Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L'industrie maritime a connu de profondes mutations qui ont non seulement influé sur les rapports commerciaux liés au transport maritime, mais aussi sur les relations de travail qui se créent à l'occasion de l'emploi des gens de mer à bord des navires. Une manifestation concrète de ces mutations a été le recours par les armateurs à des structures spécialisées dans la fourniture d'équipage. Dénommés agences de *manning* ou fournisseurs de main-d'œuvre, ces structures facilitent les procédures de recrutement pour les armateurs et constituent par la même occasion de véritables pourvoyeurs d'emploi pour les gens de mer. Toutefois, certains comportements des agences de *manning* peuvent mettre en péril la protection des gens de mer et de leurs droits. De ce fait, l'activité de fourniture de main-d'œuvre maritime a nécessité un encadrement. Bien qu'un ensemble de règles internationales et nationales participe à cet encadrement, des questions demeurent. Celles-ci sont relatives non seulement aux situations conflictuelles de lois et de juridictions que pose l'activité en raison de son caractère international, mais aussi aux difficultés relatives à la détermination de l'employeur véritable du travailleur dans le cadre de la relation de travail tripartite qui naît. La libre immatriculation des navires et le phénomène de complaisance ont conduit à une remise en cause du rôle premier que devraient jouer les États du pavillon dans la protection des gens de mer qui travaillent à bord des navires qu'ils immatriculent. Les États fournisseurs de main-d'œuvre, eux, semblent rechigner à l'idée de la mise en place d'une réglementation rigoureuse et rigoureusement appliquée à l'égard des agences qu'ils accueillent, en raison des considérations économiques (qui semblent prévaloir). Dans de telles circonstances, les États du port sont devenus de véritables remparts en matière de protection des gens de mer. Cette recherche propose une réflexion sur des mécanismes, y compris des mécanismes de responsabilisation des agences de *manning*, afin de faire émerger un ensemble de procédés devant permettre de garantir un travail décent des gens de mer recrutés par l'intermédiaire de ces agences. The maritime industry has undergone far-reaching changes that have affected not only commercial relationships associated with shipping, but also labor relations that arise when seafarers are employed on board ships. One concrete manifestation of these changes has been the use by shipowners of entities specializing in the supply of crew members. Known as manning agencies or manpower suppliers, these entities facilitate recruitment procedures for shipowners, and at the same time act as job providers for seafarers. However, some of the behaviour of manning agencies can jeopardize the protection of seafarers and their rights. As a result, activities of manning agencies have called for a legal framework. Despite the existence of international and national rules that form an impressive framework, some questions remain. These relate not only to the conflict of laws and jurisdictions posed by the international nature of the activity of manning agencies, but also to the difficulties involved in determining the true employer of the worker within the framework of the tripartite employment relationship that arises. The free registration of ships and the phenomenon of flags of convenience have called into question to the primary role that flag states play in protecting seafarers working on board the ships they register. Labour-supplying states, for their part, seem reluctant to introduce thorough regulations and apply them thoroughly to the agencies they host, given the economic considerations. As a consequence, port states have assumed bulwark functions when it comes to protecting seafarers. This research proposes an examination of mechanisms, including accountability mechanisms of manning agencies, with the aim to put forward a set of processes that guarantee decent work for seafarers recruited through these agencies.

This paper aims to analyzing the influence of tax behavior on financing (financial leverage) behavior of corporate managers. The paper applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) to dynamic panel data. The sample used covers 21 firms, i.e. 11 banks for the period from 2011 to 2020 and 10 DFSs for the period from 2016 to 2021. It turns out that financial leverage behavior is influenced more positively by corporate income tax (CIT), then by dividends (DIVIDEND); and negatively by interest on debt (INTEREST), by cash flow (CASH_FLOW) and by past financial leverage (LEVERAGE(‑1)). This paper is one of the first to extend the literature by identifying the main determinants of financing behavior, notably the positive effect of corporate income tax (CIT).

Abstract available in PDF.

