Bibliographie sélective OHADA

ruit de la pratique anglo-saxonne, le financement de l’arbitrage par un tiers financeur connaît un essor significatif tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale. Intervenu en France ces dernières années, ce mécanisme permet à un tiers (fonds d’investissement, société de financement spécialisée…) de financer une partie ou la totalité des frais relatifs à une procédure arbitrale tels que les frais d’avocats, d’experts, de témoins, d’arbitres ainsi que ceux liés à l’exécution de la sentence arbitrale. En cas de succès, le tiers financeur perçoit en contrepartie un pourcentage sur les dommages et intérêts alloués par la sentence arbitrale à la partie financée . Bien que dans une large majorité des cas le tiers financeur intervienne en faveur de la partie demanderesse, il peut aussi intervenir en faveur du défendeur ayant formulé une demande reconventionnelle. Le tiers financeur assume seul les risques financiers liés à la procédure. Si la partie financée n’obtient pas gain de cause à l’issue de la procédure arbitrale, le tiers ne percevra donc aucune rémunération et ne sollicitera auprès de son client aucun remboursement des frais qu’il aura avancés pour lui.

- Virtual Arbitration Hearings in Times of COVID-19 (And Beyond); - International Arbitration and Blockchain: Current State, Types, Characteristics and the Future Perspective; - Use of Artificial Intelligence in Arbitration; - The Impact of Brexit on the Arbitration Procedure in Great Britain; - May Misapplication of EU Law Give Rise to International Responsibility of the Member State ... Under Investment Treaties? - International Investment Court System: The Future of Investment Dispute Settlement? - EU and Its New Mechanism for the ISDS in the Protection of FDI – What the Future Holds? - (Un)Clean Hands in International Investment Arbitration: Some Cleaning Required? - Challenges of Arbitrators in Inter-State Cases: A Different Cattle of Fish? - “Rules of Law” and Lex Mercatoria Determination Under the Auspice of ICC Arbitration; - Sources of Transnational Public Policy in International Commercial Arbitration; - Regulation of Arbitration Agreements Under New York Convention; - Comfortable Satisfaction Before the Court of Arbitration for Sport: Consistency Despite Differences? - Comparison of ICC Expert Report vs. ICC Arbitration Award; - Analysis of Civil Law Consequences of Corruption Under the Czech Law... in the Light of International Commercial Arbitration; - The Crime of Bending the Law From the Point of View of the Arbitrator ... of the Court of Arbitration and Application Practice; - The Arbitration Convention as One of the Measures to Eliminate Double Taxation ... in the European Union and in Slovak Republic; - Possibility of Resolving Individual Labor Disputes in Croatian Law by Arbitration; - What We Know, We Don’t Know About Macao’s Arbitration Framework and the Way Forward.

