Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This study aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive legal analysis of international bankruptcy and related issues by drawing on comparative law and private international law. In this context, this thesis aims to determine the legal qualifications of the transactions that fall within the framework of international insolvency and to address the problems related to these issues in detail. This study consists of five chapters. The first chapter examines the specific aspects of insolvency in the fields of debt enforcement, procedural law, and substantive law. The main argument in this chapter is that bankruptcy law has its own normative scope. In this framework, bankruptcy law and enforcement law regulate areas that can be analytically distinguished from each other. The law of debt enforcement regulates all actions and procedures based on the state's sovereignty and power to use force. On the other hand, bankruptcy law can be characterized as a multi-layered and unique branch of substantive law that has features related to the law of obligations or commercial law, depending on the context. The first chapter begins with an etymology of the concept of insolvency across various languages. The Turkish word "iflâs" is highlighted, which comes from the Arabic word "fls" (fels), indicating a state of destitution and insolvency. In English, the term "bankruptcy" has historical origins that trace back to medieval Italy, where merchants who couldn't pay their debts had their trading benches physically broken, a practice referred to as "banca rotta." The main goal of this analysis is to emphasize that historically, insolvency has been perceived as a condition of incapacity and deficiency resulting in disgrace, even in the mildest scenarios. In terms of the severity of Roman law, penalties such as enslavement or death for bankrupt individuals illustrate how grave the offense of bankruptcy was considered. Furthermore, during the Middle Ages, those in financial distress were scorned by society. Meanwhile, with the modernization of legal systems, efforts have been made to alleviate the negative social perception of individuals who become insolvent. These efforts have led to changes in the law and the emergence of new terminologies. Over time, legal terminology across different countries has evolved. For example, in the US, the terms "debtor" and "insolvency" are now more commonly used in place of "bankrupt" and "bankruptcy" respectively, in the context of insolvency law. In line with these changes in terminology, reform efforts at both the comparative and international law levels aim to diminish the stigma attached to insolvent individuals and companies, striving to provide them with the opportunity for a fresh start within the economic order. Moving on, the first section distinguishes between the narrow and broad meanings of the concept of insolvency in comparative law and international instruments. Throughout this study, bankruptcy in its narrow sense refers specifically to procedures that involve the liquidation and distribution of a debtor's assets and/or the dissolution of their legal personality to satisfy creditors in accordance with applicable laws. In contrast, the broad sense of insolvency encompasses the debtor's objective inability to pay, the formal declaration of this predicament by a competent authority, body, or the debtor themselves, as well as all subsequent actions taken to settle claims and manage the debtor's assets. Within this expansive interpretation of insolvency, the study underscores the principle of collectivity, which is critical in administering bankruptcy procedures. Additionally, it conceptualizes bankruptcy as a wide-ranging framework, starting from liquidation in the narrowest scope and extending to include debt restructuring and non-judicial workout solutions. Furthermore, this study primarily considers insolvency law as substantive law. It supports the notion that while insolvency contains procedural elements, these are not its defining features. The focus here is on the processes associated with the initiation, execution, management, and conclusion of bankruptcy proceedings. The second chapter of the study is dedicated to the conceptual framework and theoretical perspectives of international insolvency. The term "international insolvency" refers to various situations in which a debtor may have a cross-border element—such as operating in more than one country, being domestic with creditors located abroad, being a foreign entity with domestic creditors, or having assets dispersed over multiple countries. In this section, the chapter elaborates on various theoretical approaches to the legal framework governing international insolvency. These approaches include territorialism, which is based on the principle of territoriality or locality; universalism, which advocates for consistent practices and standards in cross-border insolvencies; and the hybrid approach. Due to the practical difficulties encountered with universalism, mixed approaches have been developed, offering alternatives such as cooperative territoriality, multilateralism, contract theory, universal proceduralism, and modified universalism. The examination of these approaches, each presenting distinctive advantages and challenges, provides significant insights into the ongoing and potential resolutions for issues in international insolvency. Chapter Three outlines a general framework that defines the relationship between international insolvency and the law. In this chapter, the legal nature of international insolvency law is first explained, and a reminder is provided of the modern insolvency law approach introduced in the first chapter. Within this framework, the aim of insolvency law is to develop a collective procedural structure founded on the principles of justice that considers the interests of all parties involved. It seeks to maximize the value of the debtor's assets, minimize waste, ensure the rescue of viable businesses, and develop appropriate techniques for these purposes. The transnational aspect of bankruptcy introduces an additional layer of complexity to the existing definition and framework. Consequently, international insolvency law is evolving into a distinct system within private international law, specifically catering to transnational insolvency cases. This system often described as "sui generis" strives to fulfill the objectives of insolvency in scenarios that transcend national borders. The growing field of transnational insolvency anticipates the effective centralization of proceedings that are acknowledged and aided by foreign authorities. The goal is to maximize asset values and ensure business recovery while carefully considering the interests of all affected parties, regardless of their location. In international insolvency cases, it's important to balance the interests of creditors and debtors. Factors like nationality or foreign status, as well as the role of the state as an entity under international law, should be considered in this balance. In order to establish this balance, it is of great importance to explore harmonious and effective solutions by evaluating these interests in a holistic framework. Practices in international insolvency and comparative law have tended towards a perspective that aims to harmonize and coordinate different interests. In fact, this is the main concern of the modified universalism approach. From this perspective, the final section of the third chapter examines various legal frameworks or regimes for international insolvency. This includes a study of the ecosystem of Model Laws related to insolvency, with particular emphasis on the 1997 UNCITRAL Model Law, as well as the regulations in force within the European Union, the United States, and Latin American countries. The fourth chapter delves into international insolvency by addressing traditional concepts of international procedural law. It evaluates the criteria for international jurisdiction in insolvency proceedings, the recognition of foreign insolvency judgments, and the determination of applicable law. These topics are scrutinized using a comparative legal framework, drawing from the UNCITRAL Model Law, regulations in the U.S. and the EU, and various national laws, which the third chapter discusses. Techniques from comparative and private international law are employed to analyze these issues, which can be summarized as follows: Firstly, in the realm of international insolvency and private international law, a common challenge involves identifying the competent court for the proceedings. This issue is often resolved using the principle of the Center of Main Interests (COMI). COMI refers to the primary location of a company's or legal entity's operational activities in the context of insolvency or debt restructuring. It is typically associated with the site of the debtor's main administrative office, the place where significant operations are conducted, or the location where crucial commercial decisions are made. Additionally, the issue of forum shopping often arises in discussions of international jurisdiction and represents the second significant concern. In the context of international insolvency, 'forum shopping' is the practice where an internationally active company selects a jurisdiction that is perceived to offer the most favorable legal environment for its restructuring or insolvency processes. The company then takes steps to establish its case in the chosen jurisdiction in hopes of benefiting from its laws in the event of insolvency. The modified universalism approach argues for a legal framework where the primary insolvency proceedings are initiated