Türk mortgage sistemi veya mortgage menkul kıymetleştirmesi ve İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler-İDMK ihracı, sistemsel bütün olarak ilk kez uygulamada "Mortgage Kanunu" olarak da anılan 5582 sayılı "Konut Finansmanı Sistemine İlişkin Çeşitli Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkındaki Kanun" (Konut Finansmanı Kanunu) ile 2007 yılında düzenlenmiştir. Meri'i düzenlemeler bakımından İDMK ihracı 6362 sayılı Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu (SerPK) madde 58 ve III-58.1 sayılı Varlığa ve İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler Tebliği (VİDMK Tebliği) ile düzenlenmiştir. Çalışmamızın amacı ve kapsamı, bünyesinde tek bir çalışmada ele alınması olanaksız sayıda hukuki düzenleme, kavram, kurum ve ilişki barındıran mortgage sistemini sermaye piyasası bakış açısıyla mevzuat tekrarlarından arındırılmış özlü tespit ve değerlendirmeleri esas alacak şekilde ele almaktır. Çalışmamızda mortgage sistemi kavramsal olarak gerçek anlamı ile ortaya konulacak ve ayrıca sistemin varlık nedeni ve özünü oluşturan sermaye piyasası unsuru olarak İDMK'ya ilişkin tespit, değerlendirme ve öneriler yer almaktadır. Mortgage ifadesi dar anlamda, Anglo-Sakson hukukunda kullanılan mortgage rehni ve mortgage teminatlı finansman alacaklarını ifade etmektedir. Mortgage terimi, sermaye ve finans piyasaları bakımından ise mortgage teminatlı alacakların İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler (İDMK/mortgage-backed securities-MBS) ihraç edilerek menkul kıymetleştirildiği (securitization) sistemi anlatmaktadır. Mortgage sistemi veya menkul kıymetleştirmesi ve İDMK ihracı ilk olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) hukukunda uygulanmıştır. Mortgage sisteminin varlık nedeni, sermaye piyasalarından İDMK ihracı yoluyla en az maliyetle ve güvenilir bir şekilde finansman sağlanmasıdır. İDMK ihracı, mortgage (ipotek) teminatlı finansman alacaklarının, mortgage sistemi içerisinde gerçek satışa (true sale) dayalı olarak bilânço dışına çıkarılması ve menkul kıymetleştirilmesi ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu nedenle İDMK, gerçek satışa dayalı bilânço dışı olarak gerçekleştirilen gerçek (geleneksel) menkul kıymetleştirme ürünü bir menkul kıymet niteliğindedir. Toplam beş bölümden oluşan Tez çalışmamızın ilk bölümünde, mortgage sistemi kavramı teknik anlamıyla değerlendirilecek, sistemin tarihi gelişim süreci ve ilişkili düzenlemeler ve niteliği olarak menkul kıymetleştirme ele alınacaktır. Çalışmamızın ikinci bölümünde, mortgage sisteminin işleyişi, sistemde kullanılan varlıklar ve safhaları, sistemin özgün terminolojisi berberinde değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmamızın üçüncü bölümünde ise mortgage sisteminde yer alan kuruluşlar gene sistemin kendine özgü kavram ve gereklilikleri dahilinde değerlendirilecektir. Çalışmamızın dördüncü bölümünde sistemin hedefi ve varlık sebebi olan İDMK tanımı türleri ve benzeri menkul kıymetler beraberinde ele alınacaktır. Çalışmamızın beşinci ve son bölümünde ise İDMK ihracı ile sağlanan sebepler ve ihracını güçleştiren sebeplere dair tespit ve önerilerimiz topluca yer alacaktır. Tezimizin sonuç kısmında ise gerçek anlamıyla uygulanması halinde ülkemizin hızlı ve sürdürülebilir bir biçimde kalkınmasını sağlayabilecek niteliği haiz bir sistem olan mortgage sistemi ve onun ürünü menkul kıymet olan İDMK'nın ihracı bakımından tespit ve çıkarımlarımız yer alacaktır. Tezimiz genel olarak Türkiye'nin finansal kurumlara, İDMK'yı, iç pazardaki ekonomik kalkınmayı hızlandırmak için sermaye piyasalarından fon sağlamak için kullanma önerisi de getirmektedir. Bu tez ile Türkiye'de finans kurumlarının MBS ihraçları için alternatif bir finansman kaynağı olarak dikkat çekilmesi de amaçlanmaktadır. Burada kamusal bir gelişme olarak ifade edilecek olursak, "Yeni Ekonomi