YK farklı sorunlar veya uyuşmazlıklarla yüzyüze gelebilir. Sorunlar veya uyuşmazlıklar kriz halini alarak YK'nın işleyişine olumsuz etki edebilmektedir. Kriz derinleştikçe, YK işlevini yerine getirmekte zorlanabilir. Krizin bir adım ötesinde ise YK kilitlenebilmektedir. Pay sahipleri arasındaki menfaat çatışmaları, YK kriz ve/veya kilitlenmesinin en sık rastlanan temel nedenidir. Kilitlenme durumunda, YK toplantı yapamamakta veya karar alamamaktadır. Oysa ki, YK her daim çalışabilmesi gereken bir organdır. YK'nın kilitlenmesi, şirketin de kilitlenmesi sonucu doğurabilir. Bu durum öyle risklidir ki, şirketin feshi/tasfiyesi yakın bir ihtimal olabilmektedir. Bu aşamada kilidin olabildiğince hızlı açılması şirketten menfaati olan herkes için (pay sahipleri, YK üyeleri, çalışanlar, alacaklılar, kamu vb.) hayati önemdedir. Bu nedenle, şirket esas sözleşmesinde YK kriz ve kilitlenmelerine karşı önlemler planlanmalıdır. Tek kişiden ibaret YK modeli ve YK'ya danışma kurulu desteği kilitleme riskine karşı önerdiğimiz modeldir. Pay sahipleri sözleşmesi, aile şirketleri için aile anayasası gibi hukuki metinler kriz ve/veya kilitlenmeye ilişkin tedbirler içermelidir. Önlemlere, rağmen kilitlenme gerçekleşir ise, öncelikle YK içi ve şirket içi çözümler uygulamaya konulmalıdır. Bu tür yöntemler yeterli olmazsa, AUÇY'nin tatbiki, şirket dışından gelen çözümün ilk aşaması olarak kabul edilmelidir. Arabuluculuk ile YK kriz ve kilitlenmelerine karşı etkin, hızlı ve kalıcı çözümler sağlanabilmektedir. "Med-arb" veya "Arb-med" gibi yöntemlerden de faydalanılabilir. Tahkim de bir çözüm yoludur. Bu yolda "seri tahkim usulü" YK kilitlenmeleri için daha uygundur. Son çare olarak nitelediğimiz, dava yolu ise, bazı durumlarda içinde şirketin fesih ve tasfiye riskini barındırdığı için kilidi açmak ve hatta kilidi kırmak için uygulamaya konulabilir. Mahkemelerde, organ yokluğuna dayalı fesih davası ve özellikle haklı sebeple şirketin feshi davası çözüm sağlayabilecek dava tipleridir. Özellikle, haklı sebeple şirketin feshi davası, kriz ve kilitlenmelere daha uygun olup, stratejik sonuçlara da imkân vermektedir. Bunlar yanında, YK işleyişinde yapay zekâdan faydalanmanın mümkün olup olmadığı, yapay zekâya YK üyesi olarak kişi statüsü verilip verilemeyeceği, bu meselenin YK üyelerinin sorumluluğuna etkisi incelenmiştir. Board of Directors may face various disputes or disagreements. These disputes or disagreements may turn into crises which negatively affect the normal functioning of the board. As the crisis deepens, Board of Directors could have difficulties in fulfilling its function. Moreover, a step further from the crisis, Board of Directors might even be locked up. Conflicts of interest among shareholders are known as the most common cause of the board of directors crisis and/or deadlock. In event of a deadlock, Board of Directors, a body should always be able to function, cannot hold meetings or make decisions anymore. The deadlock of board of directors, may lead the entire company to be locked down whereas the company may encounter the possibility of dissolution and liquidation. At this point, unlocking the crisis as quickly as possible is vital for relevant competent persons of the company. Therefore, measures should be taken in the company's articles of association against Board of Director crisis and/or deadlock. One-person Board of Directors model and support of Advisory Board to Board of Directors is the model we recommend against the risk of locking. Legal texts such as shareholder agreements and family constitutions for family companies should include measures regarding deadlock. If a deadlock has occurred in spite of precautions, first of all, Board of Directors and internal remedies should be implemented. If such methods are not sufficient enough, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods should be regarded as the first stage of external intervention. Effective and rapid solutions can be achieved against deadlocks via mediation. "Med-arb" or "Arb-med" could be also utilised. Arbitration is also a way and in this way; "expedited (fast-track) arbitration" procedure is more suitable for corporate deadlocks. Litigation, as the last possibility that we propose, could also be applied to unlock or even break the lock, since it contains the risk of dissolution and liquidation of company in some cases. In courts, termination action based on the absence of organs and especially termination of the company with a valid reason are the types of cases that may provide a solution. Especially termination of the company with a valid reason is more suitable for crisis and deadlocks, and also grants strategic results. In addition to these, it has been questioned in this study whether Board of directors possibly benefit from artificial intelligence in the operations and whether AI can be attributed a person-status as a member of Board of Directors. The effects of this issue on the responsibility of the members of Board of Directors have been analysed.

