Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La théorie du temps juridique est une question fondamentale de la théorie générale du contrat. Elle postule que soit mis en exergue le temps dans les rapports au contrat. Le législateur OHADA a conçu les Actes uniformes de sorte à montrer l’emprise du temps sur le contrat, de sa formation innervée par la négociation précontractuelle à son extinction, sans occulter le temps d’exigibilité de l’obligation qui peut se situer soit dans la négociation précontractuelle, dans l’exécution du contrat, soit dans la période post contractuelle. Ainsi, peut-on distinguer les contrats présents, les contrats futurs et l’après-contrat. Le temps du contrat a généré les contrats à exécution instantanée et les contrats à exécution successive. A l’exécution du contrat, on note que le contrat est imprégné de nombreuses notions telles : le terme, la durée, la suspension, le renouvellement, la prorogation, le délai de grâce, le délai raisonnable, la prescription, la bonne foi, la prévisibilité et l’imprévision. A l’analyse, la valeur qu’accorde le législateur OHADA au temps contractuel l’a conduit à lui assigner une double fonction. D’une part, le temps contractuel est un pilier de la sécurité juridique ; d’autre part, il est un ressort de l’efficacité économique du contrat.

This introduction provides the reader with a general characterization of the 39 Mixed Arbitral Tribunals (MATs) created by the 1919-1923 peace treaties to address disputes between private persons and between private persons and states as a result of the First World War. Noting that the rich literature published on the MATs was followed by near-silence after 1945, it mentions the numerous questions that they still raise today, before explaining how the various contributions to the book edited by the authors address them.

EU’s competence over FDI: European technological sovereignty. Definition, origins, and scope of EU foreign investment law. EU competence over foreign direct investments. European technological sovereignty. Regulation 452/2019–screening mechanisms in national legislation with a focus of the Italian regime. Structure of regulation 452/2019. Implementation in national legislation. The screening regulation as a tool to enforce technological sovereignty. EU technological sovereignty in practice. First and second annual report on the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union. A first appraisal of the problematic interplay between FDIs and technological sovereignty.

Les progrès de l’intelligence artificielle issus de la croissance de la puissance de calcul, des mégadonnées et des nouveaux algorithmes de plus en plus puissants ont permis l'automatisation de certaines activités intellectuelles humaines. Les créateurs sont donc directement concernés, car il est désormais possible d'automatiser le processus d’exécution de création humain. Ainsi, Il convient donc d'effectuer une étude approfondie sur les oeuvres automatisées afin de déterminer si elles sont conformes au droit d'auteur et, si ce n'est pas le cas, si le droit d'auteur doit être adapté pour s’adapter à ce nouveau phénomène. Cette étude soulève plusieurs questions fondamentales, notamment celle de savoir si une œuvre automatisée est licite et comment évaluer son originalité. Elle suscite également une interrogation quant au statut de l'auteur de l'œuvre automatisée. Ces problématiques sont davantage importantes, en raison de l'utilisation croissante des systèmes d'IA en tant qu'outils de création.

Le basculement vers une nouvelle approche de la santé au travail se traduit par un ascendant de l’entreprise et des partenaires sociaux pour améliorer la prise en charge de la santé des travailleurs. La prépondérance de la logique conventionnelle cumulée au besoin d’une dimension multidisciplinaire pour gérer ces problématiques semble indiquer une certaine influence du dialogue social en matière de santé. Le législateur s’est donc progressivement tourné vers le dialogue social et professionnel ainsi que l’acteur syndical pour laisser la possibilité aux parties prenantes d’une entreprise de s’immiscer dans sa gestion. Les entreprises s’intéressent désormais de plus près à la qualité de vie au travail et au bien-être en régissant les problématiques relationnelles, matérielles et organisationnelles de l’activité. Privilégier une approche dialogique et collaborative génère une vision commune des problématiques et permet de tirer profit du partage de l’expérience de chacun. Avec cette promotion d’une gestion participative il est difficile d’échapper à la question de la responsabilité. A ce jour, les textes sont clairs, l’obligation de prévention reste exclusivement de l’apanage de l’employeur. Néanmoins la jurisprudence a démontré à plusieurs reprises qu’un employeur proactif pouvait s’exonérer de sa responsabilité transformant le résultat attendu de l’obligation de sécurité. A la lumière de l’autopsie de cette obligation, s’ensuivent les prémices d’une responsabilisation accrue du salarié et de son représentant.

