Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Legal systems around the world vary widely in how they deal with the assignment of receivables. This legal variety makes it difficult for financiers to conduct their international receivables financing business. This thesis suggests an International Registration System for the Assignment and Security Interest of Receivables (‘IRSAR’) and proposes a model international convention for the IRSAR (‘proposed IRSAR Convention’), which could help financiers to overcome the obstacles they currently encounter. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, the international assignment of receivables would be regulated by a unified legal system with respect to priority and perfection. The IRSAR would facilitate international project financing. Furthermore, the IRSAR would enable companies to raise finance from greater ranges of investors around the world through international receivables financing and to dispose of non-performing loans more easily. The proposed IRSAR Convention would succeed the UN Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade in the attempt of establishing a registration system for international assignments of receivables. The proposed IRSAR Convention confines its scope of application by defining the assignor (or the security provider), inventing the concept of ‘Vehicle for the International Registration System’ (‘VIRS’). The proposed IRSAR Convention applies where the assignor or security provider is a VIRS. An assignment of a receivable where the assignor is a VIRS and a security interest in a receivable where the security provider is a VIRS could be registered in the IRSAR. Under the proposed IRSAR Convention, priority of assignments of and security interests in receivables is determined by the order of registration in the IRSAR. The proposed IRSAR Convention would be a receivables version of the Cape Town Convention. With respect to the contents and effect of registration, it would prescribe a notice-filing system along the lines of that adopted in the UCC Article 9. With respect to the operation of the registration, it would adopt an automatic online registration system operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year like the International Registry under the Cape Town Convention.

Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures are measures aimed at the protection of human, animal and plant life and health within specified territories from the risks associated with the introduction and spread of pests and diseases through trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) developed an agreement on the application of SPS measures. South Africa is a member of both the WTO and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In SADC, SPS measures are provided for in the SADC Sanitary and Phytosanitary Annexure to the Protocol on Trade of 1996. International Standard Setting Bodies (ISSBs) facilitate the effective application of the main elements of the relevant SPS agreements, especially harmonization and equivalence by establishing scientifically justified standards on which members may base their SPS measures. The relevant ISSB’s in terms of SPS measures are the OIE, IPPC and Codex Alimentarius. SPS measures have the potential to become or be used as non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs). The SADC Protocol on Trade 1996 stipulates that policies and measures are to be implemented by members to eliminate existing forms of NTBs. Additionally members may not enforce new NTBs affecting or related to intra-SADC trade. The most relevant South African legislation in the context of SPS measures and this study is as follows: Agricultural Pests Act 36 of 1983, the Agricultural Products Act 119 of 1990; the Fertilizers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act 36 of 1947, the Liquor Products Act 60 of 1989, Meat Safety Act 40 of 2000, Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act 54 of 1972, Medicines and Related Substances Act 101 of 1965 and National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications Act 5 of 2008. The purpose of this study is to establish to what extent the South African legal framework complies with its obligations in terms of the SADC SPS Annexure to the Protocol on Trade.

Depuis la décennie 1990, une nouvelle génération des Organisations internationales africaines (OIA) émerge sur l’échiquier africain en s’inspirant, pour l’essentiel de son articulation normative et institutionnelle, du modèle européen d’intégration, notamment dans sa dimension communautaire tout en y apportant des spécificités africaines. Dès lors, le droit communautaire pose ses racines dans certaines OIA suscitant l’intérêt sans cesse nourri de la doctrine sur cette nouvelle matière. Mais existe-t-il vraiment un droit communautaire africain dont la doctrine s’efforce de présenter les grandes lignes, du moins de manière thématique ? La présente étude constitue une contribution à la problématique posée en envisageant de cerner la nature ainsi que les caractéristiques de ce droit qui se développe, principalement, en Afrique centrale et occidentale. Since the 1990s, a new generation of African International Organizations (AIO) emerges on the African continent, inspired, for most of its normative and institutional articulation, by the European model of integration, including its Community law while by bringing African specificities. Thus Community law is rooted in some AIO and the interest by the doctrine on this new branch is still constant. But is there really an African Community law that the doctrine seeks to systematize, at least thematically? This paper is a contribution to the problem posed by considering the nature and characteristics of this law developed mainly in Central and West Africa.

L’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) a été créée par le Traité de Port-Louis (Ile Maurice) le 17 octobre 1993, modifié à Québec (Canada) le 17 Octobre 2008. L’OHADA a pour but de promouvoir les investissements dans ses 17 États parties à travers la sécurisation juridique et judiciaire de l’environnement des affaires, par la production de normes juridiques, simples, adaptées et modernes en droit des affaires, au nombre desquelles les instruments relatifs à l’arbitrage. Premier ouvrage de la collection droits OHADA et droits communautaires africains, l’Arbitrage OHADA procède à une présentation synthétique et à une analyse exhaustive des instruments OHADA relatifs à l’arbitrage, que sont l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit de l’arbitrage et le Règlement d’arbitrage de la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage de l’OHADA (Règlement CCJA). Outre les textes normatifs posant les bases de l’arbitrage OHADA, cet ouvrage met aussi à la disposition du lecteur la jurisprudence de la CCJA et commente les premières applications pratiques de l’arbitrage OHADA. Il est en cela indispensable à tous les praticiens de l’arbitrage OHADA. Mais au-delà, par la réflexion qu’il développe sur les difficultés rencontrées et les espérances suscitées par la mise en œuvre de l’arbitrage OHADA et – en définitive – sur l’apport de l’arbitrage dans le développement du droit OHADA et l’amélioration du climat des affaires en Afrique, cet ouvrage intéresse un public bien plus vaste (Universitaires, Barreau, Magistrature, Opérateurs économiques) et est appelé à constituer la référence en matière d’arbitrage pour l’ensemble des usagers du droit OHADA.

Chapter 4 of the Companies Act of 2008 aims to regulate offers to the public of securities and is reviewed against the principles which underscore the regulation of offerings. An overview of the historical development of the company which is parallel to the regulation of securities shows the crystallized principles which are compared against the development and enactment of the current regulatory regime. The concept of “complete law” as key element to effective regulation is discussed and applied in the review of Chapter 4 determining the effectiveness of the dispensation. The three determining concepts of regulation: the “offer,” “securities” and “public” are studied against the definitions which determine regulation and the inclusion of secondary market regulation of unlisted securities. Serious shortcomings in the process are identified. These errors, together with the practical problems of defining and regulating the secondary market in Chapter 4 read with the remainder of the delineating definitions, concludes that the current system is not in line with the principles of regulation and the Grundnorm of fraud prevention, resulting in Chapter 4 falling under the concept of “incomplete law” resulting in a high probability of enforcement failure and inefficiency. A comparative overview related to the jurisdictions of the United Kingdom and the United States follows with recommendations aimed at amending Chapter 4 relating to the regulatory regime in toto as well as the regulation of unlisted securities in the secondary market.