in the debtor's Center of Main Interests (COMI), while ancillary proceedings may occur in other jurisdictions. Such a framework aims to curb the practice of forum shopping. Both the UNCITRAL Model Law and the EU Insolvency Regulation embrace this approach, thus promoting a more orderly and predictable system for handling cross-border insolvencies. The second issue addressed in Chapter Four is the recognition of the effect of foreign insolvency procedures. This section scrutinizes how foreign insolvency procedures interrelate with existing cross-border insolvency frameworks and evaluates the limitations imposed by such frameworks on the ability of these procedures to be recognized and enforced. Initially, the discussion focuses on how international frameworks handle the concept of a foreign procedure, beginning with standards set by the Model Law and then proceeding to the foreign insolvency procedures outlined in the EU Insolvency Regulation. The characteristics of the procedures in these two contexts are compared, and the techniques foreign courts apply to recognize, enforce, or reject them are examined. The third issue explored in the fourth chapter is the rules concerning the applicable law, with a focus on the principle of Lex fori concursus. This concept is rooted in the broader lex fori principle, a cornerstone of private international law. Under the Lex fori principle, a court typically applies its own domestic law—the law of the forum—to decide both procedural matters and, in the context of insolvency, the substantive rules governing the proceedings. This application of domestic law aligns with the state's sovereignty, as procedural law is deemed an extension of a nation's public law framework. According to the principle of Lex fori concursus, the law of the country where the insolvency proceedings are initiated typically governs the insolvency process and any related legal actions. This principle is formalized as a general rule in Article 7 of the EU Insolvency Regulation. Nevertheless, the regulation also delineates specific exceptions to this principle in subsequent provisions. These exceptions, as articulated in the EU Insolvency Regulation, include the following: (1) Third parties' rights in rem; (2) set-off; (3) reservation of title; (4) contracts relating to immoveable property; (5) payment systems and financial markets; (6) contracts of employment; (7) rights subject to registration; (8) detrimental acts of the debtor; (9) effects of insolvency proceedings on pending lawsuits or arbitral proceedings and 10) Protection of third-party purchasers. Furthermore, public policy is also recognized as an exception. It is a general principle that when foreign court proceedings are concerned, the Lex fori concursus - the law of the place where the insolvency proceedings are occurring -should be applied by the local court. The public policy exception, however, might place restrictions on this principle. This safeguard, which bars the application of foreign laws that are in conflict with the fundamental principles of the local law, enables the local court to give preference to its own laws over those of another country under specific, limited circumstances in bankruptcy cases. Nevertheless, it is important to underline that the concept of public policy does not grant countries unfettered discretion. UNCITRAL emphasizes that for the exception to the lex fori concursus to be invoked on public policy grounds, the contravention must be "manifestly" evident, leaving no room for doubt. Chapter 5 explores the specific challenges associated with international insolvency, such as the identification of the debtor's assets, the imposition of insolvency seizures, the prioritization of claims, and the annulment of detrimental transactions intended to disadvantage creditors. Furthermore, the chapter examines the procedures governing insolvency and the complexities surrounding the insolvency of multinational corporations. Among these problems, under the section titled 'Determination of the Debtor's Assets and Insolvency Seizure,' the text mentions the difficult task of monitoring and recovering assets internationally in the digital age, where goods can rapidly move across borders. Variations in practices among different countries contribute to inconsistencies in this area and exacerbate challenges in insolvency cases. International commercial activities and cross-border bankruptcies further complicate the process of tracing and recouping assets and can result in conflicts between laws. The absence of a universal legal framework, applicable across all countries, poses a significant impediment to protecting assets and maximizing their recovery in the course of insolvency proceedings. In this context, there is a pressing need to cultivate global cooperation and establish mechanisms that address critical issues such as the identification of assets, the temporary seizure of assets, and the prevention of unauthorized transfers. For instance, the use of 'freezing orders'—the authority to impose temporary restrictions on the transfer, sale, or disposal of assets under foreign jurisdictions—has proven effective in safeguarding assets. Within the European Union, Articles 19(1) and 20(1) of the EU Insolvency Regulation mandate that an EU-wide suspension of transactions automatically takes effect upon the initiation of substantive insolvency proceedings in any Member State. Another issue discussed in the fifth chapter concerns the annulment of transactions made with the intent to harm creditors, an issue commonly referred to as 'avoidance.' This term describes any actions that undermine the debtor's ability to fulfill its obligations, thus impairing the rights of creditors by devaluing the debtor's assets or rendering them unreachable for creditor claims. The UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and the EU Insolvency Regulation both seek to offer various solutions to this problem. Nevertheless, avoidance laws can differ significantly from one country to another, where legal systems have disparate criteria for assessing the validity of such transactions. A transaction that is deemed fraudulent in one jurisdiction could be considered valid in another. The chapter also addresses "conflicts of priorities" which present analogous challenges. The matter of creditor priority in international insolvency law underscores the absence of standardized regulations and systems, consequently impeding cooperation among courts and complicating the adjudication process. Considerable variations exist in the interpretation of equitable treatment for domestic and foreign creditors during insolvency proceedings, as well as in how such equity should be guaranteed. These complexities span from determining the sequence of repayment to more granular concerns regarding the handling of various types of creditors and their respective claims. These difficulties obstruct efforts to establish a consistent and harmonized framework for international insolvency law. In international insolvency cases, the varying legal traditions, economic levels of different countries, and cultural norms that shape business and economic practices necessitate a flexible framework capable of accommodating all alternatives—judicial and extrajudicial—to manage insolvency effectively. The prevailing trend in cross border insolvency law, as reflected in internationally recognized instruments, aligns with the general evolution of insolvency and restructuring law. This trend entails examining the compatibility of evolved insolvency procedures, which offer solutions for early-stage financial distress, with the mechanisms for recognition, cooperation, and legal assistance provided by international frameworks. Moreover, the impact of these procedures' implementation within the context of such frameworks is thoroughly considered. Chapter 5 concludes with a discussion on the insolvencies of multinational corporations, which have significantly grown in complexity due to the global economic downturns experienced over the past three decades. These insolvencies have carved out a distinct and intricate niche within international insolvency law, necessitating detailed scrutiny. The collapse of such large, cross-border enterprises highlights some of the most challenging facets of insolvency cases and has a profound influence on the global economic landscape. As this area intersects with the broader issues explored earlier in the study, it stands out as a fertile ground for legal innovation and swift progression, drawing upon advancements in legal theory, comparative law practices, and international regulations. The ongoing efforts and developments in this sector are proving essential in tackling these multifaceted challenges day by day. In conclusion, this study provides a thorough examination of the foundations, distinguishing traits, and practical applications of international insolvency law, framed within comparative and private international law. Its principal aim is to enrich the legal and theoretical discourse on cross-border insolvency by meticulously investigating the multifaceted procedures of insolvency in their global context. The historical development of insolvency and its integration into modern legal systems are explored, recognizing the profound influence of international insolvency's complexities on various legal frameworks. With a particular focus on two salient issues, the study confronts challenging topics such as the recognition and interrelationship of insolvency proceedings, their alignment with collaborative mechanisms and judicial support, the expansive definition and scope of insolvency across jurisdictions, and the intricate insolvencies faced by multinational corporations.