La zone CEMAC (Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale) dispose d’innombrables ressources minières solides et liquides. Dans cette zone, l’exploitation minière est considérée comme un véritable levier stratégique de développement socio-économique. C’est pour cette raison que la vision 2025 ainsi que le Programme Économique Régional de cette zone communautaire l’ont érigé comme pilier de l’émergence économique et initié, entre autres, la création d’une académie minière, les projets transfrontaliers d’exploitation minière ainsi que l’adoption d’un code minier communautaire. Au-delà des commodités économiques qu’apportent l’exploitation minière aux pays membres de la CEMAC, il sied de souligner que cette activité demeure concurremment une des principales sources de dégradations environnementales dans cette sous-région. En effet, l’exploitation minière se déroule en plusieurs phases. Pendant la phase dite de concassage ou de broyage, des contaminants tels que le cadmium, le plomb, le sélénium et l’arsenic, utilisés pour extraire les minerais, sont rejetés dans l’air. Au contact de celui-ci, ces contaminants subissent des transformations physico-chimiques et finissent par polluer l’air. Lors de la phase dite de lessivage, certains de ces constituants toxiques composés généralement d’azote, de cyanure, d’ammoniac, de nitrate ou de nitrite sont, quant à eux, déversés dans des eaux domestiques utilisées par les communautés locales. Ces substances chimiques ne se dissolvent pas dans ces eaux. Au contraire, elles y restent pendant plusieurs années et finissent par devenir des foyers de pollution des eaux domestiques. Aujourd’hui, ces répercussions environnementales, qui constituent indéniablement une violation du droit à un environnement sain (DES), menacent non seulement la santé mais également la survie de plusieurs communautés locales vivant dans les pays de la zone CEMAC. Compte tenu des préjudices qu’elles subissent, ces dernières sont légitimement en droit de demander réparation. Selon certaines recherches dont celles effectuées par le Centre de ressources sur les entreprises et les droits de l’homme, malgré la multiplication des atteintes du DES du fait de l’exploitation minière et les dénonciations de la société civile dans cette sous-région d’Afrique, les principales victimes, en l’occurrence les communautés locales, n’entreprennent que rarement voire quasiment jamais une action en réparation devant les juridictions compétentes. C’est fort de ce constat qu’à travers une analyse positiviste de certains éléments règlementaires et socio-contextuels, cette thèse s’est proposée dans un premier temps d’identifier les principaux obstacles à l’origine de cette quasi-absence d’actions en réparation des communautés locales. Dans un second temps, elle s’est astreinte à proposer deux grandes pistes de réforme en la matière. Un double objectif sous-tend cette proposition. Elle vise d’abord à ménager le mécanisme d’action en réparation en la matière afin de faciliter voire encourager les communautés locales victimes des violations de leur droit à un environnement sain par l’exploitation minière à saisir les juridictions compétentes. Ensuite, elle vise également à garantir une obtention effective de l’indemnisation des préjudices qu’elles subissent du fait de l’activité minière.

