Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Tezimizin amacı, ortaklığın anayasası niteliğinde sayılan anasözleşmedeki değişikliklerin, hangi temel esaslar dahilinde yapılabileceğini ortaya koymak, değişikliğin şekli, kapsamı, usulü, sınırları ve sonuçları konusundaki mevzuat hükümlerini, doktrin görüşleri ve uygulama sorunları ile birlikte incelemektir. Çalışmamızda, ayrı birer tez konusu yapılmış veya yapılabilecek ayrıntılar içeren, esas sermaye artırımı, sermaye azaltımı gibi özel anasözleşme değişiklikleri tek tek incelenmek yerine, tüm anasözleşme değişikliklerinde geçerli olan temel esaslar incelenmeye çalışılmış, esas sermaye artırımı ve azaltımına özgü ve genel değişikliklerden farklı olan özel düzenlemeler kapsam dışı bırakılmıştır. 1 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe girecek olan Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanununun konumuzla ilgili hükümleri de 6762 Sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu hükümleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak tezimizde incelenmiştir. Üç ana bölümden oluşan tezimizin ilk bölümünde anasözleşme kavramı ve hukuki niteliği üzerinde durulmuş ve Alman, İsviçre, Türk öğretisindeki görüşler doğrultusunda anasözleşmenin hukuki niteliği konusunda bir sonuca varılmaya çalışılmıştır. Anasözleşme değişikliği konusunda çıkış noktamız olan anasözleşme içeriği de yine bu bölümde TTK ve YTTK hükümleri karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınarak incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, öncelikle değişiklik kavramı üzerinde durulmuş ve hangi tür değişikliklerin anasözleşme değişikliği kapsamında değerlendirilmesi gerektiği tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Değişiklik usul ve şartları konusu ise, değişiklik metninin hazırlanması, gerekiyorsa Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanlığından izin alınması, değişikliğin genel kurulda karara bağlanması, imtiyazlı paysahiplerinin onayı ile ticaret siciline tescil ve ilan alt başlıkları çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamızın son bölümü anasözleşme değişikliğinin sınırları ve denetimine ayrılmıştır. Bu kapsamda özellikle vazgeçilmez ve müktesep haklarla, imtiyazlı paylardan doğan hakların anasözleşme değişikliklerine çizmiş oldukları sınırlar kanun hükümleri kapsamında tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Aynı bölümde, anasözleşme değişikliğinin hükümsüzlüğü ve denetimi başlığı altında, yokluk, butlan, iptal edilebilirlik ve askıda hükümsüzlük halleri üzerinde genel hatlarıyla durulmuştur. The purpose of this thesis is to put forward the main principles through which the amendments in the main contract, considered to be the constitution of partnership, could be made and to analyze provisions of the legislation together with doctrinal views and implementation issues regarding the form, scope, procedures (mode), limits and results of amendment.In this study, rather than focusing on specific main contract amendments with details that have been or could be the subject of a separate thesis such as the increase or reduction in authorized capital, the basic principles that apply to all main contract amendments were analyzed and the arrangements specific to increase and reduction in authorized capital and special arrangements, which are different from general amendments, were left out of the scope of the study.The relevant provisions of the new Turkish Commercial Code, which will come into force on 1 July 2012, are examined in this thesis in comparison with the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Law No. 6762. This thesis is consists of three main parts. In the first part, the emphasis is on the concept of main contract and its legal attributes; and in accordance with the legal opinions stemming from the German, Swiss and Turkish doctrines the first part tries to reach a conclusion regarding the legal attributes of the main contract.The content of the main contract, which is the point of departure regarding the main contract amendment, is also analyzed in this part by means of discussing the provisions of the TCL in comparison with that of the NTCC. The second part primarily focused on the concept of amendment and sought to determine what kind of amendments should be evaluated within the scope of main contract amendment.The issue of procedures and conditions for the amendment is elaborated under the subheadings: the preparation of the text of amendment, (if necessary) the authorization from the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the decree for the amendment in the general assembly, registration at the trade registry and promulgation with the approval of the privileged shareholders.The last part of the thesis is on the limits and supervision of main contract amendment. Within this context, this part tried to determine the limits stipulated for the main contract amendments under the provisions of the law particularly by indispensable and vested rights as well as the rights incurred from concessional shares. Within the same part, under the heading/title of invalidity of the main contract amendment the cases of absence, voidness, revocation and pending invalidity have been analyzed in general terms.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the legal effects of state succession on cultural property. This is not a new topic of international law. Indeed, the attempts to provide a legal framework for the cultural aspects of state succession have been undertaken in international practice and legal scholarship since at least the mid-nineteenth century. Initially, these were strictly bound to the origin of the European nation-state, determining its territorial boundaries accordingly to ethnic and cultural divisions. However, the concept of cultural property in international law has evolved towards a broader, more human-oriented idea of cultural heritage. Such a conceptual shift has occurred in the last fifty years, marked by the gradual recognition of the fundamental role performed by cultural manifestations in the preservation of human dignity and the continuous development of all mankind. This study discusses to what extent the practice and the theory of state succession reflect this evolution. It attempts to reconstruct the principles regulating interstate arrangements with regard to such matters, contextualizing them in a broad historical and geographical framework. Particular attention has been paid to the question of state succession to international cultural heritage obligations. This piece of work explores their content, sources and status in state succession. It explains that nowadays the preservation and enjoyment of cultural heritage do not constitute the exclusive concern of state sovereignty. On the contrary, such values are of general interest to the international community as a whole. Therefore, the study advocates a new doctrinal approach, based both on the principles of international cultural heritage law and human rights law. This implies the limitation of the contractual freedom of states in the matter of cultural agreements, in favour of the continuity of international cultural heritage obligations in cases of state succession. Finally, the study proposes a list of guiding principles relating to the succession of states in respect of tangible cultural heritage, which may contribute to the further development of international practice.

