Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Türk Hukuku'nda navlun (deniz yolu ile eşya taşıma) sözleşmeleri; yolculuk çarteri sözleşmesi ve kırkambar sözleşmesi olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Bunlardan çarter sözleşmeleri arızi deniz taşımacılığında, kırkambar sözleşmesi ise genellikle düzenli hat taşımacılığında kullanılır. Günümüzde deniz taşımacılığında yaşanan gelişmelerin sonucu olarak düzenli hat taşımacılığının ve kırkambar sözleşmesinin önemi artmaktadır.Bu tezde; Türk Hukuku'nda kırkambar sözleşmesi kavramı, sözleşmenin asli unsurları, özellikleri, benzer sözleşmelerle karşılaştırılması, sözleşmeye uygulanacak hükümlerin tespiti gibi konuların yanında sözleşmenin tarafları, ilgili kişileri, sözleşmenin ifasında yer alan yardımcı kişileri, tarafların hak ve yükümlülükleri ve sözleşmenin sona ermesine değinilmiş Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve diğer mevzuat hükümlerinden, ilgili uluslararası andlaşmalardan, ticari örf-adet kurallarından, yüksek mahkeme kararlarından, öğretiden, uygulamada kullanılan tip sözleşme ve konişmento örneklerinden yararlanılmıştır. In Turkish Law, contracts of affreightment are divided into two main cathegories which are; voyage charter and contract of common carriage of goods. While the former is being used in tramp shipping, the latter is being used in liner shipping. As a result of recent developements in carriage of goods by sea, the importance of liner shipping and contract of common carriage of goods has been rising.This thesis is based on; Turkish Commercial Code, other related national regulations and international agreements, customs, decisions of high courts, doctrine, mostly used standard contract and bill of lading forms. In this thesis; the chracteristics, parties, differences from other contracts, rights and obligations of the parties and termination of contract of common carriage of goods have been analysed.

Modern juristic persons often are powerful entities and they play an influential role in society. Their activities are often accompanied by serious transgressions that have a severely detrimental impact on human beings and their environment. The effective prosecution of juristic persons is therefore necessary. The juridical foundations of the liability of juristic persons are, however, one of the most controversial issues in criminal law theory. Individualistic theories postulate that juristic persons are merely collections of individuals. The conduct and fault of individuals constituting a juristic person must therefore form the basis of the criminal liability of the juristic person. In the United States, for instance, the foundation for the criminal liability of corporations on federal level is vicarious liability. Another individualistic model (mostly associated with English common law jurisdictions) is the so–called doctrine of identification. Only the conduct of individuals who are regarded as the 'directing minds' of the organisation may be attributed to the organisation. These approaches deny the complex structures and decision making processes that exist especially in big corporate entities. According to realistic theories juristic persons are entities which are not dependant on their composite members. Each juristic person has its own unique personality. The culture and ethos of a juristic person influence the conduct of individuals attached to it as well as the degree in which the juristic person abides by the law. The identity of a corporation can be established by investigating the internal structure thereof. The existence of monitoring mechanisms and educational programmes within the organization, as well as the degree to which the organisation condones or disapproves of unlawful conduct, are some of the factors which may be indicative of the corporate culture. This approach is a development of the late twentieth century and has recently been adopted in the legislation of some foreign legal systems, most notably Australia. Section 332(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 provides the basis for the criminal liability of juristic persons in South Africa. In essence the conduct and fault of functionaries (and sometimes even outsiders) are attributed to the juristic person. In terms of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act juristic persons may only be fined upon conviction. This approach reflects the individualistic view of corporate criminal liability. In this study recommendations are made for the purpose of improving the South African law in this regard so as to reflect a more realistic approach. The recommendations are based on an examination of realistic models proposed by legal and social theorists and legislation adopted by foreign countries which are based on these theories. It is also recommended that more sentencing options must be made available to bring about the restructuring of corporations which have committed crimes.

L’ordre juridique arbitral existe-t-il ? S’il est perçu par les arbitres, souvent de manière intuitive mais très réelle, c’est qu’il existe. L’ordre juridique arbitral ne doit pas cependant être exclusivement conçu comme une représentation mentale du rôle des arbitres et de la source de leur pouvoir de juger. Il existe en tant que système de droit.

L’histoire du droit coopératif français est marquée par la recherche d’une identité propre, tiraillée entre l’activité économique qui attire ces entreprises du côté des sociétés et les modalités de cette activité qui la rattachent au contraire aux associations. A l’heure où les spécificités coopératives sont questionnées, notamment par le droit communautaire, il est crucial d’approfondir cette identité. Seule la réaffirmation de la fracture entre coopérative et société est à même d’éviter le piège de la banalisation économique et, conséquemment, de la disparition juridique. The history of French cooperative law is marked by the search for a separate identity, torn between the business activity, which pulls these firms toward corporate law, and the way the business is run, which pulls them towards the laws governing nonprofits. At a time when the unique features of cooperatives are being challenged, in particular by EU legislation, this identity crucially needs to be defended. Only by reasserting the division between cooperatives and conventional firms can the trap of economic mainstreaming and consequently the disappearance of the legal form be avoided.

