Bibliographie sélective OHADA

A presente investigação tem como objecto a Sociedade Unipessoal de Direito angolano. Com o desenvolvimento da mesma, ambicionamos prestar um contributo para a compreensão do regime jurídico positivo da unipessoalidade no Ordenamento Jurídico angolano. É um facto que o reconhecimento legislativo da Sociedade Unipessoal representa o acompanhamento, pelo Direito, da evolução da realidade económica, estabelecendo-se assim a necessária correspondência entre a realidade e o Direito. É do mesmo modo um facto que a Sociedade Unipessoal contraria a dogmática básica do Direito Societário, assente na ideia de que sociedade é uma realidade de que apenas uma pluralidade de indivíduos pode fazer recurso, ao ponto de se considerar a sociedade constituída por uma única pessoa uma autêntica contradictio in terminis. Portanto, o reconhecimento da unipessoalidade societária como uma situação ordinária, para além de acrescentar valores próprios ao ordenamento jurídico-societário, levanta uma série de questões que vão desde a contradição terminológica aos problemas concretos que apenas se levantam na presença da sociedade unipessoal ou que nelas se levantam com mais acuidade. A análise problemática de algumas perplexidades que se levantam no âmbito da Sociedade unipessoal ocupa as páginas do presente estudo.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o arcabouço jurídico e regulatório brasileiro relativo às formas de organização das sociedades empresárias e aos instrumentos de captação de recursos a elas disponíveis, de modo a verificar em que medida favorecem o processo de formação de capital por meio do mercado de valores mobiliários. Para tanto, são avaliados determinados aspectos associados à disciplina das sociedades empresárias e ao processo de captação de recursos, reputados relevantes sob a perspectiva do fomento à utilização do mercado de valores mobiliários para a formação de capital. O Capítulo 2 estabelece os elementos principais que justificam a pesquisa conduzida e as premissas adotadas na análise que se seguirá da disciplina jurídica que conforma o processo de formação de capital por meio do mercado de valores mobiliários. O Capítulo 3 analisa as estruturas jurídicas para organização das sociedades empresárias, com o objetivo de averiguar a natureza de determinados requisitos organizativos impostos como precondição para a utilização do mercado de valores mobiliários. Partindo de elementos advindos da teoria do contrato financeiro, busca-se analisar determinados aspectos da disciplina societária -- associados à alocação de direitos políticos e econômicos entre investidores e empreendedores, à estrutura decisória e administrativa da empresa e ao regime de destinação de seus resultados -- em relação aos quais um maior espaço para a autonomia privada é salutar à conformação dos arranjos subjacentes à relação de investimento que se estabelece entre investidores e empreendedores no âmbito do processo de formação de capital por meio do mercado de valores mobiliários. O Capítulo 4 trata de analisar as estruturas jurídicas e regulatórias que regem a captação de recursos por meio do mercado de valores mobiliários, especialmente a partir dos mecanismos de formação privada (private equity e venture capital), semipública (ofertas restritas, limitadas e dispensadas de registro) e pública de capital, com o objetivo de averiguar se as alternativas postas à disposição das sociedades empresárias e o balanceamento regulatório aplicável favorecem o processo de formação de capital por meio do mercado de valores mobiliários. Conclui-se, ao final, que a disciplina societária e do mercado de valores mobiliários brasileiro é dotada de elementos de rigidez e inflexibilidade em vários aspectos relevantes, especialmente em comparação com a disciplina norteamericana e europeia. A diminuição do espaço da autonomia privada em relação a tais aspectos pode afetar a atratividade do mercado de valores mobiliários enquanto alternativa de financiamento da atividade empresária.

