Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L'article XXIV constitue le fondement et le cadre juridique des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) sur la base duquel sont examinés les accords notifiés à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC). Cet article est comme une exception au principe de la nation la plus favorisée, clé de voûte du système commercial multilatéral. L'article XXIV s'est au cours du temps, avéré être une disposition ambiguë et fluctuante. Ses imprécisions ont donné lieu à des interprétations divergentes. Ceci a engendré des controverses entre les Membres de l'OMC qui, malgré les efforts, n'ont pas réussi à résoudre ses lacunes. L'ambiguïté des critères de l'article XXIV a été exploitée par les États donnant lieu à une pléthore d'ACR dont la portée et le contenu sont loin d'être conformes à l'Article XXIV. Cette situation a créé une brèche dans les principes fondamentaux du système commercial multilatéral à cause de la discrimination que ces systèmes préférentiels engendrent au détriment des tierces parties. La première partie de cette thèse décrit la genèse de l'article XXIV et les objectifs que les fondateurs de l'accord Général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) attendaient de la création d'intégrations économique plus poussées. Ces derniers n'ont pas prévu les abus dans son application, qui ont été tels qu'ils pouvaient mettre en péril l'intégrité du système commercial multilatéral. Cet état de fait déclencha une alarme appelant à une remise en question de tout le système. Malgré les efforts, l'article XXIV ne semble pas encore refléter une évolution décisive dans son application. De nombreux défauts intrinsèques et extrinsèques du système commercial multilatéral sont considérés dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, expliquant l'échec des tentatives d'amélioration. Il est clair qu'une évolution ne pourrait être notable que si elle était « endogène », exprimant une volonté commune des Membres. Ainsi, nous faisons des suggestions d'ordre autant formel que matériel, pouvant permettre à notre avis, d'apporter une contribution à l'amélioration de cette situation conflictuelle. Il reste néanmoins clair que la nature complexe et « dynamique » du problème rend toute évolution incertaine. Il faut rester vigilant afin que la situation évolue vers la réalisation de plus d'ouverture mais ne retourne pas vers une remise en cause du multilatéralisme.

This dissertation suggests a new theory of lex mercatoria that takes into account the complex and spontaneous order of international commerce. Since the emphasis is put on the nature of this order, the concept of lex mercatoria is examined as an ex post governance mechanism resolving contractual disputes with a view to maintaining and restoring the order of international commerce, without focusing on the traditional distinction of the doctrine between national and non-national legal rules applicable to the substance of such disputes in explaining the concept. The aim is to reflect lex mercatoria’s subtle effect on the practice of international arbitration, and to provide an explanation of lex mercatoria as a solution to the problems of the institution of international arbitration in terms of uncertainty and unpredictability of awards, rather than representing it as a factor aggravating those problems. Lex mercatoria is defined as the law of adjudication of the disputes arising from international commercial contracts on the basis of a few substantive and procedural principles, under which the reasonable expectations of the parties to a particular contract become the single source of their contractual rights, obligations and risk allocations. The argument is that lex mercatoria can be applied to both the choice of law analyses and the substance of the disputes in international arbitration. In choice of law analyses, lex mercatoria addresses specific difficulties relating to the conflict of laws through a principled decision making, such as the applicable conflict rules, and the interpretation of the parties’ intentions as to the applicable substantive rules. In its substantive application, lex mercatoria deals with, either as lex contractus or as lex fori, the interpretation, supplementation and correction of the contract as well as the applicable national laws in accordance with the basic principles, on which the order of international commerce rests.

This dissertation suggests a new theory of lex mercatoria that takes into account the complex and spontaneous order of international commerce. Since the emphasis is put on the nature of this order, the concept of lex mercatoria is examined as an ex post governance mechanism resolving contractual disputes with a view to maintaining and restoring the order of international commerce, without focusing on the traditional distinction of the doctrine between national and non-national legal rules applicable to the substance of such disputes in explaining the concept. The aim is to reflect lex mercatoria’s subtle effect on the practice of international arbitration, and to provide an explanation of lex mercatoria as a solution to the problems of the institution of international arbitration in terms of uncertainty and unpredictability of awards, rather than representing it as a factor aggravating those problems. Lex mercatoria is defined as the law of adjudication of the disputes arising from international commercial contracts on the basis of a few substantive and procedural principles, under which the reasonable expectations of the parties to a particular contract become the single source of their contractual rights, obligations and risk allocations. The argument is that lex mercatoria can be applied to both the choice of law analyses and the substance of the disputes in international arbitration. In choice of law analyses, lex mercatoria addresses specific difficulties relating to the conflict of laws through a principled decision making, such as the applicable conflict rules, and the interpretation of the parties’ intentions as to the applicable substantive rules. In its substantive application, lex mercatoria deals with, either as lex contractus or as lex fori, the interpretation, supplementation and correction of the contract as well as the applicable national laws in accordance with the basic principles, on which the order of international commerce rests.

O presente estudo envolve-se com o tema da União Africana. Na sua abordagem procura analisar a relação do mercado comum africano com o desenvolvimento sustentável, transitando interdisciplinarmente em vários campos de conhecimentos, com ênfase nas Relações Internacionais, Direito Internacional, Economia, Política e História. A investigação, nesse sentido, tem como hipótese a afirmação de que a consolidação do processo de integração política do continente poderá, em primeiro momento, apresentar-se como medida necessária à sua unificação, para que seja realizado, em um segundo momento, por meio da integração econômica, o tão almejado mercado comum africano e seu desenvolvimento sustentável. Tal abordagem abrange diversas variáveis, especialmente o fenômeno do regionalismo, a integração política e econômica e o desenvolvimento sustentável. O objetivo principal consiste em abordar o universo da criação, evolução e consolidação da União Africana e do desenvolvimento sustentável, como instrumentos de superação das dificuldades da integração política e econômica da África. O resultado da pesquisa positiva a confirmação da hipótese, reconhecendo de que a unificação política será fundamental ao processo de integração econômica, rumo ao estabelecimento do mercado comum africano e seu desenvolvimento sustentável.This study involves the themes of the African Union and the sustainable development. In its approach it seeks to analyze the relationship of the African common market with sustainable development, transiting across disciplines in various fields of knowledge, with an emphasis on International Relations, International Law, Economic Policy and History. The scientific research relates to consolidation of the African Union and the sustainable development, whose chance to work is expressed in the sense of asserting that the consolidation of the process for political integration of the African Union may be first, presented as a measure for political unification of Africa and then, follow in a second step, to materialize through economic integration, its targeted African common market and the sustainable development. Such an approach includes several variables, especially the phenomenon of regionalism, the political and economic integration and the sustainable development. The main objective is to address the universe of creation, evolution and consolidation of the African Union and sustainable development, as a means of overcoming the challenges of political and economic integration of Africa. The result of the positive research confirms and recognizes the fact that the materialization of the African Union will help in the process of political and economic unity toward establishment of a common market and its sustainable development