Program", finansal derinliğin ve istikrarın sağlanması için Türkiye'deki menkul kıymetleştirmelerin (İDMK ihraçları dahildir) desteklenmesi tedbirini de içermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler : Mortgage, Menkul Kıymetleştirme, Sermaye Piyasası Hukuku, İpoteğe Dayalı Menkul Kıymetler [...] The Turkish mortgage system, mortgage securitization, and the issuance of Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS), collectively referred to as the "Mortgage Law," were initially regulated in 2007 by Law No. 5582, also known as the "Law on Various Amendments Regarding the Housing Finance System" (Housing Finance Law), commonly referred to as the "Mortgage Law" in practical application. In terms of secondary regulations, the issuance of MBS is governed by Article 58 of the Capital Markets Law No. 6362 (CML) and the Communiqué on Asset-Backed Securities and Mortgage-Backed Securities (ABS-MBS Communiqué). The aim and scope of this study involve a comprehensive examination of the mortgage system, which encompasses numerous legal regulations, concepts, institutions, and relationships. The focus is on providing concise assessments and evaluations, free from legal redundancies, based on the perspective of capital markets. The study conceptually presents the mortgage system in its true sense, addressing the essence and purpose of the system, particularly focusing on Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) as a capital market element, along with relevant findings, evaluations, and recommendations. In a narrow sense, the term "mortgage" refers to the mortgage lien and financing receivables secured by mortgages in Anglo-Saxon law. In the context of capital and financial markets, the mortgage system refers to the securitization of mortgage-backed receivables by issuing Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS). The mortgage system, its securitization, and MBS issuance were initially implemented in the United States (US) legal framework. The raison d'être of the mortgage system lies in obtaining financing from capital markets through the issuance of MBS at minimal cost and in a reliable manner. MBS issuance involves transferring mortgage-backed financing receivables out of the balance sheet through a true sale mechanism within the mortgage system, facilitating their securitization. Therefore, MBS represents a security of a true sale-based, off-balance-sheet, and traditional nature. The thesis comprises five sections. The first section evaluates the concept of the mortgage system in technical terms, discussing its historical development, related regulations, and its nature as securitization. The second section delves into the operation of the mortgage system, the assets used, stages involved, and the system's unique terminology. The third section examines the institutions within the mortgage system, considering their specific concepts and requirements. The fourth section covers the objective of the system and the definition of MBS, its types, and similar securities. The fifth and final section consolidates our findings and recommendations regarding the reasons for MBS issuance and the challenges hindering it. In the conclusion, we highlight the potential of the mortgage system and its product, MBS, as a system capable of fostering rapid and sustainable development in Turkey when implemented in its true sense. The thesis suggests that financial institutions in Turkey consider MBS issuances as an alternative source of funding, aiming to accelerate economic development in the domestic market. Additionally, the study aligns with the "New Economic Program," which includes measures to support securitizations in Turkey, including MBS issuances, to ensure financial depth and stability. Keywords : Mortgage, Securtization, Capital Markets Law, Mortgage Backed Securities.