“It is a curious fact that the Americanization of international arbitration is a topic that is often felt but is rarely discussed.” Roger P. Alford Similar to Alford’s sentiments, the shift towards arbitration in the United States alone is a phenomenon often felt, but feebly interrogated. Law schools across the nation continue to operate under the premise of judicial decision-making grounded in “rights protection.”[1] Yet, there is a clear shift towards arbitration as the preferred procedural process, with over 303,999 cases resolved by way of arbitration in 2019 alone.[2] While this brief note does not seek to interrogate the shift towards arbitration as much as it intends to examine the impact of American arbitration on international commercial arbitration generally, that shift, as you will see, looms in the background of any and all analysis of arbitration in the United States. I will begin by briefly noting the origins- and current regime of international commercial arbitration in the United States so to address the impact of its arbitration law and arbitral institutions on arbitration globally. I will then offer thoughts on the prospective evolution of international arbitration in the United States and how that may change the directions of legal procedural processes both in the United States and abroad. I. ORIGINS- AND CURRENT REGIME OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE USA As arbitration flourishes as the choice for commercial disputes, there is no doubt that the United States has become a newfound hub for arbitration. It was not always this way, however. The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) of 1925 established a steady road to an increasingly pro-arbitration policy, in three chapters, that shows itself in case-law as: when in doubt, favor arbitration.[3] The first chapter of the FAA establishes the framework for arbitration seated in the U.S. and provides the grounds for enforceable arbitration agreements and awards, while the second and third chapters implement the 1958 New York Convention and 1975 Panama Conventions, respectively. The strictly pro-arbitration policy does not lack in its own confusion, however, because of its basis in an otherwise federalist system. The FAA has largely remained unchanged since its nascence and has thus, left a substantive amount of discretion in interpreting arbitration law in the United States to the Supreme Court. One such source of confusion in U.S. arbitration law due to a lack of amendment lies in the term “arbitrability.” Arbitrability is the susceptibility of a case to be resolved by way of arbitration. In order to define the parameters of this susceptibility, the Supreme Court has distinguished between “procedural” and “substantive” arbitrability, wherein the former concerns itself with “prerequisites such as time limits, notices, laches, estoppel, and other conditions” and the latter, with a court’s decision.[4] The benefits to arbitration remain unmatched for commercial entities, however, which inspires the aforementioned pro-arbitration policy despite any real judicial framework. Arbitration allows parties to customize their dispute resolution by choosing the venue, applicable procedural law, and an expert adjudicator who may be more familiar with the intricacies of the dispute, among other benefits. There is a commitment to secrecy that is not found in the common court and the single, binding, and final resolution of a dispute through arbitration is the precise source of criticism that inspires the flock towards arbitration. Without the federal rules of civil procedure that would otherwise govern litigation, arbitration is governed by the procedural rules that each side agrees upon. The FAA paved the way for case law in the United States that would eventually shape a stronger pro-arbitration policy than ever—counseling against “even the mildest interference by courts in the conduct of U.S.-seated arbitrations.”[5] II. THE IMPACT OF U.S. ARBITRATION LAW AND U.S. ARBITRAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE WORLD OF ARBITRATION Assessing the impact of U.S. arbitration law begins by assessing what characterizes U.S. law: civil procedure. The adversarial form of litigation in which procedural tools are employed by advocates to advance arguments in a distinct style distinguishes the United States from other countries—and this feature inevitably slipped, in some capacity, into global arbitral institutions. Because the Rules of Arbitration for the International Chamber of Commerce are so brief,[6] American lawyers had tremendous flexibility in bringing American trial procedures with them. This came specifically in the form of document production for discovery and cross-examinations “to confront adverse witnesses.”[7] Critics refer to these added procedures as costly in both time and expense, defining them as the source of the “Americanization” of arbitration. Yet, while there is truth to such criticism, it may be more accurate to acknowledge the incorporation of aspects of American trial procedure as one country’s influence on arbitration. Far from inheriting solely American practice, global arbitral institutions maintain classic procedural tools while assimilating facets of each major country’s influence on arbitration.[8] III. THE PROSPECTIVE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE USA Apart from being a source of revenue,[9] international arbitration is the natural response to the increase in “trade, investment, and supply-chain relationships” that hope to live free of potential biases from domestic fora.[10] The California Supreme Court may have briefly lost sight of this when deciding Birbrower, wherein attorneys not admitted to the bar of a certain state are not only ineligible to recover attorney’s fee but also, may be fined for unauthorizing practice of law.[11] Since Birbrower over two decades ago, however, the California Legislature unanimously passed Senate Bill 766. Under SB 766, non-California lawyers are able to represent parties in international arbitration proceedings in California, bringing California to the arbitration table. As home to Silicon Valley – and even aside from big technology, home to some of the largest companies in the world – California’s SB 766 will bring a swath of arbitration proceedings to its terrain. While California may certainly work in tandem with New York as the home to arbitration for technology and privacy concerns, reserving trade and investment disputes for New York, California may very well be the next major hub of arbitration. Already, it has received massive interest in being an arbitration destination. SB 766 will transform that interest into a revenue. It thus becomes all the more important, internationally, to understand and confront the ways in which the Americanization of arbitration would take place. [1] See, e.g. Thomas E. Carbonneau, Revolution in Law Through Arbitration, The Eighty-Fourth Cleveland-Marshall Fund Visiting Scholar Lecture, 56 Clev. St. L. Rev. 233, 233 n.3 (2008), available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol56/iss2/3 (“judicial decision-making has shifted from rights protection to guaranteeing access to some form of adjudication. As a result, law and adjudication have become less sacramental.”) [2] See American Arbitration Association, Adr.Org, https://adr.org/ (last visited Dec. 28, 2019). [3] See, e.g., Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983) (“[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration …”). [4] See Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 85 (2002) (distinguishing between “issues of substantive arbitrability [which] are for a court to decide and issues of procedural arbitrability, i.e., whether prerequisites such as time limits, notice, laches, estoppel, and other conditions precedent to an obligation to arbitrate have been met, [which] are for the arbitrators to decide.”) (citations omitted). [5] See Laurence Shore, Tai-Heng Cheng, Jenelle E. La Chuisa, Lawrence Schaner, and Mara V.J Senn, International Arbitration in the United States 1, 320 (2018). [6] George M. von Mehrem and Alana C. Jochum, Is International Arbitration Becoming Too American?, 2 Global Bus. L. Rev. 47, 51 (2011) available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/gblr/vol2/iss1/6. [7] Id. [8] Philip J. McConnaughay, Introduction to International Commercial Arbitration in Asia 1, xxix (2002). In support of his assertion, McConnaughay reports that from 1995 to 2000, China’s leading international arbitration commission, CIETAC, received 4,200 new international commercial arbitrations and the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) received 1,394, totaling 5,594. Id. Note: interrogatories and depositions are not included. [9] See ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), ICC Arbitration Figures Reveal New Record for Awards in 2018, https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/icc-arbitration-figures-reveal-new-record-cases-awards-2018/. [10] Daily Journal, International Arbitration Finally Comes to California, Howard B. Miller, https://www.dailyjournal.com/mcle/330-international-arbitration-finally-comes-to-california. [11] See generally, Birbrower, Montalbano, Condon & Frank v. Superior Court, 17 Cal. 4th 119 (1998).

