Bibliographie sélective OHADA

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu m. 531'de anonim şirketin özel sona erme hallerinden biri olarak haklı sebeplerle fesih düzenlenmiştir. Bu düzenleme ile 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu döneminde anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinin mümkün olup olmadığı yönündeki tartışmalar sona ermiş ve anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi kurumu hukukumuza kazandırılmıştır. Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi, haklı sebeplerin varlığı durumunda, sermayenin en az onda birini ve halka açık şirketlerde yirmide birini temsil eden pay sahipleri tarafından istenebilir. Anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshi davası şirket merkezinin bulunduğu yer asliye ticaret mahkemesinde açılır. Kanunda anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep kavramı tanımlanmamış ve haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlara örnek gösterilmemiştir. Kanun gerekçesinde bu kavramın niteliklerinin gösterilmesinin ve tanımlanmasının yargı kararları ve doktrine bırakıldığı belirtilmiştir. İleri sürülen sebeplerin haklı sebep olarak kabul edilip edilmemesi mahkemenin takdirindedir. Yargılama sonucunda mahkemenin şirketin feshine, davacı pay sahiplerinin paylarının değerinin ödenerek şirketten çıkarılmasına veya uygun düşen ve kabul edilebilir diğer bir çözüme karar verme yetkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamız kapsamında anonim şirketin haklı sebeple feshinde haklı sebep teşkil edebilecek durumlar incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme yapılırken kanun metni ve gerekçesi, doktrinde ileri sürülen görüşler ve yargı kararları ile çalışmamız desteklenmiştir. Article 531 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 regulates the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause as one of its special grounds for termination. With the introduction of this provision, the debates regarding whether the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause was possible under the period of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6762 have been resolved, and the institution of dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause has been incorporated into our legal system. The dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause may be requested by shareholders representing at least one-tenth of the capital, or one-twentieth in publicly traded companies, in the presence of just causes. The lawsuit for the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause is filed in the commercial court where the company's head office is located. The law does not define the concept of "just cause" in the context of the dissolution of a joint stock company, nor does it provide examples of situations that might constitute just cause. According to the legislative intent, the determination and definition of the characteristics of this concept are left to judicial decisions and legal doctrine. Whether the reasons presented are accepted as just cause is at the discretion of the court. Following the trial, the court has the authority to decide on the dissolution of the company, the payment of the value of the shares to the plaintiff shareholders in exchange for their exit from the company, or another suitable and acceptable solution. This study examines situations that may constitute just cause for the dissolution of a joint stock company for just cause. In this analysis, the text and rationale of the law, views expressed in legal doctrine and judicial decisions have been taken into account.

Despite the emergence of corporate governance as a formal discipline more than thirty years ago, the proliferation internationally of scholarly work on the topic and its formal regulation over this period, the scope, definition and direction of corporate governance remain contested. Company theories could potentially assist in this regard but have been inconsistent in their explanations of the both the means and ends of corporate governance. This has led to scepticism about the efficacy of theories to illuminate the phenomena associated with companies and company law. Notwithstanding, theory is critical as it makes explicit what is implicit in policymaking by regulators, as well as in the behaviour and decision-making by corporate actors, so that regulation and decisions are transparent for analysis and evaluation. The study, therefore, set out to provide a synthesis and doctrinal analysis of the main theories on the nature and general purpose of corporations in historical context. It was found that objections can be raised against all of these theories to a greater or lesser extent for inaccurate portrayal of the law, limited explanatory power and detachment from the real word. This study shows that corporate theories are a product of the settings in which they have developed and consequently none of these theories represents a universal or absolute truth, nor are they an inevitability due to widespread adoption and use. This leaves room for new formulations of the corporate form and its purpose fit for today’s context with its political, social and environmental challenges. This dissertation also includes further directions for theoretical exploration.

This paper constitutes a composite analysis of the legal framework and procedures for removing directors and the key challenges presented by the framework. It achieves this by looking at four legal questions: Firstly, it looks into what is the legal framework for director removal in South Africa, secondly, it delves into the challenges and/or uncertainties presented by this process, and further explores if there are any possible learnings South Africa can learn from foreign jurisdiction.