Que peut-on dire, en réponse à la question de l’application effective des actes uniformes dans l’espace Ohada? La réponse à cette interrogation a permis la signature par Jimmy Kodo de L’application des actes uniformes de l’Ohada, ouvrage de référence qui nous introduit ici dans l’univers de la jurisprudence Ohada. Docteur en droit privé, l’auteur dans ce document a choisi de se laisser guider essentiellement par la jurisprudence afin de révéler au lecteur, l’état de la pratique du droit Ohada. Cette marque d’originalité et la particularité de l’analyse semblent être à la base de ce qui lui a valu d’être qualifié en préface par Barthélémy Mercadal, d’ouvrage « soigné, bien ordonné et précis »1. Ce livre est utile au praticien du droit car, l’analyse jurisprudentielle touche un ensemble de questions pratiques majeures2. Son utilité pour le monde universitaire se ressent par le caractère clair de l’écriture, la cohérence du plan d’analyse et la profondeur, voire la précision des résultats obtenus. Le politique n’est pas non plus demeuré en reste des cibles de cet ouvrage pour qui il est une alerte à élargir le rôle de la CCJA3 (Cour Commune de Justice et d’arbitrage) dans le processus d’unification du droit en Afrique.

Le processus de règlement des litiges par la voie de l’arbitrage a nourri des ambitions économiques énormes dans les sphères juridiques où ce mécanisme a été instauré. L’efficacité de ce processus qui signifie entre autre un processus ayant abouti à une application, voire une exécution effective des protagonistes est un gage de la réalisation de ces ambitions. Or, ce processus peut être compromis du fait de l’annulation de la sentence arbitrale par un juge dont l’intervention dans le processus peut soit le renforcer, soit l’annihiler fondamentalement. Cette situation explique dans une large mesure les raisons pour lesquelles la doctrine juridique se place en faveur d’une collaboration solide entre la justice publique et la justice privée de l’arbitrage. Comment cette question de l’annulation de la sentence arbitrale est abordée dans les sphères juridiques du Québec et de l’Ohada? Quels sont les effets juridiques issus de la comparaison de cette situation dans chacune de ces sphères? Telle se présente la substance de cette recherche dont la méthode comparative est alimentée par le paradigme de l’herméneutique juridique et son corollaire le pluralisme juridique. Les résultats issus du dialogue comparatif devraient participer à une amélioration des situations problématiques décelées dans les sphères concernées. The rule process of lawsuits based on arbitration has filled out huge economic ambitions related to judicial spheres where this mechanism has been established. The efficiency of this process, which among others, has led to an application, indeed a real execution of the protagonists, is somewhat a guarantee to the fulfilment of these ambitions. However, this process can be compromised because of the cancellation of the arbitral sentence by a judge whose intervention in the process can either reinforce it or destroy it. This situation mainly explains the reasons why the juridical doctrine is in favour of a solid collaboration. How do the juridical sphere of Quebec and Ohada tackle this issue of the cancellation of the arbitral sentence? What are the juridical effects stemmed from the comparism of this situation in both spheres? The way the substance of this research appears and whose comparative method is fed by the paradigm of the juridical hermeneutics and its juridical pluralism corollary. The results stemmed from the comparative dialog should participate in improving problematic situations detected in the applied spheres.