"Les centres d’arbitrage maritime." Résumé : Le sujet des centres d'arbitrage maritime concerne le processus de résolution des contentieux maritimes quand leurs parties optent pour soumettre leur différend à des instances d'arbitrage comme voie alternative. Les centres d'arbitrage maritime appliquent le règlement arbitral et ses règles dans le cas où le choix est fait en fonction de la clause compromissoire qui inclut ce choix ainsi que la loi applicable. Lacompétence de cet instance d'arbitrage convenue débute à la date de la soumission de la demande d'arbitrage, afin de lui confier le suivi des procédures d'arbitrage et de tout ce qui touche au litige arbitral et jusqu' à ce que la sentence (décision) arbitrale soit rendue. "Maritime arbitration centers." Summary: The subject of maritime arbitration centers concerns the process of resolving maritime disputes when their parties opt to submit their dispute to the arbitral tribunal as an alternative solution, and maritime arbitration centers apply arbitration regulations and its rules in case where the choice is made according to the arbitration clause which includes this choice as well as applying the law on all disputes. The arbitral tribunal function starts from the date of submitting the arbitration request to it to be entrusted with following up the arbitration procedures and everything related to the arbitration dispute and until the arbitral award is issued. : الملخص يتعلق موضوع مراكز التحكيم البحري بعملية فض المنازعات البحرية التي يختار أطرافها عرض النزاع على هيئات التحكيم كطريق بديل، و مراكز التحكيم البحري تعمل على تطبيق لوائح التحكيم و نظامها التحكيمي في حال وقوع الاختيار عليها وفقا لشرط التحكيم الذي يتضمن هذا الاختيار، إلى جانب القانون الواجب التطبيق على النزاع. و يبدأ اختصاص هذه الهيئة في التحكيم المؤسسي من تاريخ تقديم طلب التحكيم إليها، ليوكل لها متابعة إجراءات التحكيم و كل ما يتعلق بالمنازعة التحكيمية و إلى غاية صدور الحكم التحكيمي.