Esta tese trata do abuso do poder em companhias sob controle conjunto formado a partir da celebração de acordo de acionistas e o exercício das prerrogativas conferidas pelo art. 118, §§ 8º e 9º da Lei das S.A. aos acordantes e aos presidentes da assembleia geral e órgãos colegiados de administração da companhia. Seu objetivo precípuo é contribuir para a delimitação do risco de que tais prerrogativas sejam utilizadas para a prática de atos ilícitos. O tema é investigado dogmática e empiricamente - neste segundo caso, mediante um estudo de caso da capitalização de Oi S.A., realizada em 2014. No Capítulo I caracterizam-se o poder de controle conjunto e o acordo de acionistas sobre exercício do poder de controle. No Capítulo II, analisa-se o abuso do poder de controle, tanto no direito estrangeiro (escolhidos como paradigmas de análise os Estados Unidos da América e Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda do Norte), quanto no brasileiro, e relaciona-se tal conceito ao de benefícios privados do controle (ou tunneling), desenvolvido por economistas. Por fim, no Capítulo III analisam-se as normas do art. 118, §§ 8º e 9º da Lei das S.A. Em cada um dos capítulos a análise dogmática é seguida de estudos empíricos que visam a aplicar os conceitos desenvolvidos ao caso estudado. Ao final, conclui-se que somente sob circunstâncias específicas os direitos e deveres decorrentes dos §§ 8º e 9º do art. 118 podem servir de instrumento ao abuso do poder de controle - quando não houver incentivos para que os acordantes cheguem a uma solução negociada, evitando os conflitos que levariam à aplicação de tais dispositivos.

A presente dissertação de Mestrado visa analisar e apresentar uma reflexão mais abrangente e aprofundada sobre a problemática inerente às sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto no Direito da OHADA, nunca antes tratada pela doutrina nacional e (ou pela doutrina da OHADA) especializada, cujo resultado final esperamos poder contribuir, em certa medida, para o reforço da segurança jurídica e judiciária nos Estado-Membros da OHADA. As sociedades criadas de facto e sociedades de facto podem perturbar (e, efetivamente, perturbam) o exercício legítimo de atividades comerciais, uma vez que geram a insegurança jurídica e judiciária para investidores e para o comércio em geral. Com efeito, trata-se de realidades societárias, por vezes, constituídas e dissolvidas à margem do quadro legal vigente. À luz do artigo 98.º do Ato Uniforme Relativo as Sociedades Comerciais (AUS), todas as sociedades comerciais adquirem a personalidade jurídica a partir da sua matrícula no Registo do Comércio e do Crédito Mobiliário. Por isso, a maior parte da doutrina tem perdido demasiado tempo e energia na exegese deste preceito, deduzindo nele o efeito constitutivo do registo. Porém, temos para nós que a génese da sociedade reside na vontade das partes, tendo o registo o efeito principal de atribuição de um privilégio comercial de limitação da responsabilidade. Todavia, o registo não deixa de ser condicionante da plenitude da personalidade. A sociedade resulta de um contrato e não, necessariamente, do mero facto.

A tese propõe a sistematização da intervenção judicial na administração de sociedades no Brasil. Para tanto, adotou-se um conceito restritivo de intervenção judicial, assim consideradas apenas as hipóteses em que o magistrado nomeia interventor provisório (terceiro estranho ao quadro social) para integrar-se à administração da sociedade. Existem diversas modalidades de intervenção -- da mais branda (nomeação de interventor-observador) à mais incisiva (nomeação de interventor-administrador) --, devendo o juiz eleger a que melhor atenda às necessidades do caso concreto. A aplicação do instituto deve ser encarada como medida excepcional, última alternativa, diante das graves consequências que pode produzir, circunstância que não pode e não deve, todavia, impedir a sua utilização sempre que necessário (manejada de forma adequada, a intervenção pode ser de grande valia para a solução do conflito societário).

La fiscalité des groupes de sociétés intéresse le monde des affaires et tout contribuable. Le régime fiscal des sociétés est très incitatif à la création de groupes. Cela dit, c’est un régime fiscal récent en Algérie, son application nécessite des conditions. Il peut faire l’objet d’une révision. Le code fiscal algérien s’est ressourcé beaucoup du Code General des Impôts français. La détermination du résultat fiscal d’ensemble est restée une très grande problématique. Le résultat fiscal nécessite différents retraitements. Les transferts de bénéfices et le régime des restructurations donnent eux aussi droit à des impositions. Le régime de consolidation fiscale vise avant tout l’impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés, cela dit les droits d’enregistrements, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, les cas de cessation du régime et les cas de sortie entrainent elles aussi des retraitements. Le groupe de sociétés peut être soumis à un contrôle fiscal en cas d’anomalies dans les déclarations fiscales. Company group’s taxation interests the business world and every taxpayer. Companies’ fiscal regime is very incentive to company creation. This type of regime is recent in Algeria. Its application regimes conditions, it is susceptible of revision. Algeria’s fiscal code has taken much from France’s general fiscal one. The determination of overall tax result is still a very large problematic. Tax result requires different adjustments. The transfer of profits and the regime of restructuring gives right to taxation. The tax consolidation regime aims primarily at taxing companies on their profits. Registration fees, the added tax value and cases of regime cessation, and cases of output causes retreatment. Company groups may be subject to tax control in case of anomalies in tax declaration.