Le contrat de transport routier de marchandises dans son exécution impose des obligations accessoires aux parties. Ces obligations sont essentielles au transporteur pour une bonne préparation de l’envoi. Par ailleurs, ce dernier conclut un contrat avec le manutentionnaire pour effectuer les opérations de chargement et de déchargement moyennant le versement d’une somme supplémentaire d’argent par l’expéditeur. La mauvaise opération de manipulation des objets engage la responsabilité de l’auteur du dommage. La solution retenue peut être le partage de responsabilité ainsi que le mode de réparation afin d’assurer l’équilibre financier entre le transporteur et le manutentionnaire.

La petite et moyenne entreprise demeure une réalité à travers laquelle l’initiative privée s’exprime en Afrique et les législations nationales ont prévu divers textes pour en assurer l’encadrement. L’examen au pif de divers morceaux choisis des cadres juridiques nationaux nous a semblé particulier pour en cerner les contours définitionnels et leurs implications. Au clair, trente-sept ans après la 72e session de la Conférence Internationale du Travail, de nombreux législateurs africains ont légiféré sur les micros, petites et moyennes entreprises en abordant les aspects fondamentaux dont entre autres la qualité de PME, qui dispose d’un statut différent de celui de la grande entreprise. Dès lors, au terme de cette lecture profonde et considérant les avancées de l’entrepreneuriat en Afrique, il serait intéressant pour les juristes de se pencher sur le cadre juridique de ce type d’entreprises fortement enracinées dans le secteur informel, dont le potentiel d’emplois et de contribution au produit intérieur brut dans les pays africains est non négligeable.

