Bibliographie sélective OHADA

In many developing countries, economic institutions are failing. This translates into structural problems such as widespread informality, rampant corruption and the impossibility for governments to raise taxes. This thesis study how economic policies affect economic institutions in developing countries. It focuses on two broad questions: (1) What are the effects of policies to reduce informality? and (2) how are new technologies reshaping the way governments collect taxes?The first chapter uses a randomized experiment to study the introduction of a new legal status in Benin, created to make it easier for small firms to become formal. To make this new status attractive, the government added supplementary incentives designed to enhance the presumed benefits of formalizing. We find that few firms register when just given information about the new regime, but our full package of supplementary efforts boosts formalization by 16.3 percentage points. However, this formalization does not bring firms higher sales, profits or access to credit, and the cost of formalizing these firms exceeds the added taxation they will pay over the next decade. We show how better targeting of these policies towards firms that look more like formal firms to begin with can increase the formalization rate and improve cost-effectiveness. The second chapter studies the impact of formalization on intra-household relationships, still in Benin. The idea behind this chapter is that formalization changes effective property rights by clarifying who in the household is the legal owner of the business and who will keep it in case of divorce. The causal effect of formalization is identified using the same random experiment used for the first chapter. We find first that formalization increases entrepreneurs' (both male and female) control over household revenue. They contribute proportionally less to household expenditures and to the personal expenses of their partner. Second, using a behavioral game, we find strong gender differential effects of formalization on the probability that entrepreneurs pay to hide a windfall transfer from their spouse. Female entrepreneurs are much more likely to pay to hide, while male entrepreneurs are much less likely to do so. Using a theoretical model, we show that this result is compatible with the idea that women entrepreneurs are constrained and cannot invest as much as they would like in their own business. Women who became formal hide the windfall transfer more because they have more property rights and want to invest more in their business. Our conclusion is that formalization has important effects on intra-household dynamics.The third and final chapter of this thesis deals with the second question and examines how internet is changing the way taxes are collected. Specifically, we study the impact of electronic tax filing (e-filing) for small firms to replace in-person submission of paper-based forms to tax officials. We examine the impact of e-filing on compliance costs, tax payments, and bribes payments using experimental variation and data from Tajikistan firms. We find that firms that e-file have lower compliance costs, spending five fewer hours each month on fulfilling tax obligations. There are no significant average effects of e-filing on tax or bribe payments, but significant heterogeneity exists across firms by their baseline likelihood of tax evasion. Among firms previously more likely to evade, e-filing doubles tax payments, likely by disrupting collusion with officials. Conversely, among firms less likely to have been evading, e-filing reduces tax payments, suggesting that officials had previously required them to pay more. These firms also pay fewer bribes, as e-filing reduces opportunity for extortion. Our conclusion is that e-filing reduces compliance costs and makes the distribution of tax payments across firms arguably more equitable. Dans les pays en développement, les institutions économiques sont souvent défaillantes. Cela se traduit par des problèmes structurels tels que l’omniprésence du secteur informel, la corruption généralisée et l’incapacité des États à collecter les impôts. Cette thèse porte sur les politiques publiques permettant d’améliorer le fonctionnement des institutions économiques. Elle se focalise sur deux questions : (1) Quels sont les effets des politiques de réduction de l’informalité ? et (2) Comment les nouvelles technologies affectent la collecte des taxes ? Le premier chapitre étudie à l’aide d’une expérimentation aléatoire l’introduction d’un statut légal facilitant la formalisation des petites entreprises au Bénin. Afin de rendre ce statut attractif le gouvernement l’a accompagné d’incitations supplémentaires créés pour amplifier les bénéfices potentiels de la formalisation. Nous trouvons que très peu d’entreprises se formalisent lorsqu’elles reçoivent uniquement de l’information sur le nouveau statut. Cependant, lorsque l’information est combinée aux incitations, la formalisation augmente de 16,3 points de pourcentage. En revanche, les effets sur les performances des entreprises sont limités, et le coût des incitations est supérieur au total des impôts qu’elles paieront pendant les 10 prochaines années. Enfin, nous montrons comment un ciblage sur les entreprises ayant des caractéristiques proches des entreprises déjà formelles améliorerait l’efficacité de ce type de programme. Le second chapitre étudie l’impact de la formalisation sur les relations intra-ménages, toujours au Bénin. Dans ce contexte, la formalisation renforce les droits de propriété et clarifie au sein des ménages qui est le propriétaire légal de l’entreprise, et qui la gardera en cas de divorce. L’effet causal de la formalisation est identifié à l’aide de l’expérimentation aléatoire déjà utilisée pour le premier chapitre. Nous trouvons que les entrepreneurs s’étant formalisés ont plus de contrôle les ressources de leur ménage. Ils ou elles contribuent proportionnellement moins aux dépenses du ménage et transfèrent moins d’argent à leur partenaire. Deuxièmement, en utilisant un jeu comportemental dans lequel les entrepreneurs peuvent cacher un transfert monétaire à leur partenaire, nous trouvons que les femmes qui se sont formalisées cachent davantage à leur mari. A l’aide d’un modèle théorique, nous montrons que ce résultat est compatible avec l’idée que les femmes ne sont pas libres d’investir comme elles le souhaiteraient dans leur entreprise et doivent le faire secrètement. Notre conclusion est que la formalisation a des effets importants sur les dynamiques intra-ménage. Le troisième chapitre utilise une expérimentation aléatoire conduite au Tadjikistan pour étudier l’impact d’un système permettant aux entreprises de déclarer leurs taxes en ligne plutôt que de soumettre un formulaire en personne. Nous trouvons que ce système réduit le temps passé par les entreprises pour remplir leurs obligations fiscales de 5 heures par mois. Nous ne trouvons pas d’effets sur le montant des impôts payés ni sur le versement de pots-de-vin. En revanche, l’absence d’effets moyens masque une importante hétérogénéité. Les entreprises le plus susceptibles de faire de l’évasion fiscale dans le système précédent payent davantage d’impôts quand elles déclarent en ligne, probablement car elles ne peuvent plus entrer en collusion avec les agents des impôts. À l'inverse, les entreprises qui étaient les moins susceptibles de faire de l’évasion, payent moins des taxes quand elles déclarent en ligne, suggérant qu’elles étaient forcées de payer plus d’impôts avant. Ces entreprises paient également moins de pots-de-vin, ce qui suggère que déclarer en ligne offre une protection contre le risque d'extorsion de la part des agents du fisc. Notre conclusion est que permettre la déclaration des taxes en ligne a rendu l’appareil fiscal à la fois plus efficace et plus juste.