With the adoption of the Act to amend the Environment Quality Act in order to reinforce compliance in 2011, the legislator came to establish a system of administrative monetary penalties for the protection of the environment. This new regime aims for a faster sanction that can be issued directly by the administrative power. This new sanction not only strengthens the applicability of the Environment Quality Act, but it also adds an additional burden to Quebec businesses. The objective of this thesis is to understand to what extent the system of administrative monetary penalties impacts the liability of administrators. To do this, we will first present the Environment Quality Act, which mainly governs the protection of the environment in Quebec, and above all describe the nature and objective of this system of administrative monetary penalties. Next, we will deal with certain aspects of this regime which have implications for administrator's liability. Finally, we will attempt to briefly introduce some of the observations we have made regarding the challenges and limitations of this administrative regime. Avec l’adoption de la Loi modifiant la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement afin d’en renforcer le respect en 2011, le législateur est venu instaurer un régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires en matière de protection de l’environnement. Ce nouveau régime vise une sanction plus rapide qui peut être émise directement par le pouvoir administratif. Cette nouvelle sanction renforce non seulement l’applicabilité de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement, mais elle ajoute en même temps un fardeau supplémentaire aux entreprises québécoises. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires impacte la responsabilité des administrateurs. Pour ce faire, nous allons d’abord présenter la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement qui encadre principalement la protection de l’environnement au Québec et surtout décrire la nature et l’objectif de ce régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires. Ensuite, nous traiterons de certains aspects de ce régime qui entraînent des conséquences au niveau de la responsabilité des administrateurs. Finalement, nous tenterons d’introduire brièvement certaines remarques que nous avons tirées concernant les défis et limites de ce régime administratif.

This work aims to analyze the aggregation of creditors into classes within the scope of judicial reorganization in accordance with Law No. 11.101/2005, as well as the procedural and principled impacts involved, such as the approval of the judicial reorganization plan, the aggregation of creditors into classes, the voting system, and the principles of par condicio creditorum and preservation of the company. It aims to identify gaps and mechanisms that may lead to the distortion of the intended purpose and presents premises and hypotheses for limiting and practically implementing the topic to avoid abusive practices. Thus, this work presents brief introductory and fundamental notions about judicial reorganization by the presentation of basic concepts related to the judicial reorganization plan and the division of creditors into classes, demonstrating the origins, objectives, and expectations of the establishment of classes as presented in Law No. 11.101/2005. Furthermore, specific study objectives include analyzing how the division of classes of creditors affects the voting on the judicial reorganization plan and how the possibility of creating subclasses - such as strategic creditors - has been addressed and its direct and indirect effects on the procedure and involved creditors. Next, this work verifies the legal provisions on the topic - such as Article 41 of Law No. 11.101/2005 as well as the consequences and impasses observed throughout the years of the law\'s existence that demands attention and changes to ensure that treatment of creditors in the context of reorganization occurs in a more just and appropriate manner for all parties involved. Thereby, alternative solutions will be presented for better management of the judicial reorganization procedure regarding creditor classes and subdivisions to ensure and preserve the objective of judicial reorganization, always considering the economic, political, and social factors that influence the analysis of the company\'s economic viability, which are constantly changing.

مسؤولية الشركات التجارية في الجانب الجنائي هي مفهوم قانوني يحدد امكانية مساءلة الشركات او المؤسسات التجارية جنائيا عن الجرائم التي ترتكب في اطار أنشطتها. تاريخيا كان يتم ملاحقة ومساءلة الأفراد جنائيا فقط عن افعالهم الاجرامية ومع طفرة قانون الأعمال وتزايد الوعي بضرورة مساءلة الشركات اصبحت مسؤولية الشركات التجارية جزائيا واقعا في العديد من البلدان. Corporate criminal liability is a legal concept that determines the possibility of holding corporations or commercial entities criminally accountable for crimes committed within the scope of their activities. Historically, only individuals were pursued and held criminally responsible for their criminal actions. However, with the evolution of business law and increased awareness of the need to hold corporations accountable, corporate criminal liability has become a reality in many countries Corporate criminal liability is based on the principle that a corporation can be considered an independent entity separate from its directors, employees, and shareholders. Therefore, if a criminal offense is committed within the company's operations, it can be prosecuted and tried independently of the individuals associated with it. The specific criminal offenses for which corporations can be held accountable vary according to national legislation, but they typically include acts such as fraud, bribery, money laundering, tax evasion, environmental violations, human rights abuses, forgery, unfair competition, and others. When a corporation is criminally prosecuted, it can face severe penalties, including hefty fines, asset seizure, dissolution of the