Pendant que la littérature en sciences économiques et de gestion abonde sur la question des petites et moyennes entreprises, en sciences juridiques la recherche est pauvre. C’est sans doute pour pallier ce vide que le présent article y consacre un intérêt fécond, pour plonger le lecteur dans les méandres historiques de la promotion des PME au Cameroun. Après les vingt premières années post indépendances marquées par la marginalisation de l’initiative privée locale, les PME ont connu une période de restauration au début des années 1980 avec l’avènement du deuxième code des investissements de juillet 1984, induisant un réaménagement juridique aux incidences controversées. Une vingtaine d’années après, tirant les leçons de l’enlisement tumultueux des PME marqué entre autres par un ancrage considérable de l’économie informelle, le dispositif juridique national s’est enrichi d’une loi consacrant exclusivement la promotion des PME. Certes que cet acquis marque une avancée notable, mais elle n’est pas encore suffisante pour impulser la croissance économique.

La protection provisoire devant la Commission et la Cour africaines des droits de l’homme et des peuples est l’un des domaines du système africain de protection des droits et des peuples jusque-là loin d’être défriché de manière exhaustive. Pourtant, la mise en œuvre du dispositif des mesures provisoires dans le contexte africain remonte à l’établissement de la Commission africaine. Cette thèse propose de scruter le régime juridique exact des mesures provisoires et les contours de la pratique. La thèse ici défendue est que malgré les difficultés que peut poser le régime des mesures provisoires, la Commission et la Cour africaines en font un mécanisme au service de la protection effective des droits fondamentaux des requérants. Toutefois, la concrétisation de cette finalité est compromise par le taux élevé d’inexécution de ces mesures en raison des insuffisances dont souffre la procédure devant ces organes auxquelles s’ajoute la mauvaise volonté des États parties. Cette thèse formule ainsi des solutions qui permettent à la Cour et à la Commission d’exploiter le potentiel du régime des mesures provisoires comme instrument au service de la garantie effective des droits fondamentaux des individus protégés par la CADHP.

An array of governance initiatives has emerged to address forced labour and labour exploitation in global value chains (GVCs). Drawing on the transnational business governance interactions theoretical framework, as well as Timothy Bartley’s place-conscious transnational governance model, this thesis examines the interaction between two of these hybrid forms of governance: multi-stakeholder initiatives and corporate sustainability laws. I conduct a case study of the cocoa sector, and specifically of the multinational company, Nestlé, using multiple qualitative research methods including legal analysis, key informant interviews, and documentary analysis. My research suggests that the layering of corporate sustainability laws, and particularly the French Duty of Vigilance Law, on top of CSR and MSIs in the cocoa sector, is not addressing the governance gap that permits corporations to evade accountability for human rights abuses in their supply chain. I find that the introduction of corporate sustainability laws may have contributed to a decrease in Nestlé's efforts to address labor violations in certain areas, while in others, it appears to have supported the continuation of existing practices. This raises implications for the continuous efforts in various jurisdictions to introduce these laws as a solution to the shortcomings of private, voluntary rule-making systems. Further research is required to explore how these governance mechanisms are interacting in other sectors, in companies of different sizes, and within various types of MSIs. This will help identify the factors that influence interactions and shed further light on the path forward for policymakers.