Groups of companies are a complex corporate structure, whose regulation can be problematic, especially when it comes to liability. Indeed, liability within corporate groups draws forth a series of issues principally due to the principles of separate corporate personality and limited liability. In the context of limited liability, which is based on the notion of separate legal personality, the main issue waxes the protection of the creditors, in particular the creditors of the subsidiaries. One can find three regulatory templates for handling corporate groups and their liability: policing via general company and/or civil law (such as the English model); policing via special group legislation (such as the German model); and policing via branches of law such as insolvency law, antitrust law, and contract law, among others (which is the case in numerous jurisdictions, either coupled with the first or the second model). Lifting the corporate veil has come as an answer to corporate separateness, by permitting to ignore the shareholders’ limited liability and hold them personally liable for the debts of their companies in specific circumstances. However, one can hardly find cases in which the corporate veil has been successfully lifted, due to many factors. Other important questions that are posed in the scope of corporate groups liability are the parent company’s liability for the payment of its daughter companies’ debts when insolvency strikes and other respects, besides the matter of group liability. Furthermore, liability is as well a key player in terms of tort law, and corporate social responsibility has therefore found a place in the sun in the present climate.

L’instrumentalisation des procédures collectives par les groupes de sociétés se manifeste au travers de deux affaires emblématiques : Cœur Défense et Sodimédical. Dès lors, l’instrumentalisation semble recouvrir les situations dans lesquelles l’effort collectif mis en place au sein de la procédure pour traiter les difficultés du débiteur n’apparaît pas légitime. La question de savoir à quel titre ces situations sont perçues comme illégitimes conduit à reconstituer le système formé par le droit des entreprises en difficulté afin de déterminer ce qui fait sa légitimité. Sa cohérence, son ordre tiennent à sa finalité essentielle : le traitement d’une entreprise en difficulté. Or, les conditions d’ouverture de procédures collectives n’étant pas appréciées à l’aune de cette finalité, une procédure collective peut être ouverte à l'égard d'un débiteur qui n’est pas une entreprise. Dans ces circonstances, la légitimité de l’application du droit des entreprises en difficulté est mise en cause. Ce droit est instrumentalisé dès lors qu’il bénéficie à un débiteur qui n’est pas une entreprise, ce qui trouve à se réaliser particulièrement au sein des groupes de sociétés où le principe de l’autonomie de la personne morale ne permet pas de se saisir de l’entreprise. La problématique révélée par l’instrumentalisation des procédures collectives par les groupes de sociétés démontre une crise de légitimité de l’application du droit des entreprises en difficulté.

Le procès pénal n’est pas qu’un assemblage de règles techniques. Il est irrigué par les garanties du droit à un procès équitable qui implique un équilibre des droits des parties au procès. Dans la mesure où ces garanties ont été développées avant tout au bénéfice de la personne poursuivie qu’il fallait protéger face à un ministère public représentant la société et disposant de prérogatives considérables, l’équilibre procédural était surtout recherché entre ces deux parties principales au procès pénal. Cependant, avec l’action civile exercée devant les juridictions répressives, de plus en plus de parties défendant des intérêts variés, individuels et collectifs participent à la procédure pénale. La présence de ces parties civiles au cours du procès pénal, pour ancrée qu’elle soit dans le système juridique français, est une source de transformations de la physionomie du procès. En effet, compte tenu de leur diversité et de l’accroissement de leurs prérogatives ces dernières décennies, la configuration du procès pénal change : de bipartite il tend à devenir véritablement tripartite ce qui influe sur l’équilibre recherché entre les parties. Il devient donc nécessaire de déterminer et d’apporter des réponses à l’impact de l’action civile française sur l’économie générale du procès pénal au regard des garanties du droit à un procès équitable. Partant, un constat s’impose : la fragilisation du droit à un procès pénal équitable en présence d’une ou plusieurs parties civiles. Il apparaît ainsi que l’économie générale du procès pénal ne peut pas être envisagée à travers le prisme de rapports symétriques entre la ou les parties civiles, le ministère public et la défense. Les caractéristiques propres à chaque catégorie de parties civiles doivent être prises en compte pour adapter les règles du droit à un procès pénal équitable. The criminal trial is not just a collection of technical rules. It is guaranteed by the right to a fair trial which implies a balance in the right of each parties during the trial. So far, those guarantees have been developed for the benefit of the defendant who had to be protected against a public prosecutor representing society and having considerable prerogatives, the procedural balance was above all sought between these two main parties in the trial. However, with the civil action brought before the criminal courts, more and more parties defending various interests, individual and collective, participate in the criminal procedure. Although the presence of these civil parties during the criminal trial is rooted in the French legal system, it is a source of change for the structure of the trial. Indeed, given their diversity and the increase in their prerogatives in recent decades, the configuration of the criminal trial is changing: from bipartite it tends to become truly tripartite, which influences the balance sought between the parties. It therefore becomes necessary to determine and provide responses to the impact of French civil action on the general economy of the criminal trial with regard to the guarantees of the right to a fair trial. Therefore, one thing is clear: the weakening of the right to a fair criminal trial in the presence of one or more civil parties. It thus appears that the general economy of the criminal trial cannot be considered through the prism of symmetrical relationships between the civil party or parties, the public prosecutor and the defence. The specific characteristics of each category of civil parties must be taken into account to adapt the rules of law to a fair criminal trial.