تحتل حماية الغير المتعامل مع الشركات التجارية مكانة مهمة في القانون التجاري حيث كرس لها المشرع العديد من الأحكام والمبادئ القانونية التي تساهم في إستقرار المعاملات التجارية للشركات التجارية من جهة، والتي تدعم الثقة في معاملات الشركة مع محيطها الخارجي من جهة أخرى، وذلك نظرا للدور الذي يؤديه الغير في تطوير و إزدهار الشركة وتشجيع المتعاملين للإستثمار في هذا القطاع الاقتصادي المهم. قام المشرع بخطوات مهمة جعل من خلالها الغير يتدخل في حياة الشركة ونشاطها وذلك تخفيفا لآثار إعتبار هذا الغير عضوا خارجيا لا علم له بما يجري داخل الشركة التجارية، لكن تبني المشرع لأنظمة قانونية من أجل الغير لا يعني بلوغ النصوص القانونية هدفها الذي قررت من أجله . The protection of third parties dealing with commercial companies occupies an important place in the commercial law, as the legislator devoted many legal provisions and principles to it that contribute to the stability of commercial transactions of commercial companies on the one hand, and that support confidence in the company’s transactions with its external environment on the other hand, due to the role it plays Others contribute to the development and prosperity of the company and encourage customers to invest in this important economic sector. The legislator took important steps through which he made third parties interfere in the life and activity of the company in order to mitigate the effects of considering this third party as an external member who has no knowledge of what is going on inside the commercial company, but the legislator’s adoption of legal systems for the sake of third parties does not mean that the legal texts have reached their goal for which they were decided

شركة المساهمة هي شركة أموال، لا يقل عدد شركائها عن سبعة شركاء يسمون بالمساهمين تتمثل حصصهم في الشركة بأسهم متساوية القيمة سهلة التداول لا يسأل هؤلاء عن ديون الشركة الا في حدود قيمة الأسهم التي اكتتبوا فيها، وكأي شركة وجب توفر الأركان الموضوعية العامة والخاصة والشكلية وإذا اختلف أحد هذه الأركان يعرضها للبطلان إما نسبي أو مطلق. وضع المشرع الجزائري طريقتين لتأسيس شركة المساهمة إما باللجوء العلني للادخار أو بدون اللجوء العلني للادخار أو بما يعرف بالتأسيس الفوري وتتميز المرحلتين بإجراءات معقدة، يقوم المؤسسون في كلتي المرحلتين بإعداد القانون الأساسي عن طريق جمعية عامة تأسيسية والمصادقة على الشروط المتفق عليها ووضع الشركة للجمهور قصد الاكتتاب فيها إذا ما لجأ المؤسسون لطريقة اللجوء العلني للادخار . أخيرا تسجيل الشركة في السجل التجاري كخطوة أخيرة من مراحل تأسيس الشركة. وأي مخالفة من شأنها تعطيل السير الحسن لتأسيس الشركة يعرضها للبطلان وتعدا المشرع البطلان إلا قيام مسؤولية مدنية وجزائية بتسليط عقوبات رادعة في حق المتخاذلين والمتعمدين في إفشال مشروع الشركة. A joint stock company is a company of funds, the number of its partners is not less than seven partners called shareholders whose shares in the company are represented by shares of equal value easy to trade, these are not responsible for the company's debts except within the limits of the value of the shares in which they subscribed, and like any company, we must provide the general, private and formal pillars, and if one of these pillars differs, it exposes it to invalidity, either relative or absolute. The Algerian legislator has developed two ways to establish a joint stock company, either by public resort to savings or without public resort to saving, or what is known as immediate incorporation, and the two stages are characterized by complex procedures, the founders in both stages prepare the basic law through a constituent general assembly, ratify the agreed terms and place the company for the public in order to subscribe to it if the founders resort to the method of public resort to savings, so that the company is finally registered in the commercial register as a final step of the company's establishment Any violation that may disrupt the proper functioning of the establishment of the com-pany exposes the company to invalidity and the legislator transgresses the nullity, except for civil and criminal liability to impose deterrent penalties against the negligent and deliberate in thwarting the company's project