La prérogative de l’annulation des décisions des juridictions nationales est dévolue à l’institution juridictionnelle supranationale, qu’est la C.C.J.A, qui assure la sécurité juridique et judiciaire par l’exercice de ses fonctions juridictionnelle, consultative et arbitrale. Outre, le contrôle de l’application effective des règles du droit OHADA par les juridictions nationales de fond (recours en cassation), elle veille sur le fondement de l’article 18 du Traité OHADA au respect de ses compétences par l’exercice de son pouvoir d’annulations des décisions des juridictions nationales de cassation ou des juridictions du fond statuant en dernier ressort ou sur des sentences arbitrales en violation des règles de compétence, de procédure ou d’ordre public. Lorsqu’elle annule les décisions des juridictions nationales sur le fondement de ce texte, la C.C.J.A rend des arrêts par lesquels, elle déclare ces décisions nulles et non avenues les décisions incriminées. Les arrêts d’annulations que rend la C.C.J.A sont exécutoires et doivent être exécutés dans les ordres juridiques internes et communautaires pour pouvoir s’imposer aux parties, aux juridictions en cause et aux Etats parties de l’espace OHADA.

International conference proceedings

The surge in online interactions has led to a parallel rise in civil and commercial disputes that transcend geographical boundaries. As traditional dispute resolution mechanisms face challenges adapting to this evolving paradigm, conflicts increasingly migrate to online platforms. Within this proliferating landscape, it is crucial to recognize the scarcity of research devoted to Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) providers and the myriad types of services they currently offer to users worldwide. Despite the ongoing geographical expansion of ODR, the inquiry into how procedural justice principles manifest in these digital dispute resolution systems remains notably under-explored. A growing body of literature underscores that procedural justice is critical for building users’ trust, enhancing the legitimacy of organizations among communities, and fostering compliance with outcomes. The ability of ODR providers to meet users' expectations in terms of procedural justice can significantly shape users' perception of ODR institutions as trustworthy and dependable. This bears paramount implications for the ongoing development of ODR, whose acceptance varies widely across jurisdictions. This doctoral thesis delves into the intricate intersections of procedural justice within the realm of international civil and commercial ODR, examining the nuanced dynamics that emerge in virtual spaces. Ultimately, it seeks to understand how procedural justice principles, rooted in the notion of fairness, manifest and evolve in the context of ODR, exploring the impact of digital interventions on the perceived fairness of dispute resolution processes. Understanding procedural justice in ODR is not merely an academic pursuit; it holds profound implications for legal practitioners, policymakers, and society at large. This research aims to contribute valuable insights that can inform the design of fairer and more effective ODR systems.

La répression des entreprises multinationales constitue un défi pour le droit pénal dans la mesure où elles sont avant tout une donnée économique, de prime à bord insaisissable par le droit pénal. Le droit pénal qui est l’expression de la souveraineté nationale semble dépasser face à la délinquance collective qui traverse les frontières dans un monde globalisé, mais composé d'États souverains. La puissance et la capacité des entreprises multinationales à supplanter les États font de ces entités, une nébuleuse pour laquelle la régulation étatique apparaît comme un vœu pieu. Cette étude vise, d’une part, à analyser les obstacles qui empêchent le droit pénal de saisir la délinquance des entreprises multinationales et d’autre part, à démontrer, que le droit pénal n’est pas totalement désarmé ou dépassé, il dispose des ressources nécessaires lui permettant de réprimer de manière efficace et efficiente la délinquance de ces entreprises.

This paper examined international arbitration as a tool for resolving investment disputes in Nigeria’s oil and gas sector, a critical industry that contributes significantly to Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), foreign exchange earnings and government revenues. This sector is marked by high-risk investments and complexity and often faces disputes arising from regulatory changes, fluctuating global prices, environmental concerns and contractual breaches. Arbitration, particularly in cross-border investments, provides a neutral, efficient and flexible mechanism for resolving such disputes. Using a doctrinal research methodology, the study analysed statutes, case law, international treaties, and academic sources. Findings revealed that while arbitration offers benefits such as neutrality and enforceability, there are still some challenges that must be addressed as a matter of urgency. Issues include resistance to enforcement of arbitral awards by Nigerian courts on grounds of national interest, high arbitration costs and biases favouring foreign investors. Nigeria’s legal framework, including the Arbitration and Mediation Act 2023 and the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, supports arbitration but lacks procedural clarity, leading to delays and inefficiencies. The paper concluded that legal reforms are essential to strengthen arbitration processes, enhance enforcement mechanisms and align Nigeria’s framework with international standards. Such reforms would foster investment stability and improve Nigeria’s attractiveness as an investment destination by reducing legal uncertainties. The paper recommended legislative and judicial improvements in order to achieve these goals.

This volume brings together an international team of contributors to provide a much-needed examination of climate litigation in Africa. The book outlines how climate litigation in Africa is distinct as well as pinpointing where it connects with the global conversation. Chapters engage with crucial themes such as human rights approaches to climate governance, corporate liability and the role of gender in climate litigation.