La présente thèse renvoie à un essai théorique et comparatif sur le concept d'illicéité en matière de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle pour le fait personnel. L'impérieuse nécessité d'une étude de l'illicéité se déduit de la volonté de reconnaître explicitement un tel concept et de le concevoir comme un fait générateur de responsabilité civile extracontractuelle dans le système québécois, c'est-à-dire de lui conférer une autonomie et une fonctionnalité propres. Une telle reconnaissance de l'illicéité apparaît sans conteste novatrice dans la doctrine juridique québécoise et exige une clarification de notions périphériques à l'illicite, que ce soit l'illégalité ou la faute. Le Titre premier se confine à poser les assises dogmatiques de l'illicéité au regard de sa signification et des acteurs en présence, dans la sphère civiliste de la responsabilité extracontracruelle pour le fait personnel. Il poursuit un objectif essentiel de clarification : d'abord, l'identification des couches conceptuelles de l'illicéité dans ses prédicats objectif et subjectif; ensuite, son sens envisagé du point de vue de l'auteur responsable et que l'on doit réfuter du point de vue de la victime exclusivement. Le Titre second ouvre la voie à un questionnement sur l'opportunité d'introduire la notion d'illicéité dans le système québécois de la responsabilité civile extracontractuelle pour le fait personnel. Il est alors indispensable d'investiguer dans des traditions juridiques civilistes helvétique et française qui manient le concept afin d'appuyer sa reconnaissance dans notre droit. Il poursuit un dessein primordial d'innovation qui consiste à jauger les avantages et les obstacles dirimants à la reconnaissance d'une portée normative propre de l'illicite.

<p>This thesis analyzes the concept of corporate residence, with particular reference to the law in the UK and Canada. It explores why corporate residence is relevant in tax policy, how corporate residence is understood in law, and how revenue authorities respond to the use and alleged 'abuse' of residence rules. Part I argues that the residence of taxpayers generally (individual or corporate) remains a relevant factor in international tax design, that taxation of corporations on the basis of residence has some justification, but that there is a disjunction between meaningful residence-based taxation and current definitions of corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties. The formulations of residence based on incorporation, central management and control, and place of effective management, particularly as applied to multinational enterprises, are considered and are found to be deficient. Part II critically analyzes the major policy responses of the UK and Canadian governments to the exploitation of corporate residence. It argues that key legislative and administrative responses to international tax avoidance activities, for both outbound and inbound investment, are purportedly based on the acceptance of formal corporate residence yet undermine that concept in an effort to impose tax or refuse treaty relief based on where economic interests actually exist. The responses considered are the application of controlled foreign companies legislation to offshore subsidiaries, the invocation of treaty anti-abuse rules with respect to offshore intermediaries, and the use of overarching general anti-avoidance measures to challenge varied structures that rely on offshore entities. These haphazard anti-avoidance rules are overlaid with revenue authorities' indignation at the motivations that underlie many corporate relocations. It is argued that a more coherent approach would be to focus on the objective reality or unreality of corporate establishment, by reformulating corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties.</p>

In this thesis space technology trade and proliferation controls are analyzed, focusing on two substantive issues that illustrate the challenges and opportunities of reform. The first substantive issue examined is the challenge of domestic law and policy reform in light of international regulatory divergence. This issue is examined through a case study of the U.S. commercial communication satellite export control regime. The second issue is the international implications of space technology trade and proliferation control on global civil space cooperation. The unifying demonstration of this doctoral thesis is that States operate in an international legal system that perpetuates a self-justified security dilemma whose basis originates in the sovereign legal right of States to produce, procure, and maintain space technologies of a military nature. As a result, the international legal system governing space technology trade and proliferation creates a tension between perceived national security needs and the benefits of global cooperation.