رقابة القضاء على أعمال المحكمين من بين أوجه الرقابة التي أقرتها التشريعات الحديثة وقوانين التحكيم الوطنية و الإتفاقيات الدولية وكذا نظام التحكيم في ظل تطور الثقافة التحكيمية في الوقت الراهن. كما تعد ضمانا وحماية للمصالح وحقوق الأفراد والشركات التجارية من جهة وتُمكن القضاء من السيطرة على تصرفات المحكمين وحماية شخصهم في الدعوى التحكيمية لتحقيق فاعلية نظام التحكيم من جهة ثانية. Le contrôle des actes des arbitres est établi par les législations récentes et par la législation arbitrale nationale, ainsi que par les conventions internationales en la matière. Il participe à l’évolution de la culture arbitrale et constitue une garantie et une protection des intérêts des individus et des sociétés commerciales. Il permet d’avoir une vue sur les travaux des arbitres d’une part, et sur leur protection d’autre part, pour assurer l’efficacité de l’arbitrage. The review of the acts of the arbitrators shall be established by recent laws and national arbitral legislation and international conventions on the subject. It contributes to the evolution of the arbitral culture and constitutes a guarantee and protection of the interests of individuals and commercial company’s .It allows having a view on the work of the arbitrators on the one hand, and on their protection to ensure the effectiveness of arbitration

仲裁作为解决国际商事争议的主要方式之一，受到国际工程承包企业的青睐，然而当事人在决定一个案件是否要提起仲裁时，常会把仲裁费用作为一个重要考量指标，高昂的仲裁费用可能会限制国际商事仲裁制度的健康发展。本文以2017版国际商会仲裁规则下的收费标准为基础，从仲裁费用的构成、计算方法入手，探讨了仲裁费用影响因素，并给出了控制仲裁过程费用的合理化建议。 Arbitration, as one of the main ways to resolve international commercial disputes, remains a popular choice for international engineering company. The arbitration fees will be an important evaluating indicator when the parties considering apply for arbitration. Expensive arbitration fees may restrict the healthy development of international commercial arbitration system. Based on the arbitration cost and fees under the arbitration rules of the 2017 edition of the International Chamber of Commerce, characteristics, composition and calculation method of the arbitration fees are showed in this paper firstly; then, its influencing factors are discussed. Reasonable suggestions for controlling the arbitration fees are given in the end of this paper.

