Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Beyond the thorny, even insoluble question of the definition of a region and the definition of the criteria that should make it possible to apprehend the polymorphism of rio s, the raison d’être of these organizations, their mode of operation and their activities are at the heart of the debate on “international governance”. For many authors, the advent of RIO s has often been seen as a challenge to the state monopoly in the international legal order and a redefinition of the relationship between these particular organizations and states. It is this relational dynamic between the States and the RIO s that this contribution aims to describe and analyse. The aim is to examine the originality and specificity of the relationship between the RIO s and the States, compared to the latter’s relationship with the ‘classic/universal’ ios, which would reveal something about the very nature of regional organizations.

Mobile money is purported to promote financial inclusion. The growing number of studies have largely focused on transactions and related benefits with limited attention to emerging challenges, policies and initiatives that address the relative needs of different stakeholders. Consequently, little has been done to probe the ‘bottom-of-the-pyramid’ paradigm that underpins these assumptions. There has been inadequate endeavour to examine ways that empirical research could shed more light on these challenges and how to overcome them. To address these gaps, this study reviews the emerging literature on mobile money that explores both benefits and challenges. From our study three main themes emerge that suggest areas where challenges to the efficacy of the mobile money-financial inclusion link still appears not to have been adequately addressed by policymakers: ensuring integrity, privacy and security; addressing resource and infrastructure constraints; and integrating stakeholder benefits. Yet we suggest merely addressing these challenges does not go far enough in safeguarding the needs of local communities, as major stakeholders. Evidence from our study suggests little direct benefit to the poorer sections of local communities, only to the strata above and to elites and external stakeholders. This has implications for development and social change through technology adoption.

L'opportunité des poursuites est un principe qui permet au procureur de la république, après vérification de la constitution d'une infraction, de poursuivre ou non le délinquant en fonction des données de fait qu'il apprécie souverainement dans chaque affaire. En droit français tout comme en droit béninois, ce principe n'est nulle part formulé expressément. Mais l'article 40 alinéa 1 du code de procédure pénale français et l'article 38 du code procédure pénale béninois disposent que « Le procureur de la république reçoit les plaintes et les dénonciations et apprécie la suite à leur donner ». Cette formule peut être interprétée comme accordant à ce magistrat le pouvoir d'apprécier les poursuites. Ainsi, le législateur reconnait au procureur de la république un pouvoir d'appréciation. L'opportunité des poursuites est donc un privilège, une prérogative, une faculté, un pouvoir d'appréciation souveraine qui ne peut engager sa responsabilité. Elle joue au stade de l'engagement des poursuites. De cette appréciation, peut naître soit deux décisions, soit trois, selon qu'on soit en droit béninois ou selon qu'on soit en droit français. En droit béninois, le procureur peut à l'issue de la mise en œuvre de son pouvoir d'appréciation, décider de poursuivre ou de classer sans suite. Le législateur français quant à lui, outre ces deux possibilités, permet au procureur de la république de mettre en œuvre des mesures alternatives de poursuite. Il peut s'agir soit d'une médiation pénale ou d'une composition pénale. La décision de poursuite peut être mise en œuvre par une procédure de flagrant délit, par une saisine du juge d'instruction, par une citation directe, ou par une procédure de crime flagrant. La décision de classement sans suite est une décision administrative, elle n'est pas motivée, et est non susceptible de voies de recours. Cependant elle peut faire l'objet d'un recours hiérarchique devant le procureur général. Plusieurs arguments sont avancés pour justifier ce principe. Il s'agit - L'individualisation du criminel - Du maintien de l'ordre public - La Gestion efficiente et souple du tribunal - Du désengorgement des maisons d'arrêts. Malgré ces avantages, force est de constater que de nombreuses critiques peuvent être faites à ce système. - D'abord l'application de ce principe ouvre la voie à l'arbitraire : En effet, le procureur de la république de par sa décision de classement sans suite se comporte exactement comme un juge. Plus qu'une décision administrative, le classement sans suite peut être une véritable décision au fond d'abandon de charges car l'infraction étant bien constituée. Donc assimilable à une véritable décision juridictionnelle parce que traitant des questions de libertés. - Ensuite, elle ouvre la voie