Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Rules of origin play a pivotal role in free trade agreements. Apart from serving as a tool to distinguish goods by determining the nationality of a product, rules of origin have the capacity to increase trade relations or deter it. Of course, it is the hope of any viable state to increase profitable trading relations, and if rules of origin can help with that, it becomes expedient to fully understand how these rules of origin operate. In Africa, we see rules of origin being implemented amongst the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), but this has come with many struggles. In fact, low intra-African trade can be narrowed down to complex rules of origin regimes deployed in regional agreements in Africa. As of date, the major RECs have each implemented different rules of origin, leading to the co-existence of conflicting rules of origin across Africa. This non-uniformity in the rules of origin regimes in Africa has resulted in low continental trade in Africa. As such, these RECs have not yielded the expected increase in intra-African trade. With the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which currently doubles as the latest and largest FTA in Africa, it is expected that better rules of origin will be deployed to mitigate the existing intra-African trade deficits. This thesis thus deploys a doctrinal approach in determining whether AfCFTA’s rules of origin are positioned to achieve greater intra-African trade. Consequently, this thesis uncovers some lapses in AfCFTA’s rules of origin and calls for harmonization of all the rules of origin in Africa and recommends a possible amendment to Article 19 of the Agreement establishing AfCFTA to accommodate the intended harmonization.

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Trade in Services can be described as a transaction between a supplier and a consumer without any physical movement of goods across international borders. This, in itself, presents major economic growth possibilities in both regional and multilateral terms. Regional trade agreements, if drafted to suit the specific region's strengths, can promote Trade in Services and establish regional integration. The fact that Trade in Services and regional integration, throughout the Southern African Development Community (SADC) specifically, is moving forward at such a slow pace is due to the lack of political ambition and policy makers failing to emphasise the establishment of trade specific regulatory coherence among member states. Given policy’s impact on Trade in Services, regional trade agreements must be designed to address new and emerging issues that, not only haven't been taken up in previous trade agreements, but which is also region specific and focused enough to build on new standards found in other new trade agreements that will boost regional integration. SADC countries are still in process of establishing a regional services market and, as it currently stands, major development possibilities still exist. This study compares the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with SADC’s Protocol on Trade in Services (PTIS), with the goal to determine the principles that are necessary to establish a regional market for the integration of Trade in Services. It was found that the PTIS lacks such principles and that integration of services throughout the SADC region is highly unlikely if set forth in its current direction. The finding was that the establishment of regional integration of Trade in Services throughout SADC will have to start with regulatory coherence among its members.

International trade has had an increasing impact on the national economies of states. For this reason, some international institutions have sought to standardise rules on the international sale of goods. The Convention, which stands out from these rules, is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, opened for signature in Vienna on 11th April, 1980, known as the Vienna Convention (CISG). The transfer of risk is one of the most sensitive issues in international trade. Therefore, it would seem apt to observe the legal regime of the transfer of risk contained in the various provisions of this international instrument. To understand the rules of the transfer of risk, it is necessary to observe the notion of contract for the international sale and the obligations of the parties involved in the international contract. In addition, it should be noted that, in most situations, the contract for the international sale is related to the transport of goods. With this framework, the study of this essay focuses on the analysis of article 68 of the Vienna Convention. So, this dissertation deals with the question of determining the exact moment of the transfer of risk in the contract of international sale of goods in transit under the Vienna Convention. O comércio internacional tem tido cada vez mais impacto nas economias nacionais dos Estados. Por esse motivo, algumas organizações internacionais têm procurado uniformizar as regras relativas à compra e venda internacional de mercadorias. A Convenção, que se destaca dessas regras, é a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre os Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias, aberta à assinatura em Viena a 11 de abril de 1980, conhecida como Convenção de Viena. A transferência do risco apresenta-se como uma das temáticas mais delicadas do comércio internacional. Portanto, afigura-se como útil a observação do regime jurídico da transferência do risco contido nas diversas disposições deste instrumento internacional. Para compreender as regras da transferência do risco, é necessário observar a noção de contrato de compra e venda internacional e as obrigações das partes do contrato internacional. Além disso, há que perceber que, na generalidade das situações, o contrato de compra e venda internacional está relacionado com o transporte de mercadorias. Com este enquadramento, o estudo deste trabalho centra-se na análise do artigo 68.º da Convenção de Viena. Assim, a presente dissertação debruça-se sobre a questão de determinar qual é o momento exato da transferência do risco no contrato de compra e venda internacional de mercadorias em trânsito no âmbito da Convenção de Viena.

The Convention for the International Sale of Goods called the Vienna Conference 1980 is an astute international statute that regulates the sale of goods globally. It has been ratified by about 83 countries of the world and countries that have not ratified it have at a point or the other made reference to it. Major economic players apart from England have ratified and have their courts pronounce on the CISG. The Convention provides for the well known elements of contract and also allows for the usage of standard user terms, for example, general terms known or related to certain goods. It is imperial to state that there are also certain regional statutes that are similar to the CISG although with varying differences. It is important to also mention that the CISG also has its lacunae and defects such as allowance for exemption, contents and so on. The CISG has been pronounced upon by courts across the world and has been seen to be highly justiciable.

Les progrès spectaculaires et rapides dans les domaines technologiques, essentiellement la technologie de l'information, recèlent des enjeux juridiques à la mesure de ces phénomènes. En effet, les communications se transmettent plus loin et plus vite que jamais. On conclut des marchés, on mène des transactions et on prend des décisions dans des délais qui auraient tout simplement semblé inconcevable dans le passé. La vente internationale demeure sans doute le principal instrument du commerce international. Cette importance se manifeste par l'uniformité juridique essentiellement à travers les conventions internationales. Une nouvelle situation de relation juridique, entre le contrat de vente internationale de marchandises et le commerce électronique, se concrétise en réalité par la conclusion des contrats de vente par l'intermédiaire de réseaux de télécommunication essentiellement l'Internet. Néanmoins, la matière juridique, en évolution constante dans un environnement international, prend sa source dans une multitude de conventions. Dans ce cadre général, nous analyserons le contrat électronique international.