On trouve sur le marché une multitude de signes utilisés par les commerçants pour se distinguer de leurs compétiteurs ou pour mettre en avant la qualité de leurs produits. Ces différents signes sont régis par des systèmes de protection distincts pouvant souvent entrer en conflit. Cet article vise à présenter un cas de conflit entre une indication géographique protégée roumaine et une marque nationale individuelle Roumaine enregistrée ultérieurement One finds in trade a multitude of signs with the help of which traders try to distinguish themselves from their competitors or to distinguish the qualities of their products. These signs have different protection systems and often come into conflict. The purpose of this article is to present such a conflict between a protected geographical indication from Romania and a subsequent individual national trademark from Romania.

Mergers in the Italian and European legal system. The Italian legal landscape for mergers. Applicable regulations. Stages of the merger process. The first phase: the merger plan. The second phase: the merger resolution. The third phase: the merger deed. The protection of creditors. The invalidity of the merger. The FIAT-Chrysler merger. Evolution of the legal nature of mergers in the Italian legal system: legislative and jurisprudential perspectives. The extinguishing-successory orientation. The evolutionary–modifying orientation. Court of cassation ruling no. 2637 of 2006. Return to the extinguishing-successory orientation: judgement no. 21970/2021. Debate surrounding judgement 21970/2021: criticism and support. Mergers in the American legal system. The American legal landscape for mergers. The evolution of the US corporate law of mergers. Sources of corporate law. The merger process. Economic motives for mergers. Steps of the merger procedure. The merger plan. Merger between parent and subsidiary or between subsidiaries. Articles of merger. Effects of merger. Abandonment of a merger or share exchange. The ExxonMobil merger. Comparative analysis of the Italian and American legal systems. Historical and constitutional influences on Italian and American legal systems. Differences and similarities in the merger process. Comparison of FIAT Chrysler and ExxonMobil mergers.

This thesis focuses on the relationship between contract law and corporate insolvency law as it investigates the idea and protection of executory contracts within restructuring proceedings. However, preserving these agreements frequently necessitates taking legal action against established contract law tenets like the freedom of contract and the duty to perform. The study looks at how difficult it can be to keep debtor and creditor interests in balance, especially when there are disruptions brought on by insolvency. The study suggests ways to improve the efficacy of restructuring proceedings by analysing the EU Directive on restructuring and insolvency, contrasting practices in various jurisdictions, and evaluating the impact on stakeholders. The goal of this study is to protect the rights of all parties involved in corporate restructuring while advancing the creation of legal frameworks that facilitate effective restructuring.

Le nouvel Acte uniforme sur les procédures simplifiées de recouvrement et des voies d’exécution du 15 novembre 2023 offre désormais aux créanciers la possibilité de saisir vendre le fonds de commerce appartenant à leur débiteur. Cette nouvelle mesure d’exécution renforce ainsi leurs garanties de recouvrement. Celles-ci ne sont cependant pas gagnées d’avance. Certains éléments incorporels du fonds de commerce, tel que la clientèle, le nom commercial et le bail se prêtent difficilement à la saisie. De plus, le débiteur, par l’exercice d’une procédure collective ou d’une demande de grâce, peut contourner la mesure. À ceux-là, s’ajoutent le fait que d’une part les droits de l’adjudicataire du fonds de commerce sont moins préservés que ceux de l’acquéreur classique en ce qu’il ne bénéficie pas, à l’instar de toute vente aux enchères publiques, de garantie contre les vices cachés et dans une moindre mesure contre l’éviction et d’autre part, le fait que les droits du locataire- gérant ou du sous-locataire peuvent s’en retrouver compromis par l’opération de la saisie-vente.

Les ressources naturelles occupent une place prépondérante dans le commerce international. L’Afrique en est riche. Par contre, le problème de leur gestion se fait sentir sur le continent au point que des chercheurs ont évoqué la « malédiction des ressources naturelles ». Le droit de l’OHADA ne les a pris en compte que timidement. Cette insuffisance de règlementation dans le droit communautaire a des incidences tant sur le commerce de ces produits dans l’espace OHADA que sur la jouissance de certains droits humains. Les tentatives de règlementation de certains aspects de ce secteur d’activité de la part d’autres organisations internationales et de certains États montrent la nécessité de les intégrer correctement dans le corpus juridique de l’OHADA. Un Acte Uniforme serait susceptible d’atténuer, au sein des États parties, la « malédiction des ressources naturelles » aussi bien que les atteintes aux droits de la personne résultant de leur exploitation comme le droit à un environnement sain et les droits économiques et sociaux.