Un juge en droit de la concurrence est un juge qui est chargé de veiller à ce que les lois sur la concurrence soient respectées. La difficulté est que cette définition peut s’appliquer autant à un juge qu’à une autorité. En effet, le choix de ne pas adapter l’appareil juridictionnel pour une juridiction spécialisée s’est traduit par la création d’une Autorité de la concurrence aux pouvoirs proche d’une juridiction. S’expliquant par une forte prégnance du fait économique dans l’analyse des pratiques anticoncurrentielles, à l’avantage notamment de l’Autorité de la concurrence, le rôle du juge a pourtant évolué au fil des ans. Finalement, est apparu un clivage entre une action publique qui vise à prévenir, à dissuader et à sanctionner les comportements anticoncurrentiels et une action privée qui favorise la réparation d’un préjudice causé aux victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles. Il en résulte un rôle différencié dans l’application du droit de la concurrence qui renouvelle la réflexion sur la définition d’un juge du droit de la concurrence

A avaliação para fins de apuração de haveres do sócio, decorrente de dissolução parcial de sociedades limitadas, deve apreciar ativos intangíveis da sociedade para aferir o seu valor patrimonial e da quota parte do sócio retirante, por força do art. 1.031 do Código Civil e do art. 606 do Código de Processo Civil. Essencialmente, o valor dos ativos intangíveis reside na sua expectativa de rentabilidade futura, que pode ser adequadamente avaliada por método econômico, sob a técnica do fluxo de caixa descontado. A doutrina e a jurisprudência são divididas em relação a admissão da avaliação de ativos intangíveis, via de regra analisada no âmbito da avaliação da sociedade, sob critério de continuidade e perenidade. A tese defende que os ativos intangíveis avaliados com base em expectativas de rentabilidade futura devem ser admitidos no escopo da avaliação para fins de apuração de haveres, desde que sob os estritos termos da avaliação conforme determinada pelo direito. O critério de avaliação aplicável é o da dissolução total ficta; o escopo da avaliação abarca todos os ativos sob controle da sociedade, escriturados pela contabilidade ou não, bem como os passivos; tais ativos e passivos são individualmente considerados e avaliados a preço de saída, de modo que o avaliador deve fazê- lo pelo método que retrate da forma mais adequada o preço de mercado do recurso sob avaliação. Deste modo, a tese propõe: a interpretação dos artigos 1.031 do Código Civil e 606 do Código de Processo Civil baseada na técnica dos termos e expressões empregados, bem como na análise do desenvolvimento do tema na legislação brasileira; critérios de reconhecimento dos ativos intangíveis para fins de avaliação; e interpretação pela adequação da avaliação econômica do preço de saída em relação a finalidade almejada pelo regime jurídico atual. The valuation for the purpose of calculating the partner\'s assets, resulting from the partial dissolution of limited liability companies, must assess the company\'s intangible assets to assess their equity value and the share of the withdrawing partner, pursuant to art. 1.031 of the Civil Code and art. 606 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Essentially, the value of intangible assets resides in their expected future profitability, which can be adequately evaluated by the economic method, under the discounted cash flow technique. The doctrine and jurisprudence are divided in relation to the admission of the evaluation of intangible assets, as a rule analyzed in the context of the evaluation of the company, under the criterion of continuity and perpetuity. This thesis argues that intangible assets evaluated based on expectations of future profitability should be admitted in the scope of the evaluation for the purpose of calculating assets, provided that under the strict terms of the evaluation as determined by law. The applicable evaluation criterion is the fictitious total dissolution; the scope of the assessment covers all assets under the company\'s control, whether or not recorded in accounting, as well as liabilities; such assets and liabilities are individually considered and valued at the exit price, so the valuer must do so using the method that most adequately portrays the market price of the asset under valuation. Thus, the thesis proposes: the interpretation of articles 1031 of the Civil Code and 606 of the Code of Civil Procedure based on the technique of terms and expressions used, as well as on the analysis of the development of the theme in Brazilian legislation; criteria for recognizing intangible assets for valuation purposes; and interpretation for the adequacy of the economic assessment of the exit price in relation to the purpose sought by the current legal regime.

