhor conhecimento do regime, da sua grande dimensão e aplicabilidade. Dada a possibilidade de ser benéfico para diversas áreas que envolvem o regime dos grupos de sociedades. Numa época em que o país está passar por uma crise económica e sofre uma grande restruturação, o conhecimento desse regime especial é importante, não apenas para a parte académica como para muitos empresários conhecerem outros regimes societários alternativos e dinâmicos com uma outra perspetiva. Tendo uma abordagem expansiva e o conhecimento não apenas do regime angolano como dos outros países que fazem parte da comunidade lusófona. Por fim, terminamos o trabalho com a apresentação de algumas soluções e propostas compostas por um leque diversificado devido à falta de atenção por parte das instituições públicas e conhecimento dentro do sector académico.

The nexus between climate-related risks and financial risk. From nuclear to climate apocalypse. The turning point: Paris agreement and UN 2030 agenda for sustainable development. The VUCA world. The European Union as pioneer of ESG revolution. Climate-related risks in the banking sector. The EBA framework of ESG risk for financial institutions. The principles for responsible banking. Environmental-related risk assessment. The mispricing of the environmental-related risks. The environmental-related disclosure as a risk mitigation tool. How do UniCredit assess, monitor and mitigate climaterelated risks. UniCredit’s financial risk management framework. Comparison with KPMG benchmark.