à l'injustice : Le principe de l'opportunité des poursuites conduit à une application à géométrie variable de la loi. Le procureur peut décider à la tête du client, ce qui rompt l'égalité devant la loi. Ces deux reproches majeurs ont été également dénoncés par le rapport Refonder la justice : Ce qui a conduit le groupe de travail à proposer une réforme du statut du ministère public. Outre ces critiques majeurs, l'on constate également que les justificatifs évoqués par les partisans de l'opportunité des poursuites sont vraiment impertinents. - D'abord l'impertinence du désengorgement des maisons d'arrêts : On considère que le désengorgement des maisons d'arrêts est une illusion parce la poursuite pénale n'appelle pas systématiquement le décernement d'un mandat de dépôt (c'est à dire que la poursuite ne se résout pas systématiquement à la détention provisoire). En outre, le principe qui gouverne la poursuite en matière pénale est la liberté et l'exception la détention. Ensuite l'impertinence du maintien d'ordre public : On considère également que l'argument du maintien d'ordre est impertinent parce que le pouvoir exécutif à l'armée et la police pour maintenir l'ordre. The opportunity for prosecution is a principle that allows the public prosecutor, after verification of the constitution of an offense, to pursue or not the offender according to the factual data that he sovereignly appreciates in each case. In French law as in Beninese law, this principle is nowhere expressly formulated. However, Article 40 paragraph 1 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 38 of the Penal Procedure Code of Benin stipulate that "the public prosecutor receives complaints and denunciations and assesses the follow-up to be given to them". This formula can be interpreted as granting this magistrate the power to assess the prosecution. Thus, the legislator recognizes to the public prosecutor of the republic a discretionary power. The opportunity for prosecution is thus a privilege, a prerogative, a faculty, a sovereign power of appraisal which can not engage its responsibility. It is at the stage of prosecution. From this assessment, there may be two decisions, three, according to whether one is in Beninese law or according to whether one is in French law. Under Beninese law, the prosecutor may, after the exercise of his discretion, decide to proceed or to classify without further action. The French legislator, in addition to these two possibilities, allows the prosecutor of the republic to implement alternative measures of prosecution. It can be either a criminal mediation or a criminal composition. The decision to prosecute can be implemented by a flagrante delicto procedure, a referral to the investigating judge, a direct summons, or a flagrant crime procedure. The decision to take no action is an administrative decision, it is not motivated, and is not subject to appeal. However, it may be the subject of a hierarchical appeal before the Attorney General. Several arguments are put forward to justify this principle. It's about: - Individualization of the criminal - The maintenance of public order - Efficient and flexible court management - The disengagement of the arresting houses. Despite these advantages, it is clear that many criticisms can be made of this system. - First, the application of this principle opens the way to arbitrariness: Indeed, the prosecutor of the republic of his decision of classification without follow-up behaves exactly like a judge. More than an administrative decision, the classification without follow-up can be a genuine decision on the merits of abandonment of charges because the offense being well constituted. Therefore, it is tantamount to a genuine jurisdictional decision because it deals with questions of freedoms. - Then it opens the way to injustice: The principle of the suitability of prosecution leads to a variable geometry application of the law. The prosecutor can decide at the head of the client, which breaks the equality before the law. These two major criticisms were also denounced by the report Refond la justice: This led the working group to propose a reform of the statute of the prosecution. In addition to these major criticisms, we also find that the justifications evoked by the proponents of the suitability of prosecution are really impertinent. First, the impertinence of the disengagement of the houses of arrest: It is considered that the relapse of arrest houses is an illusion because criminal prosecution does not systematically call for the warrant to be waived (ie the prosecution does not systematically resolve pre-trial detention). Moreover, the principle governing prosecution in criminal matters is freedom and the exception of detention. Then the impertinence of the maintenance of public order: It is also considered that the argument of maintaining order is impertinent because the executive power to the army and the police to maintain order. - Then the impertinence of the role of the courts: For the developing countries, it is estimated that this allows to respect the ratio judge / inhabitant.