L’auteur soutient dans le texte qui suit que les aspects par lesquels l’harmonisation du droit fédéral avec les droits communs provinciaux, qui a été entreprise par le gouvernement fédéral, diffère de son éponyme, l’harmonie musicale, soulèvent de cruciales controverses relatives aux théories du fédéralisme canadien et à la philosophie du droit. Tandis que le projet d’harmonisation juridique, tel qu’il a été conçu par ses architectes, peut être caractérisé comme une approche par le haut (top-down), approche conforme avec le positivisme juridique, l’harmonie musicale est mieux décrite comme une approche par le bas (bottom-up), approche plus conforme au pluralisme juridique. Si elle atteignait ses objectifs, l’initiative d’harmonisation juridique fédérale aurait comme effet d’enchâsser une vision selon laquelle le droit civil appartient exclusivement au gouvernement québécois. Or, malgré les ambitions de ses architectes, l’initiative d’harmonisation, dans sa mise en oeuvre, se révèle indisciplinée, soulevant de nombreux débats et interrogations. D’ailleurs, loin d’être un signe négatif, les débats et les désaccords font eux-mêmes partie de la pratique de l’harmonisation.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation contains an evaluation of the interaction between law and sport in South Africa. The evaluation includes description of the main areas where laws (in the form of the common law, legislation and the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996) apply to sport, in the contexts of both amateur sport and the fast-developing professional sports industry. Apart from such descriptive content, the dissertation will also critically evaluate the appropriateness of the relevant laws and their application in the often atypical context of sport, as well as the courts' treatment of the relevant legal issues. In the process of providing such critical evaluation, and where relevant, the author includes a comparative analysis of the treatment of relevant legal issues in other jurisdictions (most notably the United Kingdom and European Union, which are especially relevant in light of the application of the 'European model' of sports governance and regulation, which applies to the major sporting codes in South Africa). In particular, the author critically evaluates the following aspects of the South African jurisdiction's treatment of the application of law to sport: - The South African system of public regulation of sport by the State (and, specifically, the issue of the race-based transformation of sport, which involves an apparent government-driven agenda and is unique to the South African jurisdiction); - The courts' treatment to date of the susceptibility of the conduct of sports governing bodies to judicial scrutiny (and of the nature of such bodies as voluntary associations); - Various aspects related to the application of employment laws to the employment of professional athletes in team sports; - The application of common law remedies for breach of contract in the professional sports employment context; - The potential application of the restraint of trade doctrine (in, as the author suggests, an extended_ form) in the context of the freedom of movement of professional athletes; The apparently unsatisfactory state of current South African law in respect of legal protection against commercial misappropriation of aspects of the persona of famous athletes (i.e. in the context of 'image' -or-,'publicity' rights as recognized in certain other jurisdictions); and - An evaluation of the extensive protection (especially in the form of specific legislation in South Africa) against ambush marketing of major sporting events. The author includes some concluding observations regarding the state of South African sports law as compared to other jurisdictions, as well as some comment on expectations for the future development and potential importance of the South African domestic jurisdiction in the application of law to sport.

En dépit des critiques proférées à l'encontre du capital social, cette notion existe encore et continue d'être régie en droit français comme la garantie minimale des créanciers. En effet, la loi assure sa formation au sein de toutes les formes sociales. Il se compose de la valeur des apports en nature et en numéraire et des ressources internes à la société. Toutefois, les textes révèlent des faiblesses notamment au niveau de l'exclusion de la valeur des apports en industrie et de l'institution du principe de libération fractionnée. D'où les solutions envisagées dans ces travaux sur ces points. Le capital social participe à la protection des créanciers, en ce que son montant est préservé des distributions effectuées au profit des associés et non des pertes sociales. Or, à l'exception, du compte courant d'associé, l'étude souligne la présence d'une réglementation non moins négligeable des mesures protégeant l'intangibilité du capital social afin de lui permettre d'être utile dans sa mission principale. En effet, les associés et les dirigeants notamment encourent des sanctions en cas de violation des textes régissant la formation et le maintien du capital. Ces mesures ayant une portée dissuasive marquent incontestablement l'intérêt que le législateur français porte au capital social. Le capital social n'intéresse pas que les créanciers puisqu'il correspond d'abord à l'investissement des associés. En effet, ces derniers apportent des biens au capital dans le but de s'enrichir personnellement. Le législateur institue à leur avantage un instrument de mesure de leurs droits et obligations qu'est le capital social. En effet, son principe de proportionnalité a l'avantage de proportionner et d'équilibrer tous les partages effectués entre eux afin d'éviter que certains associés ne s'imposent au détriment des autres.