Bibliographie sélective OHADA

An array of governance initiatives has emerged to address forced labour and labour exploitation in global value chains (GVCs). Drawing on the transnational business governance interactions theoretical framework, as well as Timothy Bartley’s place-conscious transnational governance model, this thesis examines the interaction between two of these hybrid forms of governance: multi-stakeholder initiatives and corporate sustainability laws. I conduct a case study of the cocoa sector, and specifically of the multinational company, Nestlé, using multiple qualitative research methods including legal analysis, key informant interviews, and documentary analysis. My research suggests that the layering of corporate sustainability laws, and particularly the French Duty of Vigilance Law, on top of CSR and MSIs in the cocoa sector, is not addressing the governance gap that permits corporations to evade accountability for human rights abuses in their supply chain. I find that the introduction of corporate sustainability laws may have contributed to a decrease in Nestlé's efforts to address labor violations in certain areas, while in others, it appears to have supported the continuation of existing practices. This raises implications for the continuous efforts in various jurisdictions to introduce these laws as a solution to the shortcomings of private, voluntary rule-making systems. Further research is required to explore how these governance mechanisms are interacting in other sectors, in companies of different sizes, and within various types of MSIs. This will help identify the factors that influence interactions and shed further light on the path forward for policymakers.

L’industrialisation a provoque la confrontation des techniques concurrentielles des entreprises qui s’opèrent dans le même secteur a fait apparaître un nouveau concept (RSE) la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises utilise par celle-ci pour se démarquer les unes aux autres. La responsabilité sociétale selon la norme ISO 26000 se définit comme responsabilité d‘une organisation vis a vis des impacts de ces décisions et activités sur la société et sur l’environnement, se traduisant par un comportement ethnique et transparent qui contribue au développement durable y compris a la sante et au bien être de la société ; prend en compte les attentes des partir prenantes ; respect des lois en vigueur tout en étant en cohérence avec les normes internationales des comportements et intégré dans l’ensemble de l‘organisation et mis en œuvre dans ses relations, tout en rendant compte a ses actionnaires et de maximisé son profit. Mais aussi rendre compte a la société humaine des impacts environnementale et sociales des ses activités. Elle vise les organisations des tout types quelque soit leurs activistes, leurs taille ou leurs localisation. Les entreprises malienne sont mises aux défis le nouveau concept (RSE) la responsabilité sociale des entreprises pour prendre en compte les défis de leurs activité sur l’environnent, sur l’économie et sur la société pour apporte des solutions et des réponses.

La prise de conscience mondiale de la nécessité de promouvoir les nouveaux enjeux sociétaux et environnementaux a permis le renouveau du concept ancien connu sous l’expression de Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises. Sujet se développant au gré des changements sociaux et de l’évolution des mœurs, l’étude de la RSE dans le cadre de ce mémoire a été appréhendée sur un double plan : notionnel par la délimitation du concept flou qu’elle représente puis juridictionnel par l’étude du régime et des règles en découlant. Dans un premier temps, il s’agit d’appréhender la définition qu’il est possible de retenir de la notion, de comprendre son étendue et les acteurs concernés par sa mise en place dans les entreprises. Dans un second temps, il faut étudier le régime juridique applicable à la RSE au travers de la cohabitation existante entre les règles de soft law dites non contraignantes et celles de hard law, c’est-à-dire coercitives. Le fil conducteur de cette étude est en effet de comprendre quels sont les enjeux sociaux et environnementaux existants à la mise en œuvre d’une Responsabilité sociale dans les entreprises aux différentes étapes de sa vie : création, gestion et restructuration. Se pose assez logiquement la question de savoir si les normes issues du concept de RSE ont un impact véritable sur les comportements et agissements des entreprises.