Les mutations monétaires du XXIe siècle alimentent un renouvellement de la pensée monétaire. Qu'il s'agisse de la monnaie unique européenne, de l'invention de la monnaie électronique, de l'adoption d'un droit européen des monnaies (services de paiement, réserves intégrales), le législateur a façonné de nouvelles règles monétaires. Pour rationaliser ces règles disparates, cette thèse propose une théorie juridique de la monnaie construite à partir de la définition de la notion de « cours ». Pour isoler puis définir l'objet du cours, les sciences juridiques présentent l'avantage de dissocier le fait du droit. Cette logique permet de faire le départ entre le phénomène monétaire qui relève du fait (« fait social total » selon Durkheim) et sa manifestation dans la société au moyen des règles formalisées. Un classement doctrinal permet de distinguer, depuis la fin du XXe siècle, deux catégories de règles : celles de la « monnaie abstraite » qui président à la définition de l'unité de compte, et celles des « monnaies concrètes » qui organisent l'émission et la circulation monétaire. Seules ces dernières peuvent être l'objet d'un cours. Or une définition restrictive du cours (le cours légal) n'admet comme monnaies concrètes que les monnaies matérielles (billets et pièces). L'admission des monnaies immatérielles parmi les monnaies concrètes oblige à rompre avec la doctrine classique qui les assimile à des créances. Les monnaies immatérielles sont des objets du droit monétaire dont la remise (des fonds) éteint les promesses (les créances). Face à l'impérative nécessité de distinguer dettes et monnaies, on propose de créer une nouvelle catégorie nommée « monnaie civile ». Cette catégorie accueille les règles gouvernant les pratiques monétaires (les dettes et les créances) qui ne relèvent pas du fonctionnement du système monétaire (monnaies abstraite et concrètes). Le fonctionnement des monnaies concrètes, notamment entre le détenteur de monnaies et le banquier, prend la forme d'un triptyque : les fonds (1) sont stockés sur des supports monétaires (2. Billets, comptes...) et transférés d'un support à l'autre au moyen d'instruments de paiement (3. Chèques, cartes...). La différenciation entre les monnaies concrètes matérielles (espèces) et immatérielles (comptes) repose sur le lien entre les fonds et leur support monétaire : indissociable pour les premières, articulé pour les secondes. Ont cours de monnaies, les seules monnaies concrètes, à l'exclusion des monnaies abstraite et civile. Le dispositif cours légal (dès le Code pénal de 1810) traite distinctement la définition et la circulation des monnaies concrètes matérielles, ce qui dans les sciences juridiques traduit la notion et le régime. On nomme ces deux versants du cours légal respectivement « cours d'émission » et « cours de circulation ». Le premier désigne les règles juridiques qui font qu'une chose devient monnaie (du papier au billet). Quant au second, suivant la dualité du terme de cours, il définit les modalités de circulation. Il se subdivise en un « cours d'acceptation », qui définit les conditions de réception et un « cours de valeur », qui définit la valeur de réception. Ces règles du cours ont été au fondement de la définition juridique des monnaies. Cette thèse a recours au même fondement pour donner cours aux monnaies immatérielles (scripturales et électroniques). Le prisme du cours permet alors d'unifier les règles éparses qui régissent le cours d'acceptation et de valeur des monnaies immatérielles. Il en résulte une théorie renouvelée de la monnaie qui n'est plus centrée sur une compréhension restrictive du dispositif juridique du cours légal. Après avoir été « démétallisées », les monnaies dématérialisées s'offrent au XXIe siècle dotées d'un fondement juridique. Libéré du poids du cours légal des billets, le cours des monnaies immatérielles ouvre la voie à la définition des monnaies communes d'une société sans espèces.