Après le sombre tableau du climat des affaires peint par le Rapport Doing Business, la RDC ressentit la nécessité de se débarrasser des règles sur les affaires jugées vétustes et responsables de l’insécurité juridique et judiciaire. Entre adopter une nouvelle législation avec le coût qu’elle devait entraîner et intégrer une organisation qui disposait déjà des règles adaptées aux affaires à l’instar de l’OHADA, la dernière possibilité fut privilégiée dans la perspective non seulement de faire bénéficier le cadre juridique congolais des affaires des règles simples, sûres et adaptées que l’OHADA met en place, mais aussi de tirer profit de la primauté de la sécurité juridique et judiciaire vantée pour attirer les investisseurs étrangers. Plus d’une décennie après son entrée en vigueur, la question de l’effet produit par ces normes juridiques, surtout son utilisation comme appât pour attirer les investisseurs étrangers, se pose encore avec acuité en RDC.

Gesellschaftsformen bilden die Essenz des Gesellschaftsrechts. Der vorliegende Band untersucht, welche Bereicherungen das Rechtsformentableau in jüngerer Zeit erfahren hat. Als Untersuchungsgegenstand dienen ihm rund 20 ausgewählte Rechtsformneuschöpfungen aus dem In- und Ausland, deren Entstehen und Entwicklung im Einzelnen aufbereitet werden. Wichtige Leitfragen lauten: Wann und warum haben Reformgesetzgeber neue Gesellschaftsformen eingeführt? Von wem stammte die Anregung zu ihrer Einführung? In welcher Hinsicht unterscheiden sie sich von den traditionellen gesellschaftsrechtlichen Gussformen? Wie haben sie sich seither im nationalen und internationalen Rechtsformenwettbewerb behauptet? Durch diese akribischen Einzelstudien entsteht ein facettenreiches Bild des Ideenreichtums in- und ausländischer Reformgesetzgeber mitsamt ihren Wegbereitern aus Unternehmenspraxis, Anwaltschaft, Notariat, Rechtspolitik und Rechtswissenschaft.

Girişimcilik hem ülkemiz hem de dünya ekonomisi için, ekonomik gelişme sağlaması, istihdamı artırması gibi bir çok sebeple, son derece önemlidir. Girişimcilik ekosisteminde uygulanan finansman yöntemleri, sözleşmeler, hukuk kuralları gibi unsurlar dinamik ve esnek yapısı dolayısıyla geleneksel yöntem ve kurallardan ayrışmaktadır. Girişimcilerin banka kredisi gibi geleneksel finansman yöntemlerine erişememesi dolayısıyla kitle fonlaması, gölge pay, aile ve arkadaşlar, girişim sermayesi ve melek yatırımcı gibi yenilikçi finansman yöntemleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu finansman yöntemlerinden en yaygın ve yapısal olarak kullanılanı girişim sermayesidir. Girişim sermayesi, çeşitli fonlar ve şirketlerden toplanan kaynakların, büyüme potansiyeli gösteren ve gelecek vadeden girişim şirketlerine, pay karşılığı yatırım yapılmasını ifade etmektedir. Girişim şirketleri bakımından finansman haricinde de bir çok faydası bulunan girişim sermayesi, Türk hukukunda SPK tarafından GSYO ve GSYF yapıları altında düzenlenmiştir. Girişim sermayesi uygulamasında en çok sorun teşkil eden hususlardan biri ise girişimci ile yatırımcı ilişkileridir. Girişimci ile yatırımcı arasında hem yatırım öncesinde hem de yatırım sonrasında bilgi asimetrisinin ve menfaat farklılaşmasının söz konusu olması, girişimci ile yatırımcı arasında yönetilmesi zorunlu hale gelen bir menfaat çatışması yaratmaktadır. Bu menfaat çatışmasının olumsuz etkilerinin en aza indirilememesi ve yönetilememesi sadece girişim şirketi için değil ülke ekonomisi için de olumsuz sonuçlar doğuracaktır. Girişimci ile yatırımcı arasındaki bu menfaat çatışmasının pay devir sözleşmesi, pay sahipleri sözleşmesi, paya dönüştürülebilir borçlanma araçları gibi çeşitli sözleşmesel düzenlemelerle yönetilmesi mümkündür. Ayrıca, girişimci ile yatırımcının kendi aralarında gerçekleştirecekleri sözleşmesel kurumsal yönetim düzenlemeleri de girişimci ile yatırımcı arasındaki menfaat çatışmasının yönetilmesinde etkili olacaktır. Entrepreneurship is important for both our country and the world economy for many reasons such as providing economic development and increasing employment. Elements such as financing methods, contracts and legal rules applied in the entrepreneurship ecosystem differ from traditional methods and rules due to their dynamic and flexible structure. Since entrepreneurs cannot access traditional financing methods such as bank loans, innovative financing methods such as crowdfunding, phantom share, venture capital and angel investors have emerged. The most widely and structurally used of these financing methods is venture capital. Venture capital refers to the investment of resources collected from various funds and companies in return for shares in promising venture companies with growth potential. Venture capital, which has many benefits other than financing for venture companies, is regulated by the CMB under the structures of GSYO and GSYF in Turkish law. One of the most problematic issues in venture capital implementation is the relationship between the entrepreneur and the investor. The fact that there is information asymmetry and interest differentiation between the entrepreneur and the investor both before and after the investment creates a conflict of interest between the entrepreneur and the investor that must be managed. Failure to minimize and manage the negative effects of this conflict of interest will have negative consequences not only for the venture firm but also for the national economy. It is possible to manage this conflict of interest between the entrepreneur and the investor through various contractual arrangements such as share transfer agreements, shareholders' agreements, convertible debt instruments. In addition, contractual corporate governance arrangements between the entrepreneur and the investor will also be effective in managing the conflict of interest between the entrepreneur and the investor.