Le constat de l’obsolescence du droit africain a fait germer l’idée de créer une réglementation moderne et adaptée à l’économie des pays africains dans l’esprit des décideurs africains. L’entreprise s’était révélée nécessaire en raison de l’absence jusque-là de tout effort législatif destiné à épousseter la législation africaine postcoloniale alors qu’ailleurs, en France et dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, le droit des affaires était à mise à jour permanente ; constamment les textes y sont modifiés parce que le monde est soumis à de constants bouleversements. C’est dans ce contexte que l’OHADA a été instituée par le Traité constitutif signé à Port Louis (Ile Maurice) en Avril 1993, entré en vigueur le 18 septembre 1995, il a été révisé à Québec en 2008 . Le droit Ohada est un système juridique et judiciaire qui vise à garantir la sécurité juridique des affaires en adoptant un droit commun des affaires dont l’interprétation est confiée à une seule instance juridictionnelle, la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage. Il est composé aujourd’hui de dix-sept (17) Etats d’Afrique subsaharienne ayant en commun un même droit des affaires.

This research traces the developments of the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company and looks at how these developments affect human rights and interests of stakeholders. The main focus of the study is on the human rights impact of this duty. Initially, this duty was only regulated in terms of common law which proved to be problematic. The problem with common law lies within the definition of ‘best interests of the company’, which not only exclude the interests of other stakeholders but also has the potential to bring about violation of human rights, particularly the rights to equality, dignity and fair labour practice. At common law best interests of the company means interests of the company itself and its shareholders. The common law only protects the company and its shareholders, while excluding the rights and interests of stakeholders. The common law duty to in the best interests of the company is not in line with our contemporary law because it ignores human rights. The neglect of human rights by this duty renders it inconsistent with the values contained in the Constitution. Furthermore, the exclusion of stakeholders’ rights by this duty cannot be justified because stakeholders play an important part in safeguarding the stability and continued existence of the companies. The fiduciary duty to act in company’s best interests is now contained in the Companies Act of 2008. Inclusion of this duty in the Act enables our courts to interpret it in a manner that protects human rights and which takes into account interests of other stakeholders. Section 7 (a) of the Act provides that among other goals of the Act is the promotion of compliance with the Bill of Rights when applying the company law. The impact of section 7 is that it imposes an indirect duty on directors to consider the human rights impact of their decisions. Section 158 of the Act enables the courts to “develop common law as it is necessary to improve the realisation and enjoyment of rights established by the Companies Act of 2008.” Given this recognition of the Bill of Rights by the Companies Act, it’s of vital importance that our courts should interpret and apply the duty to act in the best interests of the company in manner that is consistent with the Constitution. Directors are now obliged to pay attention to the human rights impact of their decisions.

A presente investigação tem como objecto a Sociedade Unipessoal de Direito angolano. Com o desenvolvimento da mesma, ambicionamos prestar um contributo para a compreensão do regime jurídico positivo da unipessoalidade no Ordenamento Jurídico angolano. É um facto que o reconhecimento legislativo da Sociedade Unipessoal representa o acompanhamento, pelo Direito, da evolução da realidade económica, estabelecendo-se assim a necessária correspondência entre a realidade e o Direito. É do mesmo modo um facto que a Sociedade Unipessoal contraria a dogmática básica do Direito Societário, assente na ideia de que sociedade é uma realidade de que apenas uma pluralidade de indivíduos pode fazer recurso, ao ponto de se considerar a sociedade constituída por uma única pessoa uma autêntica contradictio in terminis. Portanto, o reconhecimento da unipessoalidade societária como uma situação ordinária, para além de acrescentar valores próprios ao ordenamento jurídico-societário, levanta uma série de questões que vão desde a contradição terminológica aos problemas concretos que apenas se levantam na presença da sociedade unipessoal ou que nelas se levantam com mais acuidade. A análise problemática de algumas perplexidades que se levantam no âmbito da Sociedade unipessoal ocupa as páginas do presente estudo.