Section 23(5) of the Insolvency Act poses an interesting challenge, namely vesting a portion of an insolvent’s post-sequestration income in the trustee of the insolvent estate without infringing on the insolvent’s constitutional rights. The income earned by the insolvent during sequestration is in general excluded from his estate and does not vest in the trustee, unless the Master determines that a portion of the insolvent’s income will not be required to maintain the insolvent and his dependents. In such a case, only the portion deemed to be surplus to requirements will be included in the insolvent estate and will vest in the trustee. The question of what role the insolvent’s income should play during the sequestration process, and therefore how section 23(5) should be interpreted and applied, has vexed the courts and numerous practical and constitutional issues arise. This study examines the application and shortcomings of section 23(5) during the administration phase of the sequestration process. It then explores the lessons learned during the recent constitutional scrutiny and subsequent amendment of the emoluments attachment process. Lastly, recommendations are made for possible law reform of section 23(5).

With the adoption of the Act to amend the Environment Quality Act in order to reinforce compliance in 2011, the legislator came to establish a system of administrative monetary penalties for the protection of the environment. This new regime aims for a faster sanction that can be issued directly by the administrative power. This new sanction not only strengthens the applicability of the Environment Quality Act, but it also adds an additional burden to Quebec businesses. The objective of this thesis is to understand to what extent the system of administrative monetary penalties impacts the liability of administrators. To do this, we will first present the Environment Quality Act, which mainly governs the protection of the environment in Quebec, and above all describe the nature and objective of this system of administrative monetary penalties. Next, we will deal with certain aspects of this regime which have implications for administrator's liability. Finally, we will attempt to briefly introduce some of the observations we have made regarding the challenges and limitations of this administrative regime. Avec l’adoption de la Loi modifiant la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement afin d’en renforcer le respect en 2011, le législateur est venu instaurer un régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires en matière de protection de l’environnement. Ce nouveau régime vise une sanction plus rapide qui peut être émise directement par le pouvoir administratif. Cette nouvelle sanction renforce non seulement l’applicabilité de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement, mais elle ajoute en même temps un fardeau supplémentaire aux entreprises québécoises. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre dans quelle mesure le régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires impacte la responsabilité des administrateurs. Pour ce faire, nous allons d’abord présenter la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement qui encadre principalement la protection de l’environnement au Québec et surtout décrire la nature et l’objectif de ce régime de sanctions administratives pécuniaires. Ensuite, nous traiterons de certains aspects de ce régime qui entraînent des conséquences au niveau de la responsabilité des administrateurs. Finalement, nous tenterons d’introduire brièvement certaines remarques que nous avons tirées concernant les défis et limites de ce régime administratif.

A repartição do lucro entre os sócios é um dos eventos mais relevantes de uma sociedade empresária, tanto é assim que as sociedades por ações possuem uma regra de distribuição obrigatória de dividendos. Entretanto, existem limites juridicamente definidos para que esta distribuição não seja realizada em prejuízo de outros interesses tutelados pela lei. Dividida em duas partes e se valendo da metodologia analítica dedutiva, esta dissertação investiga as hipóteses de não distribuição do dividendo obrigatório aplicáveis para as companhias, identificando as situações que ensejam este não pagamento, bem como analisando criticamente os seus fundamentos e os limites quanto à sua utilização pelas companhias. A primeira parte se divide em dois capítulos, que tratam de conceitos gerais aplicáveis às sociedades, tais como a finalidade lucrativa, o lucro e o direito do acionista ao dividendo, tal qual a sistemática dos dividendos à luz das finanças corporativas. Os quatro capítulos que integram a segunda parte desta dissertação realizam uma avaliação crítica das hipóteses que autorizam o não pagamento do dividendo obrigatório. Durante a análise são realizadas propostas de interpretação do texto legal para solucionar eventuais lacunas existentes na lei com relação a cada uma das hipóteses analisadas, naquilo que possível dentro das limitações da pesquisa. Entre outros resultados, a pesquisa traz contribuições para diferenciar a incompatibilidade da situação financeira da companhia e a crise financeira, confrontando interpretação anterior, que relacionava a incompatibilidade com a iliquidez. A pesquisa também contribui para uma interpretação científica das novas disposições relacionadas à não distribuição do dividendo obrigatório, trazidas pela Lei n. 14.112/20 e pela Lei Complementar n. 182/21, que restringem o pagamento de dividendos. The allocation of profit among shareholders stands as one of the most significant events within a business entity. This is evident in the existence of a mandatory dividend distribution rule in joint-stock companies. Nonetheless, legally defined boundaries exist to prevent such distribution from occurring to the detriment of other interests protected by the law. Split into two parts and employing deductive analytical methodology, this dissertation investigates the scenarios where the mandatory dividend is not distributed in companies, identifying situations that warrant this non-payment and critically analyzing its foundations and limitations concerning its utilization by these companies. The first part comprises two chapters addressing general concepts applicable to corporations, such as profit purpose, earnings, shareholder right to dividends, and the dividend system in light of corporate finance. The second part, composed of four chapters, conducts a critical assessment of the scenarios permitting the non-payment of mandatory dividends. Throughout the analysis, proposals for interpreting the legal text are made to address potential gaps in the law regarding each of the examined scenarios, as far as possible within the research limitations. Among other findings, the research provides insights to distinguish between a companys financial incompatibility and financial crisis, challenging previous interpretations that linked incompatibility solely to illiquidity. Additionally, the study contributes to a scientific interpretation of the new provisions related to the non-distribution of mandatory dividends introduced by Law 14,112/20 and Complementary Law 182/21, which restrict dividend payments.

Près de dix ans après la crise des subprimes les opérations de titrisation connaissent un nouvel essor. Ce dernier fait suite notamment à des travaux de la Commission européenne qui, dès 2015, a fait part de son intention de réviser le corpus applicable à ces transactions dans la cadre de son plan d'action pour la construction de l'Union des Marchés de Capitaux. C'est ainsi qu'en 2017 un règlement portant sur les opérations simples transparentes et standardisées a été publié au journal officiel de l'Union européenne. Ce texte a vocation à être complété par un autre règlement relatif à l'opposabilité des cessions de créances. Au niveau international les règles de rétention de fonds propres applicables visant les expositions de titrisations ont été amendées afin de mieux prendre en compte les risques y attachés. En France le régime applicable à la gestion d'actif et au financement par la dette a été remanié. On peut se demander comment ces évolutions normatives ont influencé la manière dont les risques systémiques et idiosyncratiques sont créés, transférés et couverts dans le cadre des opérations de titrisation. Almost ten years after the subprime crisis, securitization transactions are experiencing a new boom. The latter follows notably work of the European Commission which, as early as 2015, announced its intention to revise the legal framework applicable to these transactions as part of its action plan for the Capital Market Union. This led in 2017 to the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of a regulation on simple, transparent and standardized transactions. This text is intended to be supplemented by another regulation on the enforceability of assignments of receivables. At the international level, the capital retention rules applicable to securitization exposures have been amended to take better account of the risks associated to said exposures. In France, the legal framework applicable to asset management and debt financing has been revised. One can wonder whether the normative developments have influenced the way systemic and idiosyncratic risks are created, transferred and hedged in securitization transactions.