La numérisation du navire, celle des activités maritimes et très récemment la mise en vigueur des Directives FAL.5/Circ.42/Rev.3 de l’Organisation Maritime Internationale obligeant les Etats membres d’utiliser, à partir du 1er janvier 2024, une plateforme numérique et centralisée ou « guichet unique maritime » pour collecter et échanger des informations avec les navires est indispensable au développement du secteur maritime. Les acteurs des transports maritimes soulèvent aujourd’hui la question des outils techniques et juridiques capables de prévenir et réprimer les cyberattaques visant la nouvelle tendance de la transformation numérique du secteur maritime. Si des mesures répressives ont été prises contre la cybercriminalité en générale, la cybercriminalité maritime qui tend à compromettre la sécurité de la navigation se trouve dans une ambigüité entre le régime du Code de la marine marchande et le régime régissant la cybersécurité et la lutte contre la cybercriminalité en Union des Comores.

Le droit du travail, destiné à protéger les travailleurs contre les abus de l’employeur, ne joue pas effectivement son rôle au Cameroun. Le droit camerounais du travail manque de terminaisons juridiques. Que de dispositions consacrées à l’effet de bénéficier aux travailleurs, mais sans véritables issues judiciaires. Dans ces conditions, l’employeur, fort de ses prérogatives de chef d’entreprise se retrouve en posture de monarque qui ne respecte les droits du travailleur que lorsque cela lui est loisible. Cet état de chose a pour effet de favoriser des injustices dans les rapports de travail où l’employé n’est pas effectivement protégé contre les abus de l’employeur. La justice sociale dans ce cas passera nécessairement par une vigoureuse implication de l’Etat dans les relations du travail. A ce titre, l’inspection du travail en tant que service public de l’Etat la plus indiquée est appelée à jouer un rôle central sur le terrain social. Ainsi pensons-nous qu’une subdivision en son sein doit être instituée pour garantir les droits des employés, en premier chef le payement des salaires, droit principal des travailleurs. En plus, nous en appelons à une réforme de la procédure contentieuse, laquelle doit conférer pleins pouvoirs à l’inspecteur du travail pour qu’il puisse faire appliquer effectivement les lois et règlements dans les rapports du travail.

RÉSUMÉ Au cours de l’année 2023, plusieurs projets de loi, décisions administratives et judiciaires ont marqué le droit de la publicité et du marketing au Canada, tout comme au Québec.Cet article brosse un portrait général des principaux développements en la matière.Spécifiquement, il discute de certains développements législatifs, administratifs et judiciaires en matière de : (1) publicité fausse ou trompeuse ; (2) concours publicitaires ; (3) cookies et publicité ciblée ; (4) exigences linguistiques ; et (5) publicité sur les aliments et les boissons. MOTS-CLÉS Droit de la publicité et du marketing – Publicité fausse ou trompeuse – Concours publicitaires – Cookies – Publicité ciblée – Charte de la langue française – Publicité sur les aliments et les boissons ABSTRACT In 2023, several bills, administrative and judicial decisions have impacted advertising and marketing law in Canada and Quebec.This article provides a general overview of the main developments in this area.Specifically, it discusses legislative, administrative, and judicial developments related to: (1) false or misleading advertising; (2) promotional contests; (3) cookies and targeted advertising; (4) language requirements; and (5) food and beverage advertising. KEY WORDS Advertising and marketing law – False or misleading advertising – Promotional contests – Cookies – Targeted advertising – Charter of the French language – Food and beverage advertising

RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article, nous analysons la décision de 2023 rendue par la Cour supérieure du Québec dans l’affaire A. B. c.Google, l’une des rares décisions québécoises qui explorent la responsabilité des plateformes en ligne sous l’angle de la Loi concernant le cadre juridique des technologies de l’information (LCCJTI).Cet examen vise à déterminer si le jugement représente une évolution significative dans l’interprétation de la faute civile imputable à ces entités numériques, en vertu de l’article 22 LCCJTI.Bien que le jugement apporte certaines clarifications en enrichissant la jurisprudence existante, il introduit également des ambiguïtés qui rendent le régime de responsabilité des plateformes à la fois flexible et d’une sévérité relativement modérée. MOTS-CLÉS Éditeur – Faute extracontractuelle – Injonction – Moteur de recherche – Moralité publique – Responsabilité civile – Services informatiques interactifs ABSTRACT In this article, we analyze the 2023 Quebec Superior Court decision in A. B. v.Google, one of the few decisions to explore the liability of online platforms under the Act to establish a Legal framework for information technology (IT Framework Act).The purpose of this review is to determine whether the judgment represents a significant evolution in the interpretation of civil fault attributable to these digital entities, under section 22 of the IT Framework Act.While the judgment brings certain clarifications by enriching existing jurisprudence, it also introduces ambiguities that make the liability regime for platforms both flexible and relatively moderate in severity. KEYWORDS Editor – Extracontractual fault – Injunction – Search engine – Public morals – Civil liability – Interactive computer service