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Societario (2016/17). Tutora: Dra. Patricia Márquez Lobillo. Ante la conducta por la que el administrador social causa un daño al patrimonio de la sociedad, la Ley de Sociedades de Capital ofrece un mecanismo por el cual poder exigirle la reparación del daño, mediante la acción social de responsabilidad, que podrá ser ejercida por la sociedad, los socios o terceros, con la finalidad de restablecer el patrimonio social. Este trabajo nace con la intención de ofrecer un enfoque práctico para el ejercicio de la acción, estudiando los elementos necesarios que han de cumplirse en cada uno de los legitimados para poder ejercitarla eficazmente y cómo actuar frente a la acción por quien no esté de acuerdo a su ejercicio. Para todo ello se apoya el trabajo en la jurisprudencia más actual y relevante en cada supuesto.

Son yıllarda, uluslararası ticaret hukukundaki gelişmelerle birlikte sınır aşan şirket birleşmeleri de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Şirketler bakımından yabancı bir şirketle birleşmenin getirdiği pek çok avantaj yanında, çeşitli zorluklar da mevcuttur. Bu zorluklardan en önemlilerinden bir tanesini de sınır aşan birleşmelere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti oluşturmaktadır. AB hukukunda, sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine ilişkin düzenlemeler öngörülerek üye devletler arasındaki uygulamanın yeknesaklaştırılması adına 2005/56/EC sayılı Direktif kabul edilmiştir. Türk hukuku bakımından ise, sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerinin önemine vurgu yapılmakla birlikte bu hususta henüz bir düzenleme getirilmiş değildir. Çalışmada, AB hukukunda bu hususta öngörülen düzenlemeler de değerlendirilmek suretiyle, Türk hukukunda sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukukun tespiti üzerinde durulmuştur. Sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin görüşler de değerlendirilerek, AB hukuku ile de uyum sağlamak adına, Türk hukukunda her bir birleşme işlemi için uygulanacak hukuk değerlendirilmiş ve sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin düzenleme önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınır aşan birleşme, uygulanacak hukuk, şirket birleşmeleri, 2005/56/EC, AB hukuku. With the recent developments in international commercial law, cross-border mergers have been developed during the last few decades. Besides the advantages of merging with a company from a different country, there are also some difficulties especially about determining the applicable law. In European Union, Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on cross-border mergers of limited liability companies has been accepted to regulate this issue and harmonise the rules of substantive law of the member states. In Turkish law, despite the emphasize on the significance of the cross-border mergers at the preamble of Turkish Commercial Code, currently there is no codification about cross-border mergers. This study attempts to make a discussion about the applicable law to cross-border mergers from the perspective of Turkish law and a comparison between the regulations of European Union law and Turkish law. Yet, taking into consideration the EU-Turkey relations and the developments about the adaption of Turkish law to European Union law, the harmonization of rules about cross-border mergers must be inevitable. As the applicable law to cross-border mergers is topical and important subject for Turkish law, the study will also deal with the legislation proposal in accordance with European Union law. Key Words: merger, cross-border merger, applicable law, 2005/56/EC, EU law.