A presente dissertação de Mestrado visa analisar e apresentar uma reflexão mais abrangente e aprofundada sobre a problemática inerente às sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto no Direito da OHADA, nunca antes tratada pela doutrina nacional e (ou pela doutrina da OHADA) especializada, cujo resultado final esperamos poder contribuir, em certa medida, para o reforço da segurança jurídica e judiciária nos Estado-Membros da OHADA. As sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto podem perturbar (e, efetivamente, perturbam) o exercício legítimo de atividades comerciais, uma vez que geram a insegurança jurídica e judiciária para investidores e para o comércio em geral. Com efeito, trata-se de realidades societárias, por vezes, constituídas e dissolvidas à margem do quadro legal vigente. À luz do artigo 98.º do Ato Uniforme Relativo as Sociedades Comerciais (AUS), todas as sociedades comerciais adquirem a personalidade jurídica a partir da sua matrícula no Registo do Comércio e do Crédito Mobiliário. Por isso, a maior parte da doutrina tem perdido demasiado tempo e energia na exegese deste preceito, deduzindo nele o efeito constitutivo do registo. Porém, temos para nós que a génese da sociedade reside na vontade das partes, tendo o registo o efeito principal de atribuição de um privilégio comercial de limitação da responsabilidade. Todavia, o registo não deixa de ser condicionante da plenitude da personalidade. A sociedade resulta de um contrato e não, necessariamente, do mero facto.

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2016/17). Tutora: Dra. Patricia Márquez Lobillo. Ante la conducta por la que el administrador social causa un daño al patrimonio de la sociedad, la Ley de Sociedades de Capital ofrece un mecanismo por el cual poder exigirle la reparación del daño, mediante la acción social de responsabilidad, que podrá ser ejercida por la sociedad, los socios o terceros, con la finalidad de restablecer el patrimonio social. Este trabajo nace con la intención de ofrecer un enfoque práctico para el ejercicio de la acción, estudiando los elementos necesarios que han de cumplirse en cada uno de los legitimados para poder ejercitarla eficazmente y cómo actuar frente a la acción por quien no esté de acuerdo a su ejercicio. Para todo ello se apoya el trabajo en la jurisprudencia más actual y relevante en cada supuesto.

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2014/15). Tutora: Patricia Benavides Velasco. El objetivo del presente trabajo no es más que exponer una síntesis, lo más completa posible, de la materia que nos ocupa, a saber, la exclusión del socio en sociedades de capital, específicamente, en la Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada. Se ha pretendido mostrar las distintas perspectivas doctrinales, jurisprudenciales o de otra índole que, a nuestro juicio, hemos considerado más relevantes, posicionándonos argumentativamente junto a aquellas que creemos más acordes con lo que predica la legislación reguladora de la figura estudiada. Se trata de ofrecer una visión global y reflexiva del instituto de la exclusión, tocando todos los aspectos que inciden directamente en ella – al menos eso hemos procurado - , y haciendo especial hincapié en sus causas - punto esencial sobre el que gira la institución - , todo ello sin perjuicio de las humildes opiniones aportadas y reflexiones que pudiéramos plantear, de cuyo riesgo no abjuramos todavía. El resto queda en manos de nuestro lector.