The Southern African Development Community (SADC), formerly known as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), is an organization of Southern African states initially formed to reduce economic dependence on South Africa (then an Apartheid state) and to harmonize and coordinate development in the region. The vision and mission of SADC reach well beyond the harmonization of development within the region. It extends to fields that include political stability, peace building, the maintenance of security and justice as well as economic cooperation. The attainment of these goals requires well co-ordinated regional mechanisms; as such over the past decade member states have paid particular attention to the possibility of attaining these goals through regional integration. The transformation from SADCC to SADC indicated that the body would no longer be a loose association (conference) of states but rather a regional body that would have a legally binding effect on its member states. The question is, when the member states assembled in Windhoek, August 1992, did they create an institutional framework, and policies that would have enough legal force to ensure that the institutional agenda of integration is not defeated by member states? The argument of this dissertation is that the Treaty and the policies established afterwards contain principle imperfections that are self defeating for the pursuance of regional integration. The work will begin by discussing regional integration in general, highlighting the historical origins of SADC as well as the role of the African Union. The work will then discuss the dimensions and functioning of SADC, laying the foundation for a proper critique on how the institutional framework contains inherent weaknesses that eventually hinder the progression of SADC. The dissertation ultimately will discuss and benchmark the European Union against SADC, in an attempt to extract important lessons for the progression of SADC.

Litigation in developing countries has many defects which has prompted a need for the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Arbitration, being one such substitutive mechanism as a type of private litigation is the most suitable for the same. This paper deals with the need to develop institutional arbitration to co-exist with ad hoc arbitration and scale it down to be available for dispute resolution in developing countries using an illustration of India. Certain recommendations to make institutional arbitration, which is considered to be appropriate for International commercial dispute resolution, suitable for domestic disputes in developing countries have been highlighted.

Si la révocation du dirigeant social, mandataire social et le congédiement du salarié sont admis, peut-on concevoir qu'un associé puisse être exclu de la société dont il est membre? La qualité d'associé pésente a priori un caractère permanent que justifie son origine contractuelle. La question se pose de savoir si, dans le cadre d'une société et dans le droit OHADA, pourrait s'appliquer une sanction consistant à retirer la qualité d'associé à un membre de la société en l'en excluant, sur le fondement de l'intérêt de l'entreprise. C'est ce que l'on appelle le 'squeeze out' de l'associé, expression d'origine anglo-saxonne, consacrée en droit boursier. Il s'agit d'une opération qui s'apparente à l'offre publique de retrait obligatoire: une entreprise indemnise ses actionnaires minoritaires afin qu'ils retirent leurs titres du marché. Dans le cas du 'squeeze out', l'utilité publique aura tendance à s'exprimer au travers de l'utilité sociale. L'exclusion doit être non seulement utile, mais surtout nécessaire. La compréhension du 'squeeze out' comme sanction de celui qui, par son fait ou sa situation, compromet la relation contractuelle, doit être complétée par celle du 'squeeze out' remède, afin que la notion soit susceptible d'être admise dans l'espace OHADA (première partie); appréhendé de manière large comme une exclusion, le 'sqeeze out' est une notion concernant plusieurs disciplines juridiques. Son domaine naturel est le droit boursier, et plus largement le droit des sociétés. Ses applications débordent cependant de ce cadre étroit pour se retrouver dans d'autres domaines que l'auteur qualifie d'artificiels, tout en se limitant au droit du travail et au droit des procédures civiles (deuxième partie)

La compétence d'un arbitre chargé d'appliquer le droit international des investissements exige l'existence préalable d'un investissement étranger. Cette étude vise à identifier ce qui constitue un investissement parmi l'ensemble des opérations économiques et financières et à déterminer les conditions auxquelles il doit répondre pour être considéré comme étranger. L'importance de la Convention de Washington explique l'attention particulière portée au Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI). La diversité des traités bilatéraux et des autres sources normatives dans ce domaine a conduit à proposer une approche fondée sur une dissociation du contrôle sur la base des sources normatives de la compétence arbitrale. Après un exposé introductif sur l'évolution des modes de règlement des différends relatifs à la propriété étrangère et son aboutissement à l'arbitrage international actuel, la première partie de l'étude est consacrée à la définition de la notion juridique d'investissement dans une perspective de qualification par l'arbitre. La seconde partie analyse la seconde exigence pour établir la compétence de l'arbitre, celle d'extranéité de l'investissement, et elle expose les conditions liées à la nationalité de l'investisseur.