This research traces the developments of the directors’ fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of the company and looks at how these developments affect human rights and interests of stakeholders. The main focus of the study is on the human rights impact of this duty. Initially, this duty was only regulated in terms of common law which proved to be problematic. The problem with common law lies within the definition of ‘best interests of the company’, which not only exclude the interests of other stakeholders but also has the potential to bring about violation of human rights, particularly the rights to equality, dignity and fair labour practice. At common law best interests of the company means interests of the company itself and its shareholders. The common law only protects the company and its shareholders, while excluding the rights and interests of stakeholders. The common law duty to in the best interests of the company is not in line with our contemporary law because it ignores human rights. The neglect of human rights by this duty renders it inconsistent with the values contained in the Constitution. Furthermore, the exclusion of stakeholders’ rights by this duty cannot be justified because stakeholders play an important part in safeguarding the stability and continued existence of the companies. The fiduciary duty to act in company’s best interests is now contained in the Companies Act of 2008. Inclusion of this duty in the Act enables our courts to interpret it in a manner that protects human rights and which takes into account interests of other stakeholders. Section 7 (a) of the Act provides that among other goals of the Act is the promotion of compliance with the Bill of Rights when applying the company law. The impact of section 7 is that it imposes an indirect duty on directors to consider the human rights impact of their decisions. Section 158 of the Act enables the courts to “develop common law as it is necessary to improve the realisation and enjoyment of rights established by the Companies Act of 2008.” Given this recognition of the Bill of Rights by the Companies Act, it’s of vital importance that our courts should interpret and apply the duty to act in the best interests of the company in manner that is consistent with the Constitution. Directors are now obliged to pay attention to the human rights impact of their decisions.

A governança global é um fenômeno relativamente novo na ordem internacional. A responsabilidade social corporativa surge como um mecanismo da governança global no que tange à responsabilização das sociedades que assumem atribuição cada vez mais relevante diante do mundo globalizado. Os danos ambientais comumente são fruto da ausência de instrumentos efetivos de responsabilidade. O descarte de resíduos sólidos nos oceanos há tempos vem acontecendo e prejudica o meio ambiente marinho vinculado às águas brasileiras. A comunidade internacional enfrenta o descarte de resíduos em águas internacionais basicamente por meio da elaboração de uma legislação que objetiva regulamentar o despejo de resíduos nos oceanos. Assim, cabe investigar se há uma efetiva resposta ao enfrentamento do problema em termos da logística jurídica atualmente utilizada e sua fiscalização pela comunidade internacional. Parte-se da hipótese de que os instrumentos legais em vigor não se apresentam como uma solução estanque ao problema ante a argumentação da soberania dos Estados que leva a não observância das normas internacionais e a não responsabilização dos infratores. Um mecanismo mais eficaz em termos de regulamentação e de fiscalização, aliado à conscientização e educação ambiental são exigências que se fazem necessárias para combater os efeitos dessa prática que ecoa um dano permanente ao meio ambiente marinho. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho dar-se-á através da análise teórica sobre o fenômeno a partir de doutrina selecionada que trata das construções conceituais que abordam o tema.

لقد حاولنا ومن خلال هذه الدراسة أن نوضح كيف تصدى المشرع الدولي لأفعال الاتجار بالأشخاص، من خلال استعراض عدد من الاتفاقيات الدولية العامة والخاصة منها و الصكوك الدولية الإقليمية لمكافحة هذه الظاهرة وحددنا أهم الالتزامات التي رتبها على الدول في هذا الشأن. أما على المستوى الوطني فقد تعرضنا لإدماج المعاهدات الدولية في التشريع الوطني و للمعايير التي يتعين على الدول إنفاذها داخل تشريعاﺗﻬا الوطنية وفاءا منها بالتزاماﺗﻬا الدولية وحددنا وسائل تنفيذ السلطات الوطنية لالتزاماﺗﻬا الدولية ومن أهم تلك الوسائل إصدار التشريعات الوطنية التي تحظر الاتجار بالأشخاص وتعاقب عليه.وقد كان المشرع الوطني في الجزائر سباقا في إعمال نصوص الاتفاقيات الدولية داخل التشريع الجزائري، فأصدر تعديل لقانون العقوبات ضمنه قسم خاص بمكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص وفقا للمعايير الدولية السارية في هذا الشأن.