This dissertation explores the evolution of explicit deposit insurance schemes (EDIS) in Southern African countries. It emphasises the important role of banks in the economy and their vulnerability to failures despite prudential requirements and supervision. Financial safety nets are essential for failing banks, and deposit insurance is the primary mechanism to protect depositors and maintain financial system stability in the event of a bank's failure. Originating in 1933 with the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States of America during the Great Depression, EDIS has become a global standard. Southern Africa, with its developing financial sector, faces many challenges including bank failures, causing depositors to lose funds. The region's high interconnectedness increases the threat of contagion if parent banks fail. The absence of deposit insurance raises the likelihood of fiscal authorities succumbing to political pressure to bailout failing banks during crises as seen during the 2007-09 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The GFC prompted the International Association of Deposit Insurers and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to establish the Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems. Issued in June 2009, these principles are used by jurisdictions as a benchmark for assessing the quality of their deposit insurance systems and identifying gaps in their deposit insurance practices. This research aims to evaluate international best practice standards for EDIS and extract lessons from the establishment of EDIS in the USA to address gaps in the implementation of deposit insurance schemes in Southern African countries. Examining ten Southern African countries, this research investigates varied progress in EDIS adoption. Case studies, particularly Zimbabwe as a pioneer of EDIS in the region and Namibia as a recent entrant, help to identify gaps and opportunities for enhancing deposit insurance frameworks in the region.

This paper comprehensively analyses the potential of blockchain technology and smart contracts to revolutionise dispute resolution. As dispute resolution methods evolve, blockchain and smart contracts, which offer efficiency, transparency, and fairness, are becoming more critical. That is especially the case in mediation and construction adjudication, which are less traditionally formal and tend to be carried through much more quickly than other forms of dispute resolution. The opportunity of blockchain comes from its ability to demonstrate a tamper-proof, clear record, reducing risks of misunderstanding and bias. This facilitates the transfer and verification of evidence both in the carrying out of projects and during dispute resolution processes. Smart–digital contracts with terms coded indirectly- allow for automated contract enforcement. They execute automatically upon meeting specific conditions. This automation brings a new efficiency level, cutting the time and costs of conventional dispute resolution. Nonetheless, integrating blockchain and smart contracts in dispute resolution faces several challenges. The current limited understanding and acceptance of these technologies in the legal sector is an imminent issue. Legislative changes are necessary to provide a solid legal framework for these technologies in legal processes and to address potential inconsistencies of approach. Such reform requires strong cooperation among lawmakers, technologists, and legal experts to ensure implementation that adheres to legal and ethical norms and ensures that the technologies can be applied with confidence by the stakeholders within the process. This collective effort is crucial for seamlessly integrating blockchain and smart contracts into legal frameworks.

Aujourd’hui, le marché financier est considéré comme le bouc émissaire du monde des affaires puisqu’il est toujours culpabilisé et pointé de doigt comme la source du malaise et la cause directe de l’effondrement des systèmes économiques. La finalité des marchés financiers est tragiquement déviée dans la perception du grand public. Ce marché qui est censé être l’emblème d’épanouissement, d’entraide et de coopération, est devenu un lieu où règne la mauvaise foi et les manœuvres frauduleuses. Cette stigmatisation n’est pas due au hasard. En effet, le délit d’initié, la publication de comptes inexacts, les crises financières etc. constituent quelques-unes des questions qui ont alimenté le débat actuel autour de crépuscule de la régulation massive du marché financier. La gestion des risques liés aux marchés financiers est devenue une préoccupation majeure afin de se prémunir contre les risques financiers, réputationnels et opérationnels. Today, the financial market is regarded as the scapegoat of the business world, since it is always blamed and pointed at as the source of malaise and the direct cause of the collapse of economic systems. The purpose of financial markets is tragically skewed in the public perception. This market, which is supposed to be the emblem of self-fulfillment, mutual aid and cooperation, has become a place where bad faith and fraudulent maneuvers reign supreme. This stigmatization is no accident. Indeed, insider trading, the publication of inaccurate accounts, financial crises etc. are just some of the issues that have fueled the current debate surrounding the twilight of massive financial market regulation. Financial market risk management has become a major preoccupation in order to guard against financial, reputational and operational risks.

