Bibliographie sélective OHADA

En droit des affaires, le commerçant est soumis à plusieurs obligations au rang desquelles figure l’immatriculation au RCCM. Celle-ci constitue une mesure de publicité légale dont l’accomplissement vaut, sauf exception, reconnaissance de la qualité de commerçant à l’égard de la personne physique et déclaration de la société commerciale à l’état civil. En plus de ces résultats immédiats, l’immatriculation a pour but d’assurer la sécurité des transactions commerciales. C’est à juste titre que le droit a prévu et organisé le contentieux de l’inexécution de l’obligation d’immatriculation et celui relatif aux incidents de la procédure d’immatriculation. La question qui se pose est celle de savoir si l’intervention du juge contribue effectivement à vaincre non seulement la négligence ou l’inertie des assujettis, mais aussi les obstacles à l’attribution d’un numéro d’immatriculation. Si l’organisation des différents axes du contentieux de l’immatriculation du commerçant au RCCM paraît satisfaisante, les suites de l’intervention du juge demeurent quant à elles perfectibles à certains égards. Il est nécessaire d’envisager des pistes de solutions tant en ce qui concerne le traitement du contentieux de l’inexécution de l’obligation d’immatriculation que celui des incidents de la procédure d’immatriculation.

Transparency of trade regulations by all WTO Members is essential for open, fair and predictable trade relations. Because of the negative integration process followed by the WTO Agreements, a myriad of different regulations apply in all WTO Members and have the potential of affecting international trade. With the progressive lowering of tariffs since 1947, these differing regulations remain the most significant barriers to trade, and the most difficult to reduce. The Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) provide the most comprehensive frameworks to address the costs arising from such regulatory diversity, through extensive obligations on regulatory transparency and cooperation and introducing elements of positive integration. Does transparency, within the SPS and TBT Agreements prevent disputes from rising, or ensure all Members access necessary information to raise more and better disputes? Through a presentation of the legal obligations and institutional framework of the two agreements (Part I), an in-depth analysis of the issues encountered by WTO Members in the implementation of the two Agreements and raised as trade concerns in the SPS and TBT Committees (Part II), and a study of the factors leading to disputes and transparency's role in addressing them (Part III), this thesis will demonstrate that transparency as it exists under the two agreements has the potential to both complement dispute settlement, by giving equal access to information for Members to raise disputes, and substitute dispute settlement, by fostering dialogue between Members before their frictions escalate to formal disputes. In this sense, the strength of the WTO legal and institutional system goes well beyond its dispute settlement system, with enforcement of WTO obligations fostered by better information sharing and dialogue among Members themselves, through non-judicial means.

Doktora tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmanın konusunu esas olarak Türk Ticaret Kanununun 178. maddesi oluşturmaktadır. İşyerlerinde meydana gelen birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirmeyi de kapsamına alan işyeri devirleri, çeşitli Avrupa Birliği Yönergelerine konu olmuştur. Ticaret hayatında meydana gelen gelişmeler neticesinde ve uluslararası müktesebata uyum sağlamak amacıyla 2011 tarih ve 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu kabul edilmiştir. Birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme, Ticaret Hukukuna ilişkin kavramlar olmakla birlikte, işyeri devrine sebebiyet verdiği ve iş ilişkilerini ilgilendirdiği ölçüde çalışmamıza konu edilmiştir. İş ilişkisinin devrine sebep olan işyeri devirleri 4857 sayılı İş Kanununun 6. maddesinde düzenlenmekle birlikte, birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme yapısal değişiklikleri için özel nitelikteki Türk Ticaret Kanunun iş ilişkilerinin geçmesi" başlıklı 178. maddesi getirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla İş Hukuku açısından 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu, işyeri ve işyeri devirleri konusunda önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmamızda, ticaret şirketlerinde meydana gelen birleşme, bölünme ve tür değiştirme yapısal değişikliklerinde, işyerinde çalışan işçilerin iş ilişkilerinin akıbeti, işçilerin itiraz hakkı ve bu hakkı kullanmaları için gerekli olan bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü ile işçilik alacaklarından sorumluluk ve teminat konuları işlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İşyeri devri, yapısal değişiklik, birleşme bölünme ve tür değiştirme, bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü, itiraz hakkı, teminat hakkı, işçilik alacaklarından sorumluluk. Article 178 of Turkish Commercial Code constitutes mainly the subject of this study prepared as a doctoral thesis. Business transfers including fusion, demerger and change of form occurred in works of business, have become a subject for various European Union Directives. Turkish Commercial Code dated 2011 and numbered 6012 has been accepted as a result of developments occurred in commercial life and for the purpose of complying with international acquis. As well as fusion, demerger and change of form are concepts related to Commercial Law; they are mentioned in our study to the degree that they give cause for business transfers and concern employment relations. While business transfers causing transfer of employment relations are regulated in the 6th article of Labor Law numbered 4857; it is brought the 178th article titled as "transition of employment relations" of Turkish Commercial Code special for fusion, demerger and change of form. Thus, Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 has importance for business and transfers of business in terms of Business Law. In our study, it is discussed the matters of the responsibility from labor dues, and warranty, and informing liability which is necessary for consequence of business relations of employees working in this business, their rights of objection and using these rights in transformation of fusion, demerger and change of form occurred in trading companies. Keywords: Business transfer, transformation of trading companies, fusion, demerger and change of form, informing liability, right of objection, warrant, responsibility from labor dues.