In publicly held companies where the shareholdership is differentiated from the control and the management of the company, the dispersed shareholding structure prevents the active involvement of the shareholders in the company management while the directors have the opportunity to act in their personal interests. The aforementioned conflict of interest between the shareholders and the directors in the management of the publicly held companies which has been identified as "Principle-Agent Problem" in economic literature has had substantial effect in modern company law. Accordingly, considerable work in the company law has been dedicated to the legal strategies developed to decrease the cost of monitoring directors for shareholders. One of the main corporate governance strategies that is developed to deal with the "Principle-Agent Problem" focuses on increasing the number and the effectiveness of the directors who are not involved in the managing activities of the company. The main principle of this legal strategy is the designing the structure of the board of directors on the basis of team spirit and mutual accountability. In that sense, non-management directors conduct their duties as directors without having management tasks in the company. As these directors work on a part time basis they are not fully depended to the company and in principle they receive symbolic amounts of remuneration. Under this incentive strategy it is accepted that the esteem and reputation that the non-management directors preserve in eye of the public are the main incentives that motivate them to monitor the managing directors. The corporate governance principles are designed as alternative to the rule based regulation approach in company law. The non-management directorship which is introduced as a corporate governance concept for solving the problem of conflict of interest between the shareholders and the directors is the focus area of this thesis. The thesis consists of five parts. In the first part of this study, the concept of corporate governance which is the source of non-management director concept and the conflict of intererest problem between the shareholders and the directors regarding the management of the publicly held companies have been introduced. In this regard, "Centralised Management" and "Principle-Agent Problem" are explained. Finally, based on the "Principle-Agent Problem" the legal theories that are developed to increase the effectiveness of the board of directors, the categorisation of those strategies that has been introduced and place of the non-management directors among those strategies are clarified. In the second part the emergence of the concept of non-management directorship system and the development of the mechanisms for increasing director independence are described and different forms of non-management directors in one-tier board structures are analysed. On this subject the legal designing of the concepts of independent and disinterested directorship which is developed in American law and non-executive directorship which is introduced in the British Law is analysed. In the third part, the concept of the supervisory directorship which corresponds to the non-management directorship in two-tier board system is examined. Forth part of the thesis focuses on the comparison of one-tier and two-tier board structures in application of the non-management directorship concept. Within this scope, it has been analysed whether there is a convergence in the functions of non-management directors in terms of supervision, strategy development and networking in the two types of board systems. Related to this analysis, the effectiveness of the non-management directors in one-tier and two-tier board systems and the role of the institutional investor regarding this effectiveness is evaluated. In recent years, depending on the inclination of convergence in different law systems, there has been an alignment effort in the European Union to have a single set of rules regarding the non-management directors. In this respect as a final focus point, in this part, the regulations of the European Union regarding the non-management directors are examined. The fifth part is dedicated to legal design of the independent directorship which is regulated under the non-management directorship concept in the Turkish law. Turkish Commercial Code is the general code that regulates all joint stock corporations including the publicly held ones. Therefore in order to explain the effects of Anglo-American approach on the administrative organ, the approach of the Turkish Commercial Code regarding the structure and functioning of the board of directors which are based on corporate governance principles are explained. Following that general introduction, the system change regarding the corporate governance principles in Turkey which consists of application of mandatory rules rather than "Comply or Explain" approach that is applicable to independent directors is explained. After that the independence criteria which are set for the independent directors under the capital market regulations for publicly held joint stock corporations and the role of independent directors in decision making mechanism are analysed. Finally, the structure and functioning of the board committees are evaluated by examining the functions of the independent board members.