L’entreprise constitue une source incroyable d’innovations, de progrès, de créativité et d’enthousiasme. En effet, elle est l’outil le plus efficace de création d’un changement positif. Or, le fossé entre les entreprises et la société reste encore flagrant ainsi que la relation entre les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises est caractérisée par le manque de confiance et de lucidité. Le droit de la compliance apparaît comme la panacée à ces nouveaux défis, et se présente comme l’outil le plus perfectionné de gouvernance pour l’entreprise et qui permet de concilier entre l’intérêt de l’entreprise et celui de la société.Les entreprises sont tenues de respecter les ordres publics nationaux et supranationaux dans lesquels ils s'inscrivent, Les principes de compliance désignent les lois qui imposent un objectif d’intérêt général à l’entreprise tout en la laissant libre des moyens pour atteindre cet objectif. Les pouvoirs et les régulateurs publics ne font que surveiller la manière dont les opérateurs privés se conforment par eux-mêmes (self-policing, self-reporting, self-compliance et self-monitoring) et contrôler la stricte observance de leurs diligences, c’est-à-dire de leur « capacité à s’auto-policer». The enterprise constitutes an incredible source of innovations, progress, creativity as well as enthusiasm. Indeed, it is the most efficient tool of the creation of positive change. Yet, the gap between enterprises and society still remains obvious as well as the relation between the public powers and enterprises is characterized by the lack of confidence and clarity. The law of compliance seems to be the answer to these new challenges, it presents itself as the most ideal tool of governance for the enterprise and which allows to conciliate between the enterprise’s interests and those of society. Enterprises are required to respect the national and supranational public order which they are a part. The principles of compliance mean the laws that impose a goal of general interest for the enterprise while leaving it free the means to achieve this objective. Powers and public regulators only control the way in which private operators conform by themselves ( self-policing, self-reporting, self-compliance and self-monitoring) and control as well the strict observance of their diligence, that is to say, their self-policing ability.

A Tese aborda a reparação dos danos morais por ricochete no Direito Civil brasileiro a partir de perspectiva histórica, empírica e comparada. Objetiva-se contribuir para a definição de critérios da reparação sob dois aspectos: a legitimidade para postulação do ressarcimento e a quantificação do dano. Para tanto, investiga-se a construção da responsabilidade civil por danos morais por ricochete nos ordenamentos jurídicos francês, português e alemão e na jurisprudência de cada país e, depois, examina-se o histórico desta reparação no Direito Civil brasileiro. Em seguida, analisa-se o enfrentamento dos temas centrais pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal e pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, em virtude de na jurisprudência verificar-se a tentativa de definição de alguns parâmetros a regerem a reparação dos danos extrapatrimoniais por ricochete. Avalia-se os conceitos e fundamentos legal, doutrinário e jurisprudencial deste tipo de dano e os riscos e vantagens de estabelecer-se, no Brasil, critérios restritivos de indenização, à semelhança do que ocorre nos ordenamentos português e alemão. Por fim, conclui-se que não há critério efetivamente firmado no STJ a respeito da definição da legitimidade para postulação do ressarcimento, pelo que se sugere a adoção de modelo restritivo a partir da utilização da ordem de vocação hereditária estabelecida no artigo 1.829 do Código Civil, à semelhança dos modelos português e alemão, a fim de garantir segurança jurídica e estabilidade conceitual ao tema. A respeito da quantificação do dano, propõe-se não a utilização de tarifação, mas de regulação da quantificação, observando-se os elementos seguintes: (a) possibilidades econômico-financeiras de ofensor e vítima reflexa; (b) grau de culpa do ofensor; (c) extensão do dano reflexo; (d) quantidade de vítimas reflexamente atingidas pelo mesmo evento danoso; e (e) proximidade do vínculo de parentesco entre vítima direta e vítima reflexa.

La mondialisation de l'économie de marché ouvre de nouveaux horizons aux entreprises commerciales en étant source de croissance, d'emplois et de prospérité, même si elle engendre aussi des risques, en particulier lorsque les entreprises développent des activités dans des zones en proie à des conflits armés, internationaux ou internes, ou dans des territoires occupés. Les entreprises sont incitées par la société civile et les organisations internationales à tenir de plus en plus compte du droit relatif aux droits de l'homme, qui s'applique tant en période de conflit armé que de paix. Le droit international humanitaire, alors même qu'il est spécifiquement conçu pour régir des situations de conflit armé, qu'il a des effets importants pour elles lorsqu'elles opèrent dans des pays qui connaissent de telles situations, leur est moins connu et fait moins l'objet d'attention par la doctrine, notamment francophone.Un certain nombre de contentieux récents ont soulevé des interrogations en la matière, tant sur le plan de la protection des entreprises par le corpus du droit international humanitaire, que sur celui de la soumission des entreprises à ces règles. Cette thèse analyse l'applicabilité du droit international humanitaire aux entreprises commerciales, à leurs salariés, leurs biens, leurs activités qui peuvent être à la fois des cibles, des victimes, des participants des conflits armés, voire des auteurs de violations du droit international humanitaire, soulevant des interrogations relatives à l'adaptation et la pertinence du DIH à ces entités.