Personal property security law is a key element of “access to credit” and “financial inclusion”. The prevailing view is that a legal framework enabling the effective use of personal property as collateral markedly benefits both lenders and borrowers. Lenders can offer financing at a lower cost thanks to reduced credit risk; borrowers can access funding by leveraging the otherwise unavailable value of the assets integral to their operations. Over the past century, the priorities of personal property security law have evolved fundamentally. As small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individual entrepreneurs have become the growth engine of both developed and developing economies, legislators have grown sensitive to the financing needs of these entities. In parallel, the advent of the information society has demanded that lawmakers address squarely the rules governing the use as collateral of intangibles such as “receivables”, “intermediated securities”, “non-intermediated securities”, and “intellectual property rights”, rather than confine their gaze to tangibles such as industrial machinery, mobile equipment and inventory. Concurrently, the increasingly transnational nature of both economic development policies and commercial activity have engendered the need for global principles and standards for asset-based lending. To address these novel priorities and promote a healthy and vibrant credit ecosystem, international and regional organizations have undertaken projects aimed at modernizing and harmonizing personal property security law. Over time, these efforts have yielded a panoply of legal instruments. Binding conventions have been adopted to unify the rules of discrete facets of personal property security law, while soft-law texts, such as model laws and legislative guides, have been formulated to supply comprehensive legal templates to lawmakers keen to revise their domestic legal regimes. Nevertheless, states have struggled to assimilate these international efforts into their domestic legal systems. Common law jurisdictions have been loath to abandon the familiarity and safety of the path paved by centuries of case law; in similar vein, civil law jurisdictions have resisted inducements to renovate the normative infrastructure erected by the codifications of the 19th century. This Chapter explores the tension between international ambitions and local realities, with a special focus on the issues encountered in civil law jurisdictions. To this end, the case of Italy is examined as a living experiment in comparative personal property security law. In this jurisdiction, the recent enactment of a non-possessory security device, absent a comprehensive reform of the country’s civil code affords important lessons for any civil law system which might be pondering personal property security law reforms. More profoundly, it epitomizes the gap that separates the aspirations of international legal instruments from their effective implementation in domestic contexts. This analysis is divided into two parts. The first reviews international and regional legal initiatives that have shaped the personal property law landscape and then identifies a set of core tenets shared among them. In the second part, attention shifts to Italy, scrutinizing both the personal property security legal edifice originally constructed in this jurisdiction and the attempts to overhaul it that have taken place over the past three decades. This is followed by a critical appraisal of the current state of the law, by reference to the aforementioned core tenets of personal property law reform.