Tüm sermaye şirketlerinde, "sermaye" niteleyicisinin de belirttiği üzere, hissedarların şirket borçlarına karşı sorumluluğu, hissedarların şirkete hisse katılım değerleriyle sınırlı olduğu prensibi kabul edilir. Aynı şekilde, hissedarların ticari kararlardaki ağırlığı aynı sınırlama prensibine bağlı olarak belirlenir. Ticari şirketler hakkındaki Türk yasalarında ve Afrika Ticaret Kanunu Uyum Örgütünün (Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique des droits des affaires, OHADA) yasalarında, sermaye şirketlerinde, "hissedarların sorumluluk ve ağırlığı prensiplerinin" sıkı bir şekilde korunduğunu gözlemleriz. Hissedarların genel olağan ve olağanüstü kurulları, genellikle, şirketin günlük yönetimini aşan kararları alma yetkisine sahiptir. Bu kararlar kesin belirlenmiş bir çoğunluğa göre alınır. Sermaye şirketlerinin günlük yönetimi alanında kalan bütün kararlar, bahsi geçen şirketlerin ticari katılım oranlarına göre – aslında hissedarlardakileri gelen – şirketlerin yönetim organlarının yetkilerinden kaynaklanır. Sermaye şirketlerinde, genel kurullar veya yönetim organları tarafından alınan, tüm kararlar, bu şirket hissedarları bahse geçen kurullara veya organlara katılmalarsalar bile, tüm şirket hissedarları için geçerli, uygulanabilir veya muhalefet edilebilirlerdir. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında şöyle bir çıkarımda bulunabiliriz: bu tür şirketlerde, hisselerin çoğunluğunu elinde bulunduran hissedarlar, bu şirketleri idare etme yetkisini de aynı zamanda elinde bulundurmaktadırlar. Birçok aynı durumda, çoğunluk hissedarları ve azınlık hissedarları arasındaki menfaat çatışmalarını gözlemleyebiliriz. Oybirliği veya nitelikli çoğunluk gerektiren kararlar dışında, çoğunluk hissedarları, olağan ve olağanüstü kurallarda tüm yetkiyi ellerinde bulundurmaktadır. Aynı şekilde, sermaye şirketlerinin yönetim organlarında, çoğunluk hissedarları her zaman yöneticileri tayin etmektedir. Bu koşullarda, kararların alınmasında, çoğunluğun azınlığın menfaatlerinin göz önüne aldığı durumlarla karşılaşmak pek olanaklı değildir. Bu nedenle, çoğunluğun karşılıklı menfaatleri ve azınlığın menfaatleri arasındaki denge sorunu, genellikle çoğunluğa karşı azınlığın haklarının ve menfaatlerinin korunması sorunuyla bir tutulmayı hak etmektedir. Özellikle, çoğunluğu kontrol etmek yoluyla suiistimalleri önlemek veya hissedarlar arasındaki çatışmaları azaltmak için, azınlığa bazı haklar ve yetkiler vermek suretiyle azınlığı korumak esastır. Ancak, bu hak ve yetkilerin kapsamı "çoğunluk tarafından yönetim prensibi" ile sınırlandırılmalıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, OHADA ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ticaret hukukunda yer aldığı şekliyle, sermaye şirketlerinde azınlığın korunması hakkındaki uygulanan yolları analiz ettik. Bununla beraber, azınlık hissedarlarının korunması hakkında statü düzenlemelerini analiz edebilmek için, OHADA ve Türk hukukundaki, bazı sermaye şirketlerinin esas sözleşmelerini örnek olarak aldık. Hissedarlar, bu sözleşmelerde, yasalarda öngörülen düzenlemelerden daha iyi düzenlemeleri öngörme olasılığına sahip olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarının, Afrikalı ve Türk hukukçular için olduğu kadar OHADA'ya üye ülkelerden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne yatırım yapmak isteyen herkes için yararlı olacağı inancındayız. Dans les sociétés commerciales des capitaux, il existe le principe de délimitation des responsabilités des actionnaires par rapport aux dettes sociales et aux prises de décisions sociales. En lisant attentivement la législation turque sur les sociétés commerciales et la législation de l'Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique des droits des affaires « Ohada» en sigle, nous observons également l'existence de ce principe de délimitation des responsabilités et de poids des actionnaires dans les sociétés commerciales des capitaux prévues dans toutes les deux législations. En Droit de l'Ohada tout comme en Droit Turc des sociétés commerciales, les assemblées générales des actionnaires dans les sociétés des capitaux, disposent de la compétence de prendre les décisions sur la politique générale et qui dépassent la gestion quotidienne des sociétés. Les décisions des assemblées générales sont prises, selon la majorité bien déterminée au cas par cas. Tandis que, les organes de gestion de ces sociétés, disposent des compétences pour décider sur la gestion quotidienne desdites sociétés. Toutes les décisions prises tant par les assemblées générales des actionnaires que par les organes de gestion des sociétés commerciales des capitaux, demeurent valables et opposables à tous les actionnaires sociaux; même à l'égard des actionnaires qui n'y ont pas participé. Au regard de cette observation, il nous est logique d'affirmer que dans les sociétés des capitaux, ce sont les actionnaires majoritaires qui disposent logiquement tous les pouvoirs de décider sur les sorts sociaux. Dans pareilles conditions, nous pouvons observer que les conflits d'intérêts entre les actionnaires majoritaires et ceux minoritaires, sont inévitables. Sauf pour les décisions qui nécessitent l'unanimité ou celles qui requièrent une majorité qualifiée, les actionnaires majoritaires détiennent tous les pouvoirs des décisions dans les assemblées et même dans les organes de gestion car, ce sont toujours les actionnaires majoritaires qui désignent les dirigeants de ces sociétés en fonctions de leurs poids sociaux. Il est ainsi peu probable que la majorité prenne en considération les intérêts de la minorité dans la prise des décisions. Pour cette raison, la question d'établir l'équilibre entre les intérêts respectifs des actionnaires majoritaires et ceux des minoritaires, mérite d'être assimilée en général à la question de la protection des droits et intérêts de la minorité contre la majorité. Plus précisément, il est indispensable de protéger la minorité en lui accordant certains droits et pouvoirs pour qu'elle puisse contrôler la majorité aux fins de prévenir les abus ou de limiter les conflits entre les actionnaires. Cependant, l'étendue de ces droits et de ces pouvoirs mérite d'être limitée par le principe de la gestion sociale par la majorité. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons analysé la manière dont les actionnaires minoritaires sont protégés dans les législations de l'Ohada et turque. En plus, nous avons approfondi notre étude avec les analyses des dispositions statutaires y relatives d'une dizaine des sociétés commerciales des capitaux de deux Droits concernés car, les actionnaires disposent légalement le pouvoir d'en prévoir meilleur que ce qui était prévu par les législateurs. Nous sommes convaincus que les résultats de cette étude, seront théoriquement bénéfiques pour les juristes qui s'intéressent aux Droits turc et de l'Ohada et pratiquement importants pour toute personne qui souhaite investir tant dans la République de Turquie que dans l'un des dix-sept (17) pays membres de l'Ohada.