Sovereign rights in Exclusive economic zones and Continental shelves are functionally limited to the economic exploitation of these zones. Moreover, in the case of disputed maritime zones these sovereign rights are neither exclusive nor necessarily constant. Nevertheless, states are still expected to provide the investments established in these zones the same treatment they should provide in their territories where they exercise full and constant sovereignty. If a host state agrees to the establishment of an investment in a maritime zone that become later contested, do the occurrence of the contestation and the hazards arising from such contestation relief the host state from its contractual and treaty obligations toward the investment by virtue of the force majeure concept. This paper argues that a traditional interpretation of the force majeure concept in respect of investment agreements and contracts, hampers states ability to de-escalate their maritime disputes, diminishes its capacity to conclude delimitation agreements and reduces the promotion of the UNCLOS III as well as its mechanisms for disputes settlement. It proposes a contextualist interpretation of the force majeure concept that is adapted to the exploitation of disputed maritime zones and states obligations under the international law of the sea. First, it examines the concept of force majeure as a doc-trinal hypothesis and its applications in international contracts and international in-vestment agreements. Second, it analyzes the legal act of maritime contestation as a force majeure event according to the possible interpretations of the concept of “force majeure”. Finally, it examines the recurrent legal implications susceptible of arising out of a contestation; provisional orders and unfavorable delimitation and their qualifica-tion as a force majeure event in the realm of investment agreements and contract.

La France en tant qu’un pays développé possède une richesse juridique et judiciaire à propos de l’arbitrage et des contrats de transfert de technologie. Alors que la Syrie n’a pas jusqu’à ce moment un système juridique spécial à ces contrats. En plus, la loi syrienne de 2008 sur l’arbitrage a besoin d’être modifiée en raison des erreurs juridiques massives commises dans cette loi. S’agissant de l’Égypte, la loi de 1999 sur le commerce a mis en place un système juridique solide pour régir les contrats de transfert de technologie et l’arbitrage. Il faut mentionner que la jurisprudence égyptienne est très développée par rapport à la jurisprudence syrienne, ce qui me permet de faire une comparaison entre la France et les deux pays en développement. France as a developed country has a wealth of legal and judicial matters relating to arbitration and technology transfer contracts. While Syria does not yet have a special legal system for these contracts. In addition, Syria's 2008 arbitration law needs to be amended due to massive legal errors in that law. In Egypt, the 1999 trade law established a strong legal system to govern technology transfer contracts and arbitration. It should be mentioned that Egyptian case law is very developed compared to Syrian case law, which allows me to make a comparison between France and the two developing countries.