Environmental reclamation obligations are statutory mechanisms designed to regulate environmental protection by corporate entities. Bankruptcy laws on the other hand are meant to offer insolvent corporations an opportunity to reorganize their affairs, satisfy creditors claims and make a fresh start. In practice, the application of bankruptcy laws can undermine key environmental reclamation objectives, leading many to ask whether a corporation undergoing restructuring with significant outstanding environmental reclamation obligations should be able to commence bankruptcy proceedings to satisfy creditors’ claims? By employing the doctrinal and comparative research methodologies, this research interrogates that inquiry. It argues that, despite the importance of bankruptcy protection for corporations undergoing financial distress, environmental protection should be paramount. Although sustainable finance (SF) instruments have been deployed by banks to enable creditors to mitigate environmental concerns in their investments, the persistent recurrence of environmental reclamation issues in the oil and gas sector particularly during insolvencies, underscores the need for financial investors to strengthen their investment policies to reflect best practices providing the desired protection for the environment. The research finds that, although SF and environmental, social and governance (ESG) approaches, are commendable, they are insufficient in instilling adequate regulatory impact on the environment compared to judicial control offered by the courts. The thesis concludes that whilst judicial control mechanism is not without concerns, with government’s deliberate financial policy and judicial control to complement SF and ESG efforts, ESG and SF mechanisms can be strengthened to compel greater significant influence on best practices in lending.

The transformation of international trade from conventional to digital impacts several things, including resolving international trade disputes. In order to realize an efficient and effective dispute resolution process, many countries have implemented ODR to settle international trade disputes. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ODR in various countries and examine issues with unclear guidelines based on international law. This research observes the development of ODR in Indonesia and the urgency for its implementation in Indonesia. The research is normative juridical, with a statutory and comparative approach. The results obtained in this study are model law arrangements relating to the standardization of ODR Providers aimed to protect the personal data of the parties, unification of ODR dispute resolution clauses, and formulation of national legal instruments to create legal certainty regarding ODR, including ODR proceedings, permits, and monitoring,  as well as recognition and execution process of electronic ODR decisions.

O artigo 421-A do Código Civil justifica o afastamento da presunção de paridade e de simetria dos contratos empresariais mediante a presença de elementos concretos cujo teor, natureza e efeitos não são explicitados. A disposição é, via de regra, relacionada à possibilidade de intervir em contratos marcados pela assimetria de poder de barganha entre os contratantes. Dado que é natural que haja disparidade de poder entre as partes, eventual intervenção para conter ou sancionar os efeitos da liberdade contratual exercida no âmbito de uma relação obrigacional assimétrica apenas é justificada se comprometerem valores jurídicos, razão pela se compreende que nem todo desequilíbrio de poder é e deve ser juridicamente significativo. Portanto, propõe- se o conceito de assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa a partir da interpretação sistemática dos artigos 187, 421, caput e 421-A, caput do Código Civil. O objetivo do trabalho é investigar os critérios para qualificação das práticas contratuais derivadas da assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa, bem como seus impactos no cumprimento dos objetivos da disciplina jurídica aplicável aos contratos empresariais de promover segurança jurídica e confiança aos agentes econômicos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a análise foi realizada a partir de dois recortes, um geral e um específico. Como Recorte de Análise Geral, considerou-se os contratos da cadeia agroalimentar (agronegócio) firmados entre o elo produtor e o segmento a jusante. O Recorte de Análise Específico correspondeu aos contratos firmados entre os citricultores e as indústrias processadoras de suco de laranja. Como resultados, defende-se que é juridicamente significativa a assimetria de poder nos contratos empresariais quando dela resultam práticas contratuais pelas quais o agente com poder superior de barganha transfere, total ou parcialmente, custos e riscos incidentes sobre a operação econômica formalizada pelo contrato à parte com desvantagem negocial, sem que seja justificada, do ponto de vista da estrutura jurídica e/ou econômica do negócio, a ausência de contrapartida para assunção de referidos custos e riscos, comprometendo, ao menos potencialmente, o cumprimento da função socioeconômica imediata e mediata dos contratos empresariais. Ademais, a assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa compromete o cumprimento dos objetivos da disciplina jurídica de conferir segurança jurídica e confiança aos agentes econômicos atuantes em dado mercado, razão pela qual não é efetiva para lidar a contento com a problemática. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que são necessárias adaptações a nível de direito material e instrumental para endereçamento dos impactos da assimetria de poder juridicamente significativa, que devem ser objeto de pesquisas futuras. Article 421-A of the Civil Code justifies challenging the presumption of parity and symmetry in business contracts through the presence of concrete elements whose content, nature, and effects are not specified. This provision is generally related to the possibility of intervening in contracts characterized by an asymmetry of bargaining power between the parties. Given that there is naturally a disparity of power between the parties, any intervention to contain or sanction the effects of contractual freedom exercised within an asymmetric obligational relationship is only justified if it compromises legal values. Therefore, it is understood that not every power imbalance is, or should be, legally significant. Hence, the concept of legally significant power asymmetry is proposed based on the systematic interpretation of Articles 187, 421, caput in light of Article 421-A, caput of the Civil Code. The objective of this study is to investigate the criteria for qualifying contractual practices resulting from legally significant power asymmetry and to assess their impacts on the fulfillment of the objectives of the legal framework applicable to business contracts in providing legal certainty and trust to economic agents. To achieve the proposed objective, the analysis was conducted through two scopes, a general one and a specific one. As part of the general analysis, contracts within the agri-food chain (agribusiness) between the producer and the downstream segment were considered. The specific analysis focused on contracts concluded between citrus growers and orange juice processing industries. As a result, it is argued that power asymmetry in business contracts is legally significant when it leads to contractual practices by which the party with superior bargaining power transfers, either entirely or partially, the costs and risks associated with the economic operation formalized by the contract to the disadvantaged party, without the absence of consideration being justified from the perspective of the legal and/or economic structure of the business, thereby compromising the fulfillment of the immediate and mediate socioeconomic function of business contracts. Furthermore, legally significant power asymmetry undermines the achievement of the legal framework\'s objectives to provide legal certainty and trust to economic agents operating in a given market, which is why it is ineffective in adequately addressing the issue. The results led to the conclusion that adjustments are required within both substantive and procedural legal frameworks to tackle the problem effectively, which should be further researched.