L’étude de ce mémoire porte sur le divorce du chef d’entreprise individuelle marié sous le régime légal de la communauté de biens réduite aux acquêts. Si l'entreprise correspond à une réalité économique, très souvent, on va évoquer le régime de la notion et les éléments qui la composent sans jamais au préalable définir ce qu’est une entreprise du point de vue juridique. Elle semble pouvoir être définie comme une structure sans personnalité juridique, composée d'un ensemble de biens et de personnes permettant la réalisation d'opérations qui caractérisent une activité professionnelle. Mais l'entreprise n'est pas pour autant dépourvue de valeur et celle-ci, au regard des régimes matrimoniaux, est forcément propre ou commune. Le choix de la forme juridique se fera entre l'immatriculation sous forme d'entreprise individuelle, ou sous forme de société. Le divorce entraîne de nombreuses conséquences tant patrimoniales qu’extrapatrimoniales. L’entreprise, et plus particulièrement celle exploitée sous forme individuelle, n’échappe pas à cet événement. Or, les conséquences financières d’un divorce peuvent se révéler tout aussi dévastatrices que celles d’une procédure collective (redressement judiciaire, liquidation judiciaire) non seulement pour l’entreprise elle-même mais, avant tout, pour le dirigeant, pour son conjoint et ses collaborateurs. Il s’agira d’expliquer dans un premier temps que le sort de l’entreprise individuelle dépend de sa nature. À savoir si elle est un bien est propre au chef d’entreprise ou un actif de communauté. À un moment où la communauté n'existera plus, comment sera gérée l’entreprise le temps de procéder au partage ? Le sort des biens non encore partagés et des revenus qu’ils génèrent est en effet source d’interrogations; Par ailleurs, il peut s’avérer que le conjoint du chef d’entreprise individuelle participait avant le divorce à l’exploitation de l’entreprise. Comment seront évalués et partagés les biens dans ces conditions ou chacun des deux protagonistes a intérêt à se voir attribuer l’entreprise au moment du partage ? Quelles sont les conséquences d'un divorce sur la pérennité de l'entreprise ? Pour répondre à ces questions, les analyses juridiques et financières dont le champ d’investigation est l’entreprise familiale au sein de laquelle l’époux entrepreneur exerce son activité professionnelle sont indispensables.