Pay sahipleri genel kurula katılma maliyetlerinin fazla gelmesi, buna ayıracak zamanlarının olmaması veya sağlık sorunları gibi sebeplerle dolayı genel kurula katılmak istemeyebilir. Bunun sonucunda pay sahiplerinin şirketin işleyişine ve genel kurul kararlarına etki etme olasılıkları zayıfladığından; genel kurullarda, etkin ve iyi organize olmuş pay sahipleri gerçekte çoğunluk olmasalar da istedikleri kararların alınmasını sağlayabilmektedirler. Bu durum genel kurulda güç boşluğu sorununun doğmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda anonim şirket genel kurulunda pay sahibinin temsilinin bu konudaki sorunları giderme de önemli bir rolü vardır. İşte tezimizin konusu, TTK ve SerPK çerçevesinde anonim şirket genel kurulunda pay sahibinin temsilidir. Bilindiği üzere 6102 sayılı TTK bir bütün olarak 01.07.2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiş ve böylece elli yılı aşkın bir süredir uygulanan 6762 sayılı eTTK'yı yürürlükten kaldırmıştır. Yine 6362 sayılı SerPK 30.12.2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe girerek 2499 sayılı SerPK'yı yürürlükten kaldırmıştır. Bu yeni kanunlarda tez konumuzla ilgili olarak bir dizi değişiklikler yapılmış ve yenilikler getirilmiştir. Tez konusunun seçilmesindeki amaç, pay sahibinin temsiliyle ilgili olarak TTK ve SerPK mevzuatlarında getirilen yeni düzenlemelerin Yargıtay kararları, öğretideki görüşler ve mukayeseli hukuk ışığında değerlendirerek olası problemler karşısında çözüm önerileri getirip Türk Hukukuna katkı sağlamaktır. Bu tez çalışmasının ortaya konulması sırasında özellikle konuya kaynaklık eden İsviçre Hukuku ve literatüründen faydalanılmıştır. Konu, Türk Hukuku bakımından incelenirken İsviçre Hukukundan farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunun dışında konumuzla ilgili olarak Alman, Amerikan, İngiliz ve Avrupa Birliği Hukuklarından da yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda birçok sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Ancak özellikle şunu belirtmeliyiz ki; halka açık anonim ortaklıklar düşünülerek getirilen TTK m. 428'de ifade edilen toplu temsilciler ile ilgili düzenleme, SerPK m. 30/4'te ve SPK II-30.1 sayılı Tebliğ m. 5/3 düzenlemeleri sebebiyle uygulanmayacaktır. Üstelik bu hükümler nedeniyle Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile Bazı Kanun ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun Tasarısı Taslağı m. 12'de TTK m. 428, 430 ve 431 hükümlerinin yürürlükten kaldırılması öngörülmektedir. Getiriliş amacı geniş kitlelerin temsilini sağlamak olan bu hükümleri yürürlükten kaldırmak yerine, SerpK'nın ilgili hükümleri ile gerekli koordinasyon sağlanarak, bunların tüm ortaklıklar yönünden uygulanmasının yolu açılmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anonim Ortaklık; Genel Kurul; Pay Sahibi; Temsil. Shareholders may refrain to join general assembly meetings due to the reasons like participation costs, lack of time and health issues. Since the possibility of the shareholders to have an impact on the functioning of the company and its general assembly gets weakened as a result of non-attendance, active and well-organized shareholder groups-despite the fact that they do not constitute the majority of the shareholders- may achieve their desired general assembly decisions. This particular issue causes an occurrence of a power gap in general assemblies. In this context, representation of the shareholders in the general assembly of the joint stock companies plays a role of utmost importance in eradicating such problems. Hence, the topic of my thesis is the representation of the shareholders in the general assembly of the joint stock companies within the legal framework of Turkish Commercial Code and Turkish Capital Market Code. As known, Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 came into force in 01.07.2012, repealing former Turkish Commercial Code No. 6762 which was in force for more than fifty years. Also, Turkish Capital Market Code no. 6362 came into force in 30.12.2012, repealing former Turkish Capital Market Code no. 2449. There has been a series of amendments performed on those two codes concerning my thesis topic. My main goal on choosing this topic is to contribute to Turkish Law through assessing those amendments in the light of supreme court orders, scientific opinions and comparative law and to provide solutions to the existing and prospective problems. In preparation of this work, apart from Turkish Law, Swiss Law is highly referenced as it constitutes the main source of the issue. Therefore, while assessing the point, similarities and differences between Turkish and Swiss law is asserted. Besides, German Law, European Union Law, American Law and English law are also referenced for the sake of the proper assessment of the topic. As a consequence of made analyzes, a lot of conclusions are drawn. However, it is to be pointed out particularly that the regulations in Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 article 428 which were provided considering open joint stock companies will not be applied because of Turkish Capital Market Code No. 2449 article 30/4 and the regulation of Turkish Capital Market Board no. II-30.1 article 5/3. Moreover, because of those provisions, repealing of the articles no. 428,430,431 of Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102 is at stake. Instead of repealing those provisions of Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102 -which aim at representation in a broader sense- establishing the coordination between those provision and related Turkish Capital Market Code provisions and enabling the application of those provisions on all sort of companies must be done. Keywords: Joint Stock Company, General Assembly, Shareholder, Representation