This thesis intends to justify the necessity to propose an alternative remedy mechanism to current air carriers' obligations in offering complimentary services to passengers in force majeure delays. This mechanism mitigates disputes arising from passengers' dissatisfaction with air carriers' services. The proposal is the result of extensive research arising from a fundamental question: Who should be responsible for damages and/or inconvenience resulting from flight delays caused by force majeure? The source of information for this thesis stems from a combination of the analysis of case law and statutes on one hand, and experience drawn from professional practice and cultural context on the other. This thesis discusses the intersection of international conventions, national legislation, and the practice and expectations of air carriers and their passengers. The thesis specifically examines and highlights the inadequacies of relying on existing international conventions to provide a harmonized solution for flight delay claims. In terms of national remedy mechanisms, research and analysis have been focused on the advanced aviation markets in the West, such as the US and the EU, and on the emerging markets in the East, such as Mainland China and Taiwan. The research and analyses reveal how national laws, which are deeply influenced by socio-economic, political and cultural factors, trigger distinct conflicts of interest between air carriers and passengers. During the course of reviewing the legal jigsaw and uncertainties in current legal practice, the findings revealed more issues. In brief, making more laws cannot guarantee an effective solution for flight delay claims, especially in different jurisdictions. Accordingly, the findings support that a novel solution, free from the uncertainties and complexities in the current legal framework, is needed to resolve passengers' claims or expectations resulting from force majeure delays. Essentially, this novel solution is to form an alternative remedy mechanism that includes a fund and codes of conduct. The fund will implement a risk-sharing function among stakeholders that will include passengers, air carriers and airport managing entities. To mitigate disputes, the proposed codes of conduct will include guidelines to operate the fund with the aim of mutual respect between passengers and air carriers. In so doing, the remedy mechanism will provide equitable answers to the question: "Who should be responsible for damages and/or inconvenience resulting from flight delays caused by force majeure?"

Institutional logics create order and stability. They organize interaction and prescribe how we should behave towards each other. Such logics have generally been regarded as exclusive, in the sense that an organizational field is always guided by a single institutional logic. If there are two or more institutional logics in one setting at the same time this will create conflicting demands and contradictions. So how do organizations and individuals that act in these settings, where different institutional logics do meet, cope with the conflicting demands? This question is researched by studying actors who organize partnerships between corporations and non-profit organizations. Institutional logics have typically been studied at field level. My study follows a more recent literature strand focusing on individuals and their way of coping with conflicting institutional logics. In this thesis, interviews, text analysis and observations are used. The interviews were conducted with CSR managers of corporations, managers of corporate partners at non-profit organizations, CSR consultants, and project managers of intermediary organizations. These actors are working in an environment where conflicting institutional logics are played out. Using a narrative approach it is shown how these actors are aware of their institutional environment and its conflicts which requires them to constantly act as translators. The study shows that the actors organize an interplay between a market-logic and a social-welfare logic by bringing together the logics and establishing limits to what extent logics can be mixed. Thus, the actors can be understood as bilingual, rather than hybrids. Furthermore, it is argued that a narrative approach provides the possibility to understand institutional logics in empirical contexts as more present and visible than they are usually considered to be. The study concludes that bilingual actors balance conflicting demands and negotiate requirements set by institutional logics in their day-to-day work. Settings where institutional logics meet can hence be understood as both a contradiction and an ongoing interplay.