Ticari hayatta duyulan ihtiyaç sonucu ortaya çıkmış sözleşmelerden birisi olan pazarlamacılık sözleşmesi, sıklıkla uygulanan sözleşmelerden olması ve hizmet sözleşmesinin özel bir türü olmasına karşın farklılaştığı hususların önemi sebebiyle kanun koyucu tarafından Türk Borçlar Kanunu içerisinde hizmet sözleşmesinden ayrı olarak düzenlenmiştir. Kanuni bir tanımının da bulunmasının etkisiyle tarafları ve unsurları rahatlıkla belirlenebilir mahiyettedir. Pazarlamacılık sözleşmesi unsurları; bağımlılık, süreklilik, iş yeri dışı faaliyet alanı ve ücret olan, rızai ve tam iki tarafa borç yükleyen bir isimli sözleşmedir. Pazarlamacılık sözleşmesinin taraflarından sözleşmeye de ismini vermiş olan pazarlamacı aynı zamanda bağımlı bir tacir yardımcısıdır. Bu bağlamda pazarlamacılık sözleşmesinin benzer olduğu birçok sözleşme bulunduğu gibi pazarlamacının da benzer olduğu birçok tacir yardımcısı bulunmaktadır, ancak her ikisinin de özüne inildiğinde benzer noktalardan ziyade diğerlerinden farklı karakteristik özellikleri bulunduğu rahatlıkla anlaşılacaktır. Tarafların hakları ve yükümlülükleri genel itibariyle pazarlamacılık sözleşmesinde birbirlerine karşılık gelmektedir, sözleşme böylece taraflar arasında kurulur, sürer ve sona erer. Pazarlamacılık sözleşmesinin sona ermesinde hizmet sözleşmesine ilişkin sona erme hallerinin söz konusu olduğu gibi kendine has sona erme halleri de söz konusudur. Her sözleşmede olduğu gibi sona erme halinde bunun da meydana getireceği sonuçlar taraflar özelinde kendisini gösterir. Ticaret hukuku ve borçlar hukuku özellikleri gösteren bir sözleşme olan pazarlamacılık sözleşmesi, özellikle belirli sektörlerde sıklıkla uygulanması, uyuşmazlıklara konu olması haricinde pazarlamacının sözleşmenin diğer tarafı olan işverene bağlı olarak faaliyet göstermesi sebebiyle de iş hukuku özelliği de gösteren bir sözleşmedir. [...] Traveling salesman, which is one of the contracts that emerged as a result of a need in commercial life, has been arranged separately from the contract of service in the Turkish Code of Obligations, due to the importance of the matters that differentiate it, although it is one of the most frequently applied contracts and it is a special type of contract of service. With the effect of having a legal definition, its parties and facts can be easily identified. Traveling salesman is a consensual and bilateral contract with its elements which are dependency, continuity, non-operational field of business and fee. Traveling salesman as one of the parties of traveling salesman contract, who has given its name to the contract, is also a dependent tradesman assistant. In this context, as there are several contracts that traveling salesman is similar to, there are several tradesman assistants that traveling salesman is similar to, but when the essence of both is examined, it will be easily understood that they have various characteristics from the others. The rights and obligations of the parties generally correspond to each other in traveling salesman, so the contract is concluded, continued and terminated between the parties. In the termination of traveling salesman, there are specific termination cases as well as the termination cases related to contract of service. As with every contract, the consequences of termination in the event of termination will manifest themselves in particular to the parties. Traveling salesman is a contract that has the characteristics of commercial law and law of obligations, and also is a contract that has labor law characteristics, especially since it is frequently applied in certain sectors, is the subject of disputes, and because the traveling salesman operates under the employer, the other party of the contract.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ülkelerin rekabet güçleri açısından oldukça önemli olan lojistik performansları ile insani gelişmişlik düzeylerinin hava kargo ve küresel rekabet faktörlerinin nasıl ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Bunu ifade etmek için, 29 OECD (Ekonomik İş birliği ve Gelişme Teşkilatı) ülkesinin lojistik performanslarını hava taşımacılığının kargo göstergeleri ile ilişkilendirip ve sonuçları bahsi geçen ülkelerin insani gelişmişlik düzeyine etkisi açısından yorumlamaktır. Verilerin tüm ülkeler için eşit olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Kullanılan puanlamaların zaman serisi 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Sonuçların analizi, kullanılan verilerin SPSS ile ortaya çıkarılarak oluşan yapısal eşitlik modellemesinin (YEM) üzerinden, çalışan ve çalışmayan regresyonların belirlenip ortaya hava taşımacılığı açısından etki eden verilerin bulgusuna erişmek ve yapılan analiz ile bu verilerin göstergesi ışığında hava lojistiği performansıyla ilişkili olup olmadığını göstermeye çalışılmaktadır. Çalışmada özellikle elde edilmek istenen bulgular bahsi geçen ülkelerin gayri safi milli hasıla ile kişi başına düşen milli gelirin hava taşımacılığının doğrudan veya dolaylı yoldan hem küresel rekabete olan etkisi hem de GSYİH’ye olan katkısıdır. Çalışma da lojistik kavramı ile birlikte ülkelerin ticaretleri ele alınarak dünya üzerindeki ticari üstünlüklerine değinilmiştir. Literatür araştırması, insani açıdan yetkin ülkelerin lojistik endüstrisine bakış açıları değerlendirilmiş ve lojistik alanındaki yükselişleri ile bağlantılı kalkınmasına işaret edilmiştir. Kullanılan veriler güvenilirlik açısından Dünya Bankası’ndan alınmış ve kullanılan endeksler çalışmanın kapsamında bulunan bütün parametreler ile analiz edilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda kurulan model de hava kargo taşımacılığının dolaylı olarak küresel rekabete etkisi ile Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla’ya ve aynı zamanda insani rekabet performanslarının lojistik performans endeksi ile anlamlı bir ilişki kurduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

L’ouverture d’une procédure collective, notamment celle après la cessation des paiements entraine la saisie collective des biens du débiteur au profit de ses créanciers. Le conjoint in bonis peut voir ses biens engloutis dans une procédure collective qui ne le concerne pas. Dans le souci de préserver le patrimoine du conjoint in bonis et par là la cellule familiale, le législateur OHADA a prévu des mécanismes de protection, qui pour une meilleure efficacité doivent être combinés aux solutions proposées par le droit civil.

Au Cameroun, le problème de la propriété privée du logement mérite une attention particulière. En effet le logement est considéré comme une propriété privée que chaque citoyen voudrait bien en avoir pour sa stabilité, sa protection contre les intempéries et aléas de la vie. Cependant, plusieurs difficultés empêchent cet épanouissement, à savoirs la demande massive du logement d’une part, et la hausse des prix de locations d’autre part, qui selon les bailleurs se justifieraient par les coûts élevés des matériaux de construction. Par ailleurs, pour pallier cette crise de logement, il est impérieux que les pouvoirs publics s’impliquent dans les relations bailleurs-locataires. Pour cela, des dispositions ont été prises en vue de réguler les rapports locatifs. Pour la même raison, l’Etat devra également prendre un certain nombre de mesures pour soutenir les projets de construction engagés tant par les agences immobilières que par les particuliers.