A tese tem como objetivo desenvolver as relações entre o exercício da jurisdição - especialmente, a limitação territorial de eficácia das decisões - e os conflitos vinculados à postagem de manifestações infringentes na internet. A hipótese central defendida pela tese é a de que a jurisdição e as decisões judiciais estatais, quando direcionadas a remover postagens na internet, têm seu espectro de eficácia limitado ao território do Estado em que proferidas. Isso significa dizer que pessoas que se conectam à internet a partir de outros Estados não podem ser diretamente impactadas pelo comando. A tese busca demonstrar, ainda, que o modelo de reserva de jurisdição estatal não é efetivo, independentemente de critérios de eficácia territorial, para solução de problemas especialmente vinculados à disseminação em massa de manifestações danosas. A tese foi dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, o objetivo será o de estabelecer os princípios e regras vinculados às ideias de jurisdição internacional de acordo com a legislação brasileira de direito processual civil e direito internacional privado. Na segunda parte, será a vez de abordar os temas em referência a partir das perspectivas trazidas por ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros, especialmente recentes pronunciamentos advindos dos Estados Unidos da América e do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia a respeito dos limites territoriais de decisões judiciais destinadas a produzir efeitos na internet, além da apresentar uma breve contextualização de como outros países - como China, Brasil, Argentina e México - encaram fenômenos vinculados ao ambiente virtual. No terceiro e último capítulo, tais soluções serão compatibilizadas de modo a delimitar a amplitude territorial da jurisdição e das decisões jurisdicionais estatais nos casos que envolvem conflitos para retirada de postagens na internet. O capítulo abordará, também, a perspectiva de processos e decisões não estatais, adotados por gestores de redes sociais ou tribunais privados em um ambiente de autorregulação regulada, e de que modo isso pode ter reflexos no direito processual sob a ótica das noções de online dispute resolution (ODR). The thesis aims to reveal the relationship between jurisdiction (more specifically, its territorial scope/range) and the conflicts linked to posting abusive or illegal statements on the internet. The main hypothesis of the thesis is that jurisdiction and decisions rendered by the Judiciary, when directed to remove posts on the internet, have their scope/range limited to the territory of the State in which they are rendered. This means that people who connect to the internet from other States cannot be directly impacted by the decision. The thesis also seeks to demonstrate that the state jurisdiction reserve model is not effective, regardless of territorial effectiveness criteria, for solving problems especially linked to the mass dissemination of harmful manifestations. The thesis was divided into three parts. Part 1 aims to establish the principles and rules linked to the ideas of international jurisdiction in accordance with Brazilian legislation on civil procedural law and private international law. Part 2 discusses the issues in reference from the perspectives brought by foreign legal systems, especially recent pronouncements from the United States of America and the Court of Justice of the European Union regarding the territorial scope/range of judicial decisions aimed at produce effects on the internet, in addition to presenting a brief contextualization of how other countries - such as China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico - face phenomena linked to the virtual environment. In the third and last part, such solutions will be compared in the objective of delimiting the territorial scope of the jurisdiction and of the state jurisdictional decisions in cases involving conflicts for the removal of posts on the internet. The chapter will also address the perspective of non-state processes and decisions, adopted by managers of social networks or private courts in an environment of "regulated self-regulation", and how this may have an impact on procedural law from the perspective of notions of online dispute resolution (ODR).

This article is devoted to the complex analysis of the English legislation of the international commercial arbitration. The author analyzed the commercial disputes and the bodies that proceed these disputes in England as well as main statutes regulating the international commercial arbitrations of England. The international commercial practices of the London International Court of Arbitration are described. Moreover, the author represents the main conclusions formed on the basis of the provisions of the national legislation on commercial arbitration and the regulations of the most well-known international arbitrations in England.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, à luz do ordenamento jurídico português, a possibilidade e adequação do recurso ao instituto da arbitragem como meio de resolução dos litígios intrassocietários, isto é, os litígios emergentes das relações entre os sócios de uma sociedade, os resultantes das relações entre os sócios e a própria sociedade, ou ainda no âmbito das relações entre os sócios ou a sociedade per si e os titulares dos órgãos de administração ou de fiscalização da mesma. Para tal, foi inicialmente adotada uma perspetiva comparatística com outros ordenamentos jurídicos. Posteriormente, foi adotada uma abordagem expositiva, do instituto da arbitragem em Portugal, analisando inicialmente de um modo geral, especificando depois o propósito principal da presente dissertação – a arbitrabilidade dos litígios intrasocietários, nomeadamente o regime da convenção de arbitragem, do tribunal arbitral e da própria sentença arbitral. Avaliadas as vantagens e os inconvenientes do recurso à arbitragem enquanto meio de resolução alternativa de litígios, e a sua aplicabilidade aos litígios intrassocietários, tomando como referência a escassa regulamentação deste instituto neste domínio no nosso ordenamento jurídico, conclui-se a presente dissertação com uma proposta de regulamentação legal e outra estatutária da arbitragem dos referidos litígios intrasocietários.