This research questions the capacity of the OHADA accounting system to report on the societal commitment of companies. To carry out such a study, we are interested in the companies of the Douala Stock Exchange, which permanently publish green operations. The analysis was done at two levels: the first level of analysis highlighted the categories of green operations reported by the companies of our sample. The second level of analysis consisted in analysing the financial statements produced by these companies, in order to see in which accounts green transactions are recorded. The analysis reveals that, apart from some additional clarifications to be made in the appendices, the financial statements produced according to OHADA do not specifically highlight green information.

Face à la mondialisation des économies et la globalisation des marchés, le désire d’avoir un langage commun s’est de plus en plus fait ressenti. Pour assoupir ce besoin plusieurs pays  ont jugé opportun d’adopter les normes IFRS pour des informations de qualité et comparable à travers le monde. C’est dans cet  élan que  l’espace OHADA  décide en 2017 d’harmoniser ses normes à celles d’IFRS. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la perception des acteurs sur l’harmonisation des normes OHADA et IFRS. Cette étude qualitative s’appuie sur une population de 16 individus composés d’académiciens et de praticiens de la comptabilité. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que l’harmonisation du SYSCOHADA aux IFRS était souhaitable mais que certains points de convergences restent questionnable. De plus on ne saurait parler dans le processus d’harmonisation des normes OHADA et des normes IFRS, d’une adoption pure et simple des normes IFRS, mais plutôt d’une adaptation des normes OHADA aux normes IFRS en tenant compte des caractéristiques des pays de l’espace OHADA.

Les relations contractuelles entre les États africains francophones et les entreprises françaises dans la commande publique se nouent dans un cadre juridique et institutionnel constitué d'un enchevêtrement complexe de normes nationales, régionales et internationales en rupture progressive avec le modèle historique français. Ces relations se formalisent dans des contrats hybrides, aux caractères mal définis, entre contrats publics et contrats internationaux. Ils s'insèrent dans des montages juridiques et financiers où sont mis en balance la profitabilité, l'intérêt général, et les enjeux environnementaux et sociaux du développement. Contractual relationships between french-speaking african countries and french companies in the public procurement sector are formed under a complex network of national, regional and international rules breaking away from the historical french legal and administrative model. These relationships are maintained through ill-defined hybrid contracts that draw from public and international contractual laws and practices. They are integrated into legal and financial frameworks balancing profitability, public interests, environmental and social matters.

Accounting standardization in black African French-speaking countries is presented through two streams of research. The first stream presents the general chart of accounts common to all these countries as an accounting model which reconciles the divergences between the Anglo-Saxon and continental approaches to accounting, and thereby satisfies the requirements of users of accounting information. The second stream considers that the convergence towards IAS/IFRS is a vital way of attracting international investors and increasing development. This article stands by the second perspective and analyzes the changes introduced in the PCG-OHADA (2017) compared to the PCG-OHADA (2000). It shows that the new provisions of the PCG-OHADA are mainly inspired by IAS 1, IAS 16, IAS 19, IAS 36, IAS 38, IAS 40, and IFRS 6.