This research is aimed at making out a case for the taxation of foreign source income in countries with developing economies. To this end the argument is presented that it is possible to tax foreign source income in a way that optimally coordinates the revenue entitlements of countries with developing economies, with the entitlement of multinational enterprises operating within their area of jurisdiction, to maximum profitability. It is proposed that this result may be achieved through the careful coordination of controlled foreign company (CFC) legislation and international business taxation in domestic law. To support this proposition, the following issues are addressed: a theoretical and conceptual framework for the implementation of a regime of foreign source income taxation in a country with a developing economy; an evaluation of the efficacy of the CFC legislation implemented in South Africa from which lessons in relation to the implementation of foreign source income taxation regimes in other developing countries are distilled; how the coordination of the interaction between a CFC regime, a domestic business income taxation regime, and an international business income taxation regime is effected; and an exposition of the factors that should be taken into account in the drafting of CFC legislation. To illustrate the possible real-world realisation of the coordination between CFC legislation and international business taxation in a country with a developing economy, model CFC provisions are drafted followed by an explanatory note on these provisions. <br>LL.D. (Mercantile Law)

Me posant cette question depuis une cinquantaine d’années, j’ai successivement écarté l’explication d’un simple laisser aller dans la reconduite de l’héritage colonial puis l’hypothèse d’une prétendue supériorité, jamais vérifiée autrement que dogmatiquement, du « droit moderne » sur la « coutume ancestrale ». Plus sérieuse fut l’explication liée à l’économie politique, un héritage marxien, et exigeant que les superstructures politiques et juridiques soient en phase avec l’insertion de l’Afrique dans le marché mondial. Mais, depuis ma participation à l’étude internationale sur les transferts de connaissances juridiques Nord-Sud, à la fin des années 1970, j’ai mis en évidence la place et le rôle de l’idéologie professionnelle des juristes et en particulier de leur philosophie spontanée idéaliste dont je dévoilerai ce qu’il masque à la lumière de mes travaux récents et selon le nouveau paradigme de la juridicité et de son pluralisme « intégral ». This question is focused on my research in the years 1960. After dismissing the continuity of policies such as bureaucratic carelessness of colonial inheritance and the hypothesis of a superiority of modern law facing to ancestral customs, I have debated an another inheritance, the Marxist one, about the link between the generalization of capitalism and legal and political superstructures. But an international project on legal transfers at the end of the 1970s’ revealed the place and role of a professional ideology, of the Lawyers, associated with technical training in law schools and enforcing monologism in the legal discourse. To escape to the effects of this ideology, we have to overhaul the analysis on the basis of the new paradigm of « juridicity » and of a « complete » pluralism.

La micro finance vise à permettre aux exclus de système bancaire d’accéder à des services financiers adaptés à leurs besoins, en premier lieu des microcrédits. Mais elle offre aussi la possibilité d’épargner des parts montants, et aussi des systèmes plus développées tels que les services de transferts de fonds et de proposer des instruments de paiement.

Trabajo Fin de Máster en Derecho Ambiental (2014/15). La partición hereditaria, como cualquier otro acto jurídico puede adolecer de algún defecto o de la ausencia de presupuesto que perturbe sus efectos, pudiendo proceder los coherederos a la evicción y saneamiento de los bienes adjudicados, ex art. 1069 C.C. La sección Cuarta del Capítulo VI del Título III del Libro III de nuestro C. Civil, se ocupa de la “Rescisión de la Partición”, desde el art. 1073 al 1081, tan solo se dedican 9 artículos y de éstos sólo el art 1081, hace referencia a un caso de partición nula. Lo cierto es que el C. Civil no tiene tasadas las causas de ineficacia y nos remite a los principios generales sobre la invalidez de los negocios jurídicos. No hay unas reglas concretas de aplicación cuando surge un vicio o defecto que invalide la partición, con lo cual iremos analizando jurisprudencialmente diferentes posiciones.