Arbitration is considered as one of the basic means that has been legislated by Islam to resolve the people's disputes. Usually the resolutions of the arbitration are fast, guarantee the rights, respect the essence of justice and reduce the level of the controversy. Today, arbitration plays a vital role in resolving the international disputes such as the economic, political and local disputes as long as its effect upon the resolution of the internal disputes. This study highlights on the arbitration role in resolving the disputes as along with judiciary through showing the advantages of the arbitration and explain the relationship between arbitration and judiciary. And clarify its areas and its implications in jurisprudence. This study found out that the arbitration has a pivotal role in resolving the disputes resulting from the contractual and non-contractual relationships and the disputes resulting from the people in their natural and moral capacity, both internally as well as externally The study has shown the jurisprudence has taken the lead in explaining the terms and effects of the arbitration.

La procédure de conciliation est l’une des innovations de la réforme de l’Acte Uniforme relatif aux procédures collectives d’apurement du passif. Le législateur OHADA l’a institué dans l’objectif de mieux gérer la prévention de la cessation des paiements des entreprises en difficulté financière. La conciliation est entrée dans la sphère des procédures collectives de l’OHADA avec un principe clé à savoir la confidentialité. Le principe de confidentialité constitue une pierre angulaire de la conciliation au regard de la place qu’elle occupe dans le dénouement de celle-ci. Le législateur communautaire fait intervenir ce principe dans tout le dénouement de la conciliation. La confidentialité se présente ainsi comme un aspect phare de la procédure. Cet état de chose nous a alors amené à s’interroger sur le rôle que peut bien jouer cette confidentialité qui anime l’ensemble de la procédure préventive. Selon notre point de vue, la confidentialité joue un double rôle dans la procédure de conciliation. Elle favorise d’une part la protection du débiteur soumis à la procédure en lui assurant la préservation de son crédit ainsi que les informations divulguées et d’autre part, facilite l’efficacité de la procédure à travers son imposition générale même si elle est un peu fragilisée par certaines atteintes. The procedure of conciliation is an innovation of the uniform Act organizing the legal treatement enterprises difficulties. The OHADA lagislator has institute it with the objective for the better manage in the suspension of payments prevention for enterprises in financial difficulty. The conciliation procedure has come in the sphere of OHADA legal treatement enterprises difficulties with a main principle which is confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality constitute a cornerstone of the conciliation procedure ending according to the Sport place it occupe. The Community legislator makes this principle to intervene in all the conciliation procedure. The confidentiality is present as a main aspect of the procedure. This situation brought us to question the role of the confidentiality witch lead all the preventive procedure. According to our point of view, the confidentiality plays a double role in the conciliation procedure. It favours firstly the protection of the debtor submit to the procedure insuring the preservation of his credit as well as divulgates informations and secondly, it facilitate the effectiveness of the procedure by his general using even it is fragilize by certains attacks.

Through comparing dispute resolution methods under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and bilateral tax treaties, this Article critically discusses the advantages of incorporating mandatory arbitration in bilateral tax treaties and demonstrates that national sovereignty will not be decreased by it. As a result, the Article argues that it would, in fact, be beneficial for China to adopt the mandatory arbitration method, which would further strengthen the global reform initiated by the OECD.

This article examines the effectiveness of the framework for the resolution of intra-African cross-border commercial disputes, arising from the projected increase in intra-African trade in goods, services, and investments under the African Continental Free Trade Area. It examines the peculiar nature of intra-African trade and of the participating entities to provide the context to discuss the three major processes adopted in commercial dispute resolution (litigation, mediation, and arbitration) in Africa. It then argues for the promotion of arbitration as the dispute resolution process of choice for such disputes. It reimagined the framework for arbitration at the continental level and made two proposals targeted at the greater efficiency of the process: the designation of Regional Arbitration Centres across the African Union's eight recognized Regional Economic Communities, to administer such references; and the establishment of an African Commercial Court as a one-stop court for the enforcement or annulment of the final award.