Tese de doutorado de Direito Comercial desenvolvida em forma de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com a utilização preponderante do método analítico e, em alguns momentos, do dialético, que objetiva investigar a recuperação judicial dos concessionários. A pesquisa almeja elaborar uma teoria que mapeie e segregue os vários interesses públicos e privados que orbitam em torno do contrato de concessão, visando encontrar um ponto de equilíbrio na relação existente entre o Concessionário e o Poder Concedente, assim como dos princípios da preservação da empresa e do interesse público no curso de uma recuperação judicial. Para tanto, o trabalho será dividido em três etapas: (i) a primeira parte dedicada à apresentação da estrutura funcional da recuperação, bem como às particularidades deste procedimento de reestruturação; (ii) a segunda parte dedicada ao estudo das concessões, apresentando as particularidades aplicáveis a esta figura jurídica, seus diferentes tipos e seus aspectos comuns; e, finalmente, (iii) a terceira parte cuja exposição é centrada no desenvolvimento da teoria investigando as particularidades da recuperação judicial dos concessionários. As principais questões a serem dirimidas neste trabalho são: (a) qual seria o tratamento dispensado à concessão na recuperação judicial; (b) teria o devedor em recuperação judicial o direito de ser e de se manter concessionário; (c) seriam sujeitos à recuperação os créditos derivados das multas administrativas ou as obrigações do contrato de concessão; (d) quais os efeitos do despacho de processamento sobre as prerrogativas do Poder Concedente e teria o juízo da recuperação judicial poderes de limitar tais prerrogativas; (e) como o Poder Concedente seria convocado para a recuperação judicial e qual seria a consequência desta convocação; (f) seria possível prever a venda da concessão como meio de recuperação, inclusive em forma de unidade produtiva isolada, e qual seria a consequência desta alienação; (g) teria ou não o Poder Concedente o dever de se manifestar de maneira fundamentada na recuperação judicial, considerando as regras do procedimento aplicáveis para outros credores e o seu regime próprio; e (h) considerando a fase de controle de legalidade, seria legal a previsão de tratamento mais favorecido para o Poder Concedente pelo devedor considerando a importância estratégica da concessão; e qual seria a extensão dos poderes do juízo da recuperação judicial para controlar manifestações e decisões do Poder Concedente no curso da recuperação judicial. Corporate law doctoral thesis developed in the form of bibliographic and documental research, with a preponderant usage of the analytical method and, in specific chapters, the dialectical method, focused on the investigation of the bankruptcy of public utilities\' grantees. The research aims to elaborate a theory that captures and segregates the multiple public and private interests that orbit over the public utility contract, looking for a middle ground in the relation between the public utility\'s grantor and the public utility\'s grantee, as well as the concerns over public interest and going concern preservation amidst a bankruptcy reorganization proceeding. In order to achieve such goals, the research was structured in three different parts: (i) the first one dedicated to the presentation of the functional structure of bankruptcy reorganization and the exposition of its specificities; (ii) the second part focused on the study of public utilities, taking into account all their particularities, different kinds available, and looking to identify their common aspects; (iii) the third part centered on the construction of a theory investigating the special aspects applicable to the bankruptcy reorganization of public utilities\' grantees. The major topics addressed in this work were: (a) how should the public utility contract be treated in a bankruptcy reorganization; (b) should a Debtor-in-Possession have the right to become a public utility\'s grantee or maintain such status after filing for bankruptcy reorganization; (c) should credits owed by the Public Utility\'s Grantor comprised in administrative fines or derived from the public utility\'s agreement be subject to bankruptcy reorganization effects; (d) which effects does the bankruptcy\'s automatic stay produce over Public Utility\'s Grantor entitlements and could the bankruptcy court impose some limitation to its usage; (e) how is Public Utility\'s Grantor summoned to bankruptcy court and what consequences could this summoning produce; (f) could a bankruptcy restructuring plan set a provision selling the public utility as a recovery strategy, even as a fire sale, and what consequences such sale could produce; (g) should or not Public Utility\'s Grantor manifest its positions reasonably and thoroughly while on a bankruptcy reorganization, taking into account restructuring procedural requirements imposed to all creditors and special legal regime applicable to Public Utility\'s Grantor; and (h) during procedural phase dedicated to checking legality and adequacy of all workouts prior to granting of reorganization, should bankruptcy court accept provision set on restructuring plan providing more favorable treatment to Public Utility\'s Grantor in relation to all other creditors, taking into account its approvalstrategic importance for debtor\'s duly restructuring; and what is extend of power of bankruptcy court as to challenge or control reasoning and decisions brought on by Public Utility\'s Grantor during reorganization.