De cette étude comparée sur la Côte d’Ivoire et l’Allemagne, il est ressort des similitudes au niveau des garanties juridiques et constitutionnelle de la protection du couple et de la famille en droit fiscal à laquelle s’ajoute la situation de changement démographique. De l’évaluation de la retranscription en droit fiscal de la protection du couple et de la famille il est ressorti que la transcription allemande est élargie, mais désuète. En particulier en raison De l’inadéquation de l’imposition commune des époux avec fractionnement en raison du caractère obsolescent et injuste de la mesure. Concernant la Côte d’Ivoire, l’on constate une transcription ivoirienne ciblée sur le couple et la famille, mais lacunaire du fait de l’inadaptation de la protection pro-nataliste au moyen du quotient familial, la difficulté de recensement effectif des contribuables et le défaut de déduction d’impôts du fait de la famille élargie. Pour le perfectionnement et la modernisation de la transcription fiscale il faut pour l’Allemagne une entière déductibilité des frais de garde d’enfants en raison de l’ activité professionnelle et application du quotient familial sur le modèle français tout en conservant le montant des allocations familiales allemande. Pour la Côte d’Ivoire il est nécessaire de suspendre l’application du quotient familial pour instaurer une imposition individuelle des conjoints tout en autorisant la déductibilité des charges exceptionnelles occasionnées par la famille. From this comparative study on Côte d'Ivoire and Germany, similarities in the legal and constitutional guarantees of the protection of the marriage and the family in tax law are apparent, as well as the situation of demographic change. From the evaluation of the transcription of the protection of the couple and the family into tax law, it emerged that the German transcription is broadened, but outdated. In particular because of the inadequacy of the joint taxation of spouses with splitting due to the obsolescence and unfairness of the measure. Concerning Côte d'Ivoire, there is an Ivorian transcription targeted at the couple and the family, but incomplete because of the inadequacy of pro-natalist protection by means of the family quotient, the difficulty of effectively recording taxpayers and the lack of tax deduction due to the extended family. For the improvement and modernisation of the tax transcription, Germany needs a full deductibility of childcare costs due to professional activity and the application of the family quotient on the French model, while maintaining the amount of German family allowances. For Côte d'Ivoire, it is necessary to suspend the application of the family allowance in order to introduce individual taxation of spouses while allowing the deductibility of exceptional expenses caused by the family.

Nigeria currently has a non-functioning insolvency system; it is yet to record a successful insolvency case. This failure principally is attributable to the weak laws and enforcement policies in existence. The problem is exacerbated by burgeoning consumer debt in the formal sector. The causal factors for this increase in debt are negative economic growth indices such as rising inflation, interest rates and unemployment. With these indices predicted to worsen, a new Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA) was proposed in 2016. The BIA seeks to regulate individual insolvency proceedings in Nigeria. However, the BIA (as currently conceptualized) does not make provision for debtors with neither income nor assets, often referred to as No Income No Assets (NINA) debtors who, it can be argued, are in the majority in the Nigerian state. The aim in this thesis is to propose debt relief measures that cater for NINA debtors in Nigeria. This proposal aims to prevent further discrimination against these debtors in terms of the current law and the proposed BIA. It envisages that catering for NINA debtors in Nigeria will boost the Nigerian government’s drive to encourage entrepreneurship. In providing for NINA debtors it will provide a safe landing for poor debtors in the event of entrepreneurial failure. The thesis achieves its stated aim by studying international principles and guidelines as espoused by leading bodies. Furthermore, the thesis performs a comparative analysis of relevant NINA provisions in South Africa, Sweden, France, Ireland and Canada. The thesis proposes amendments to the proposed BIA in light of the aforementioned analysis and posits that procedures that are formal and extra-judicial, which have no financial requirements and are easily accessible to debtors should be incorporated.