Birlikte satma hakkı ve birlikte satışa zorlama hakkı pay sahipleri sözleşmesinde yer alan iki haktır. Bu hakların kaynağı Amerikan hukukudur. Bu haklar ülkemizde anonim şirket esas sözleşmelerinde sıklıkla yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Amerikan hukukundan gelen bu haklar Türk Ticaret Hukuku kuralları açısından incelenmiştir. İnceleme yöntemi ilk olarak hakların tanıtılması ikinci olarak ortaya çıkardığı hukukî ilişkinin niteliğinin tespiti ve son olarak hukukumuza ait yasal düzenlemeler karşısında ne derece geçerli kabul edilebileceğinin belirlenmesi şeklindedir. Çalışmada, hakların karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki yeri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda yabancı mahkeme kararları ve yasal düzenlemeler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Akabinde hakların hukukî niteliği ve haklardan doğan borçlar incelenmiştir. Son olarak hakların anonim ve limited şirket sözleşmelerinde yer alması durumunda meydana gelebilecek hukukî sorunlar tartışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda hakların yarattığı pay devir sınırlandırmasının anonim şirketler hukukunda yer alan kurallar karşısındaki durumu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca hakların limited şirketlerde pay devri ile ilgili düzenlemeler açısından geçerliliği tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Birlikte Satma Hakkı, Birlikte Satışa Zorlama Hakkı, Pay Devrinin Sınırlandırılması, Pay Sahipleri Sözleşmesi, Anonim Şirket Esas Sözleşmesi. Tag along right and drag along right are two rights in shareholders' agreement. The source of these rights is American Law. These rights are frequently found in the articles of association of the joint stock company in our country. In this study, these rights coming from American law were examined in the terms of Turkish Commercial Law. The examination method is firstly the identification of the rights, secondly the determination of the nature of the legal relationship that emerges from the rights and finally the determination of the extent to which they can be regarded as valid under the legal regulations of our law. In the study, the position of the rights in comparative law were examined. In this context, information is given about the foreign court decisions and legal regulations. Then the legal nature of the rights and the obligations arising from the rights were examined. Finally, the legal issues that may arise in case of the rights are included in joint stock company and limited company contracts are discussed. In this context, the situation of the share transfer restrictions created by the rights against the rules in the corporation law has been examined. Furthermore, the validity of the rights in terms of the share transfer regulations in limited companies has been discussed. Keywords: Tag Along Right, Drag Along Right, Share Transfer Restriction, Shareholders' Agreement, Article Of Association.

The rapid increase in globalization in the last two and a half decades has caused businesses to easily transcend national boundaries. States respond to such flexibility by harmonising their laws to easily adapt to such changes in order to attract investments. This is the case with the OHADA jurisdiction where its architects foresaw an economic spur through integration of business laws. Though expected to stay within the bounds of the law, the law cannot absolutely determine how businesses should prioritise their stakes. As such, ethics comes in to complement the law. This article uses the stakeholder theory of corporate control to investigate the place of ethics in OHADA, as applied in Cameroon. It concludes that an altruistic social conscience is still highly wanting.

La fiducie a été introduite en droit français par une loi du 19 février 2007. Définie par l’article 2011 du Code civil, elle permet à une personne de transférer temporairement des éléments de son patrimoine vers un patrimoine fiduciaire qui est à la fois distinct du sien et de celui du fiduciaire qui en a la charge. Mécanisme sui generis relevant tant du droit des personnes que du droit des biens, la fiducie a été conçue par le législateur comme un mécanisme efficace de gestion et de sûreté. Près de dix ans après sa promulgation, sa pratique demeure pourtant confidentielle. Cette marginalité s’explique notamment par un régime juridique rigide et inadapté aux spécificités entrepreneuriales. Caractérisés tant par leur qualité de dirigeants que de propriétaires, les entrepreneurs sont pourtant les destinataires naturels de la fiducie. Ils cumulent en effet des considérations personnelles et professionnelles auxquelles l’opération fiduciaire répond utilement dans des juridictions étrangères. L’insuffisance du régime français de la fiducie est d’autant plus patente que les entrepreneurs disposent d’autres mécanismes d’affectation et/ou de rétention de propriété. Aussi, pour développer la fiducie, il apparaît nécessaire d’en libérer le potentiel en la rénovant au service des entrepreneurs.