Le démembrement est traditionnellement défini comme un acte juridique entrainant le partage des attributs du droit de propriété sur un bien. L'usufruitier aura le droit d'user du bien (usus) et d'en percevoir les fruits (fructus). Sa seule limite est de ne pas porter atteinte à la substance du bien puisqu'il devra le restituer au nu-propriétaire à la fin du démembrement, celui-ci en deviendra alors pleinement propriétaire. Pendant la durée de l'usufruit, le nu-propriétaire ne détiendra que l'abusus qui est le droit de disposer de la chose. Mais il ne pourra pas exercer ce droit sans l'accord de l'usufruitier, en effet, le nu-propriétaire ne doit pas porter atteinte au droit de jouissance de l'usufruitier.Il existe des biens dépourvus d'usus ou dont l'usus et l'abusus se confondent. Il s'agit des choses consomptibles pour lesquels l'usufruit prendra la forme d'un quasi-usufruit. L'usufruitier n'aura plus pour obligation de restituer le bien démembré mais un bien de même quantité et qualité ou sa valeur estimée à la date de la restitution.Les droits sociaux n'étant pas des choses consomptibles, il existerait un usus des droits sociaux. La présente étude aura pour objectif de démontrer que les droits sociaux sont nécessairement dotés d'un usus puisqu'ils constituent des biens meubles fongibles mais non consomptibles et que le lien unissant l'associé à ses droits sociaux est un rapport de droit réel. La présente étude aura ensuite pour ambition de repenser le partage des prérogatives politiques dans le cadre d'un démembrement de droits sociaux, en distinguant celles qui relèvent de l'usus et celles qui relèvent de l'abusus. Ce nouveau partage sera l'occasion de s'interroger sur la qualité d'associé en cas de démembrement de droits sociaux et de proposer une solution à mi-chemin entre la théorie moniste et dualiste de la qualité d'associé : le nu-propriétaire et l'usufruitier partagent la qualité d'associé. Une telle approche nécessitera d'avoir un regard critique sur la position récemment adoptée par la jurisprudence qui refuse la qualité d'associé à l'usufruitier.