This study interrogates corporate governance practices within Kenya’s State Corporations with particular reference to the appointment and dismissal of directors of the Boards of these corporations. It recognizes that these directors are the anchors for the implementation of corporate governance practices in these corporations. The appointment and dismissal of these directors have been based on, inter alia, political considerations kinship, patronage, ethnicity and other non objective criteria other than merit. This has often impacted negatively on the performance of these corporations. This study traces the evolution of corporate governance generally, documents it’s historical development in Kenya and examines the current practices on the appointment and dismissal of directors of boards of state corporations. The data collected targeted a majority of State Corporations which demonstrates that past criteria for Directors recruitment and their dismissal was based on non objective criteria. The study is instructive on the fact that though best practice and corporate governance principles have not been fully embraced in the appointment and dismissal of Directors of Boards of State Corporations there is a positive move towards the adoption of these principles in such appointments and dismissals. The impetus for this was the promulgation of the Kenya constitution 2010 which is itself a good corporate governance document.

Trabajo fin Curso de Experto. Tutor: Salvador González Martín. El incumplimiento del deber de instar la disolución cuando se incurran en las causas para ello según la normativa mercantil vigente, y en concreto, cuando las pérdidas dejen reducido el patrimonio neto por debajo del capital social (artículo 363.1.d LSC), es sancionado por la jurisprudencia con la responsabilidad solidaria de los administradores que, debiendo convocar la celebración de la Junta General que acuerde la disolución o habiendo sido el acuerdo contrario a la misma, no lo haga o no inste la disolución judicial de la sociedad desde el momento en que se tiene conocimiento o debió conocerse la situación de disolución. Se trata de una responsabilidad ex lege y cuasi-objetiva que no exige de otro incumplimiento que la inactividad en la convocatoria de la Junta general. En los siguientes apartados se realiza un breve estudio sobre las obligaciones de los administradores, asociadas a su deber de diligencia e información, y la relación existente entre el incumplimiento de dichas obligaciones y la responsabilidad solidaria de éstos por las deudas generadas con posterioridad a la situación de disolución.Finalmente, se incorpora una propuesta de análisis preliminar y periódico de la situación de la sociedad que el administrador debe realizar y un planteamiento práctico de la intervención del perito contable en la acreditación de la situación de desequilibrio patrimonial.

Dans la foulée des scandales financiers ayant secoué le milieu des affaires ces dernières années, l’efficacité des pratiques de régie d’entreprise, et, en particulier celles liées à l’indépendance des administrateurs, a été passée au crible. L’administrateur désigné par une partie pour la représenter est un type d’administrateur que l’on rencontre fréquemment au sein des conseils d’administration des entreprises. Toutefois, l’on peut se questionner sur l’indépendance réelle de ces administrateurs, considérant leur loyauté envers la personne les ayant désignés, laquelle détient habituellement un intérêt à titre d’actionnaire ou de partie prenante dans l’entreprise visée. En outre, alors que les principes légaux requièrent que les administrateurs agissent dans le meilleur intérêt de l’entreprise, la réalité pratique est parfois toute autre: aux prises avec les instructions ou les souhaits de la personne les ayant nommés, les administrateurs désignés se retrouvent placés en situation inhérente de conflit d’intérêts. Ce texte vise à offrir une analyse détaillée au sujet de l’administrateur désigné et du conflit d’intérêts résultant de cette double exigence de loyauté. L’objectif est de présenter un examen approfondi des diverses difficultés résultant de la nomination d’un administrateur désigné ou associées à celle-ci, ainsi que des réponses judiciaires et législatives liées à cette problématique. Cette réflexion mènera à une exploration de certains systèmes législatifs et légaux, en particulier ceux du Royaume-Uni, de l’Australie et de la Nouvelle-Zélande, afin d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension et d’offrir une perspective éclairée quant aux enjeux analysés par la présente.