A história moderna da humanidade vem demonstrando que jaz míope a visão de que determinado país e sua economia podem viver e sobreviver em estado de isolamento hermético ante a economia globalizada. Não é concebível que determinada sociedade possa se desenvolver sem interação com investidores estrangeiros. Mesmo em países que, por opção ideológica, há certo isolamento, vemos hoje a existência de investimentos estrangeiros, ainda que sejam originados em outros países com o mesmo viés ideológico. Desta forma, os países em desenvolvimento e, em especial para o trabalho que aqui se apresenta, o Brasil têm que compreender as possíveis estruturas jurídicas e econômicas, bem como de políticas públicas que expressam tais estruturas, para poder pretender se credenciar como atrativos destinos de investimentos estrangeiros, seja pela outorga de benefícios (diretos ou indiretos), seja pela segurança ao investidor. No Brasil, entretanto, essa atratividade deve ser sopesada com a preservação de valores fundantes de nossa Constituição, congruentes com o ordenamento jurídico nacional e, ainda, devem ser, depois de efetivado o investimento, acompanhado por um sistema que imponha transparência e solidez ao cumprimento das contrapartidas desejadas: notadamente a geração de emprego e renda e de contribuição para a criação da riqueza nacional. O ponto central do presente trabalho gira em torno dos fundamentos jurídicos para a atração e manutenção, bem como a construção de um possível sistema de aferição da solidez jurídica de políticas de incentivo ao capital estrangeiro.

La esperanza de vida en nuestro país es una de las más altas del mundo. Se estima que en treinta años la tasa de dependencia de personas mayores con necesidades de cuidados en la UE alcanzará el sesenta por ciento.Este estudio aborda las cuestiones jurídico-tributarias que plantean las "plataformas digitales de cuidados" que operan en el ámbito nacional y que tienen por destinatarios a los mayores dependientes.Estas fórmulas empresariales, además del potencial que tienen para la generación de empleo y la innovación, contribuyen a mejorar la calidad del envejecimiento, pues la oferta de servicios (cuidados de larga duración, por períodos cortos o por horas) se adapta con mayor flexibilidad a las necesidades individuales de los mayores, preservando su independencia y autonomía en todo el ciclo de la vejez. Unos cuidados que han de ser de calidad, asequibles y accesibles.Interesa, por tanto, adentrarse en los aspectos más significativos de lo que podría ser una fiscalidad de plataformas, focalizada en aquellas que actúan como intermediarias conectando a vendedores o prestadores de servicios con usuarios, y que comprende medidas concretas en el IS y el IVA, así como nuevas obligaciones de suministro de información (DAC 7). En esta categoría de plataformas se reconocen la mayoría de las que operan en el ámbito de los cuidados. Y, puesto que se trata de un sector empresarial en crecimiento, presenta especial interés conocer en qué medida se pueden aprovechar las medidas fiscales introducidas para el fomento de las empresas emergentes (startups), así como para la atracción de inversión privada y la captación de talento extranjero.