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar tendências de investigações científicas, publicadas no período de 2008 a 2020, sobre a aplicação das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) nos países africanos. Por meio de uma revisão da literatura, foram analisados, em particular, os tópicos abordados, motivos e teorias aplicadas nos estudos. As fontes de recolha de dados foram as bases de dados da Emerald Insiht e Sience Direct. A amostra consiste em 31 artigos extraídos das revistas internacionais de contabilidade que publicaram sobre a adoção, compliance e consequências das IFRS no continente africano. Ainda que tenham ocorrido numerosas variações na aplicação dos normativos internacionais, principalmente relacionados à conformidade, a maioria dos países africanos tem adotado às normas IFRS. No entanto, mesmo que a maioria tenha prolongado a implementação das IFRS, os resultados apontam que a adoção das mesmas gera criação de vantagens competitivas e integração para os mercados globais. Concluiu-se que: (i) a regulamentação institucional limita a aplicação das IFRS na África; (ii) as práticas contábeis são influenciadas pelos ambientes externos e internos da organização institucional; (iii) elas devem ser baseadas em decisões racionais e nas crenças das instituições. Por fim, os achados apontam as influências culturais como justificativas da forma escalonada de como os países do mundo, não somente africanos, vem adotando às normas IFRS.

This study analyzes intellectual property rights disputes between PSGlow and MSGlow in terms of Law no. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications (analysis of case decision number: 2/pdt.sus.HKI/Merek/2022/pn.niaga Sby) which aims to explain and analyze the basic considerations of Surabaya Commercial Court judges in accepting lawsuits, explaining and analyzing how is the legal protection of trademarks that have been registered based on Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications, explaining and analyzing whether there is an element of passing off between PS Glow and MS Glow based on Case Decision Number: 2/Pdt.Sus.HKI /Merek/2022/PN. Niaga Sby.The legal materials in this research are primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials using normative research methods.The basis for consideration is that a lawsuit was filed from PS Glow for the use of the brand without rights against MS Glow. and legal protection for brands that have been registered under Law no. 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications, namely that the penalties that will be imposed on these counterfeiters can be in the form of imprisonment, imprisonment and fines, as referred to in articles 100 to 102 of Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications. and between PS Glow and MS Glow there is no element of passing off based on Case Decision Number: 2/Pdt.Sus.HKI/Merek/2022/PN.Niaga Sby, because the MS Glow brand registers its brand in HAKI in class 32 with the classification of powdered drinks and PS Glow registered their brand on Intellectual Property Rights in class 3 with a cosmetic classification.

The processes by which a model of social regulation channels its way of resolving conflicts make the strength of its conflict resolution system. Court justice has lost its exemplary function. The crisis of effectiveness and the crisis of legitimacy that the processual mode of dispute resolution is undergoing in our States, make it a justice system that is considered to have broken down. The need for justice thus directly raises the question of social regulation, the relevant model of social regulation. The call for a ‘right to sue’ open to the system of alternative dispute resolution rather than restrictively to the judiciary to resolve disagreements is the spearhead of the combinatorial approach to the administration of conflicts, the ferment of a plural approach to access to justice. Has Cameroonian law begun to renew its vision of the right to take legal action? Does it renew the dominant classical approach to the system of social regulation? The study notes the global and integral recognition of the alternative dispute resolution system, another, less contentious, way of dealing with disputes, the emergence within the traditional dispute resolution system of a right to amicable dispute resolution, but in an embryonic state. It then poses, in a prospective approach, the need for a unitary and global approach to private justice as challenges to be met to ensure the quality of this form of justice.