Les pactes d’actionnaires, conventions adoptées par les protagonistes des affaires internationales, répondent aux attentes des administrateurs et actionnaires quant à la circulation des actions et des parts sociales. Par contre, hors le marché règlementé, la liberté contractuelle accordée à la société – et actionnaires – de recourir à ce type d’arrangement contractuel, se heurte à la réalité légale et jurisprudentielle qui demeure la seule source de droit régissante cette convention. En optant pour la conclusion d’un pacte d’actionnaires, aucune disposition légale, notamment article de droit, ne régit cette convention. Ce contrat reste donc soumis aux règles de droit commun. Cette particularité accorde aux protagonistes une certaine liberté de rédaction, ce qui créé une originalité quant à la forme, au fond et aux effets de l’application du pacte. Reconnu, dans le monde des affaires français – tant par le législateur français que par les praticiens et protagonistes, comme étant une des formes adaptées à la gestion leurs sociétés, le législateur égyptien découvre encore cette forme contractuelle. La mondialisation, culturelle et commerciale, a non seulement permis de rapprocher entre les commerçants afin de trouver des solutions créatives quant à la conclusion des pactes d’actionnaires, mais aussi aux législateurs, autant bien français qu’égyptiens, de trouver des solutions quant aux problématiques qui s’opposent aux praticiens lors de la négociation, la conclusion ou même l’exécution de ces contrats. L’objet de cette étude sera d’examiner les particularités des pactes d’actionnaires dès la phase des négociations, passant par les phases de conclusion et exécution, jusqu’à la phase conflictuelle. Cette étude visera le modèle français, ayant déjà avancé sur ce domaine, en le comparant au modèle égyptien qui commence à se familiariser avec cette pratique. Bien que ces deux exemples demeurent toujours en voie d’évolution, le recours à ce type de contrat révèle des particularités et difficultés lors de son application, ce qui incitera les protagonistes à trouver des modalités novatrices permettant une mise en œuvre plus efficace de ces contrats et répondant à leurs attentes.

L’organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires (OHADA), dans le cadre de sa mission d’uniformisation du droit des affaires en Afrique, a adopté le 17 avril 1997, l’Acte uniforme portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique. Ce texte a connu une réforme d’envergure entrée en vigueur le 05 mai 2014. Dans sa lettre et dans son esprit, le nouveau texte transcrit le droit positif des sociétés commerciales tel qu’il existe en France. La tendance forte chez le législateur Ohada à se conformer au droit de l’Ancienne Métropole remet cependant au goût du jour la question du mimétisme juridique, tant décriée par la doctrine. Son opportunité, notamment dans un domaine, qui, tel que le droit des sociétés commerciales, est soumis à de constantes variations, serait largement sujette à caution. De nouvelles analyses démontrent, toutefois, que, loin de réduire l’importance ou l’originalité du droit communautaire des sociétés, la question du conformisme législatif doit être envisagée sous le prisme de l’inévitable rapprochement entre les différents systèmes juridiques. Ce faisant, il devient l’indispensable acteur de la mondialisation du droit.

Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d’un espace communautaire intégré d’un point de vue économique et juridique relancent le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n’est pas de démontrer s’il existe une nationalité des sociétés, puisque la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont proposé des solutions qui sont déjà acceptées ; mais d’analyser plutôt comment cette notion s’adapte aux contraintes d’une économie régionalisée voire mondialisée. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d’une société retenus par les pays de l’espace OHADA en l’occurrence le Niger, le Sénégal et la RD Congo sont analysés en vue de la détermination de la lex societatis. La notion de nationalité des sociétés dans les pays de l’espace OHADA, pose tout de même quelques difficultés liées à la multiplicité des textes notamment le droit national et le droit OHADA ainsi que les autres droits communautaires. De nombreuses conséquences découlent de la détermination de la nationalité des sociétés dans le cadre de la réglementation de leurs activités.