Esta dissertação parte da seguinte indagação: a contrapartida em dinheiro no âmbito das operações de incorporação e incorporação de ações é admitida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro? Para responder a essa pergunta, o trabalho examina, em primeiro lugar, de que forma a continuidade das participações societárias insere-se na disciplina dessas operações, constatando que a transposição dos sócios da companhia incorporada (ou cujas ações são incorporadas) para a sociedade incorporadora é tradicionalmente encarada com um traço essencial dessa modalidade de reorganização societária. Nada obstante a essa concepção, o trabalho se dedica a analisar em que medida essas operações são compatíveis com o ordenamento jurídico societário brasileiro, com o propósito de identificar se há fundamentos jurídicos a respaldar a dispensa do princípio da continuidade das participações societárias. Nesse contexto, busca identificar os riscos decorrentes da admissibilidade de operações de incorporação com pagamento em dinheiro sob a perspectiva dos acionistas das companhias envolvidas, avaliando se, diante de tais riscos, as salvaguardas oferecidas pelo ordenamento jurídico societário vigente são suficientes para endereçá-los, assinalando os pontos em que a disciplina jurídica poderia ser aprimorada e a necessidade da imposição de determinados limites à realização dessas operações. This dissertation seeks to answer the following question: is cash consideration in a merger permitted under Brazilian law? In order to answer that question, this study first examines how the participation in the equity of the surviving corporation is traditionally viewed within the legal framework of these transactions, concluding that the passage of the shareholders from the merged company (or whose shares are merged) to the surviving company is seen as an essential feature of mergers. Notwithstanding this conception, this study is dedicated to analyze to what extent such kind of merger is compatible with the Brazilian corporate legal system, with the purpose of identifying whether there are legal grounds to support its admissibility. In this context, the dissertation seeks to identify the risks arising from the admissibility of cash as consideration in mergers from the perspective of the shareholders of the companies involved in such transactions, assessing whether, in light of such risks, the safeguards provided by the current corporate legal system are sufficient to address them, pointing out where the legal framework could be improved and the need to impose certain limits on carrying out these transactions.

A presente tese tem por escopo analisar a proteção dos trabalhadores em plataformas digitais. Sob o viés específico, investiga como o Direito do Trabalho pode assumir seu protagonismo na tutela dos motoristas via aplicativos. O trabalho em plataformas digitais já é uma realidade tanto no cotidiano brasileiro quanto nos demais países. São milhares de trabalhadores espalhados por inúmeras atividades via plataformas digitais, havendo crescimento exponencial nessa seara, o que propicia oportunidades, avanços e desafios. Ocorre que, até o momento, ainda não foi definido o standard de proteção aplicáveis a esses trabalhadores, havendo vazio protetivo que gera precariedades, insegurança jurídica e controvérsias judiciais. Por tais razões, a regulação dessa nova forma de trabalho constitui desafio global. Questiona-se: qual é a proteção adequada para os trabalhadores em plataforma digital? Em busca de respostas coerentes, concebe-se que o Direito do Trabalho pode assumir sua eterna juventude, adaptar-se aos novos tempos e se reinventar para proteger também esses novos trabalhadores. A tese defende um regime jurídico moderno, compatível e pacificador, capaz de harmonizar proteção social e segurança jurídica, valor social do trabalho e livre iniciativa, dignidade da pessoa humana e meio ambiente de trabalho saudável. Essa justa medida pode ser encontrada entre a intervenção estatal mínima e a autorregulamentação das partes. Cabendo ao Estado assegurar a dignidade de todos os trabalhadores, no âmbito da livre iniciativa, identifica-se núcleo fundamental de direitos aplicáveis aos trabalhadores em plataformas digitais, levando-se em conta as transformações do mundo de trabalho; respeitada essa normativa mínima do tipo cláusula pétrea ou espaço vital e inflexível, caberá aos próprios atores sociais regular essa peculiar atividade laboral, o que confere maior efetividade, segurança jurídica e adaptação às transformações sociais. The purpose of this doctoral study is to analyze the issue of protecting workers on digital platforms. From a specific perspective, it will investigate how Labor Law can assume its leading role in protecting drivers via apps. In fact, working on digital platforms is already a reality in everyday life in Brazil and in other countries. There are thousands of workers spread across numerous activities via digital platforms, with exponential growth in this area, which provides opportunities, advances and challenges. It turns out that, to date, the protective standard applicable to these workers has not yet been defined, resulting in a protective void that generates precariousness, legal uncertainty and judicial controversies. For these reasons, regulating this new form of work constitutes a global challenge. The question is: what is the adequate protection for platform workers? In search of coherent answers, it is conceived that Labor Law can assume its eternal youth, adapt to new times and reinvent itself to also protect these new workers. It advocates the achievement of a modern, compatible and pacifying legal regime, capable of harmonizing social protection and legal security, the social value of work and free initiative, human dignity and an adequate working environment. This fair measure can be found between minimal state intervention and self- regulation of the parties. As the State is responsible for ensuring the dignity of all workers, within the scope of free enterprise, a fundamental core of rights applicable to workers on digital platforms will be identified, taking into account the transformations in the world of work. Respecting this minimum regulation of the stone clause or vital and inflexible space type, it is believed that social actors themselves will be able to regulate this peculiar work activity, which provides greater effectiveness, legal security and adaptation to social transformations.