Competition law and intellectual property law share the objective of incentivising innovation. However, this objective is achieved in different ways, which, at times, can create tension between the two areas of law. It is imperative that this tension at the interface of competition law and intellectual property law is resolved in a manner that encourages innovation. Issues regarding the licensing of intellectual property, Standard Essential Patents, pay-for-delay agreements and no-challenge clauses are instances where the tension between competition law and intellectual property law is especially prevalent. These instances will be discussed in detail, and what is learnt from how the European Union and Australia handles it, will be applied to South Africa. The European Union, Australia and South Africa have different ways of dealing with situations where the exercise of intellectual property rights has an effect on competition. The European Union has block exemptions, which contains “safe havens” for conduct in specific circumstances. The block exemptions are often accompanied by guidelines, providing firms and individuals with greater detail in order to self-assess their compliance with the exemption. Australia has authorisation, notification and class exemption procedures. Firms can apply to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission to authorise conduct that might potentially breach the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Exemptions may also be granted more broadly by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission in terms of the class exemption procedures. In South Africa, the law concerning the interface between competition law and intellectual property is still in its infancy, and a lot can be learned from jurisdictions like the European Union and Australia regarding the most efficient way to handle this tension. Currently, the Competition Act 89 of 1998 in South Africa contains Section 10(4), the intellectual property exemption clause. A firm can apply to the Competition Commission for an intellectual property exemption from the application of Chapter 2 of the Competition Act “to an agreement or practice, or a category of agreements or practices” which pertains to the exercise of intellectual property rights. However, it is submitted that Section 10(4), by itself, is not the most efficient mechanism to resolve the tension that arises at the interface of competition law and intellectual property law in a way that incentivises innovation. It is proposed that the exemption provision can be made more effective if it is properly applied in conjunction with class exemptions and guidelines.

This study investigates the impact and importance of the legal regulation of trade union recognition and associated challenges in South Africa. It evaluates the current regulation of trade union recognition, including legislation and judicial attitudes apparent from the interpretation, application, and enforcement of such legislation, to ascertain its continued appropriateness in the current South African industrial relations environment. The study considers the policy choices of both voluntarism and majoritarianism underlying the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (“LRA”) and the “workplace” constituency to which it applies as factors that might be contributing to challenges experienced in the current regulation of collective bargaining in South Africa. It evaluates the current model of trade union recognition and representativeness as it applies to the acquisition by trade unions of organisational rights, collective bargaining rights and trade union recognition for purposes of retrenchment consultation. It recognises that the specific model chosen to regulate the representative status of trade unions has a significant effect on the ability of trade unions to organise and conclude collective agreements and, as such, on the distributive effects of such agreements in the labour market and broader society. The study commences with an historical overview of the regulation of trade union recognition under the 1956 LRA and thereafter considers the 1995 LRA as a product of criticism against the 1956 LRA. Specific issues considered, largely based on the analysis of the relevant decisions by the Constitutional Court, include the following: the impact of Constitutional Court jurisprudence relating to trade union recognition on the process of collective bargaining and on the legal regulation of the right to strike; the role of representativeness and its link with the workplace as the constituency for recognition and acquisition of organisational rights; the often winner-takes-all effect of the current model on collective bargaining as a major cause of labour unrest; the reactive role the legislature has played over the past, almost three decades to address challenges; the extent to which intervention should take place to safeguard the institution of collective bargaining from being undermined as well as the regulation of collective agreements as the product of collective bargaining and as the primary source of terms and conditions of employment. The comparative review of Canadian law focuses on a number of issues selected specifically for their potential to provide insights into how the weaknesses in South African regulation may be remedied. This includes insights into the accommodation of special or significant minority interests and how to address recognition in the context of multi-location employers. The thesis concludes with remarks on the insights gained from the Canadian model and the 1956 LRA. Where appropriate, suggestions are made on the way forward for South Africa as to the appropriate regulation of trade union recognition and representativeness.

Le recours à l’arbitrage en matière des litiges contractuels entre des parties privées présente des avantages par rapport aux procédures devant les tribunaux. Les avantages de l’arbitrage qui a une valeur particulière en matière contractuelle se multiplient : les arbitres peuvent être choisis en raison de leurs compétences spéciales selon le sujet du contrat; la confidentialité peut être préservée; l’arbitrage peut être utilisé pour régler des questions sur le même sujet ou des sujets semblables mais survenant dans des pays différents, ceci peut présenter l'avantage de régler en une seule fois tous les différends entre les parties, surtout en matière de commerce.