The aim of this research is to determine how the application of Big Data and Data Analytics techniques influences the external audit. The impact on the working methods and the audit quality is discussed. Furthermore, the technological maturity of the Belgian and Luxembourgish audit industry is analysed. Therefore, the following research questions are asked: How do Big Data and Data Analytics influence the audit working method? What is the impact of Big Data and Data Analytics on the audit quality? How is the audit risk identification and assessment phase influenced? Which audit risks can be identified? Which tools and techniques do the Belgian and Luxembourgish auditors use and where do they stand? In order to answer the research question, scientific articles were analysed in the context of the literature review. Subsequently, a case study was carried out. Interviews with experts in Belgium and Luxembourg were conducted. The results of the research show that there is high potential to use these technologies in audit. Nevertheless, it is also connected with initial investments and a certain agreement of the clients. There is high potential to enhance the auditor’s effectiveness and efficiency, but the complete impact cannot yet be analysed. The audit quality can be enhanced when qualitative analyses generates audit evidence based on high quality data. The Belgian and Luxembourgish audit industry has just started implementing the technologies.

Much has been written about the consequences for companies of criminal convictions for bribery and other corrupt practices. However, less attention has been paid to the sanctions regimes that have been developed by multilateral development banks in order to combat fraud and corruption in their operations. This is likely to change in view of the fact that on 9 April 2010, the heads of five leading multilateral development banks (MDBs) – the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank Group – signed the Agreement for Mutual Enforcement of Debarment Decisions, which provides for mutual and reciprocal enforcement of debarment decisions taken by any one of them against parties that engage in fraud, corruption, coercion or collusion in connection with MDB-financed projects. For parties that are seeking financing form an MDB or are competing for contracts funded by an MDB, this means that a sanctionable practice committed in a single country could result in global sanctions. Against this background, this thesis examines the type of due process rights that should characterise MDBs’ sanctions procedures. More particularly, the thesis analyses the extent to which MDBs’ sanctions regimes should be bound by the rules of law, analogous to those of national judicial bodies, and the level of due process and transparency that should be required from these ever-evolving regimes. In other words, (how) can the tension between the administrative and business considerations of MDBs’ sanctions regimes (coupled with their immunity from judicial review) be reconciled with due process considerations and principles of fairness that underpin a national judicial model?

Comme la France, le Cameroun a hérité du système dit de « budget de moyens» qui met l’accent sur la régularité juridique dans la gestion des finances publiques. Des réformes engagées au cours de la décennie 2000, réorientent leurs systèmes financiers vers la recherche de performance de la dépense publique. En se fondant sur une approche globale des innovations introduites dans le droit public financier des systèmes considérés, ce travail tente de démontrer que la responsabilité des ordonnateurs, certes de nature et d’effectivité variables, ne répond plus uniquement à une logique juridique fondée sur le respect des règles de droit, mais davantage à une logique managériale guidée par la recherche de la performance sur la base d’objectifs établis et de résultats mesurables. Le projet se structure en deux phases. D’une part, la faute sanctionnable, quis’apprécie au regard des obligations qui incombent à l’ordonnateur, est tournée vers la préoccupation de la régularité juridique. D’autre part, cette préoccupation ne prend pas en compte l’exigence de performance, qui est à la base de la loi organique relative aux lois des finances. Just like France, Cameroon inherited what is known as the ''budget by means''system which places emphasis on legal regularity in the management of public finances. However, reforms initiated in the 2000s, gave a fresh orientation to their financial systems by focusing more towards the search for the performance of public expenditure. Based on a global approach to the innovations introduced in the public financial law of the systems under consideration, this work attempts to demonstrate that the responsibility of the authorizing officers, although with some variances as to its nature and effectiveness, no longer only responds to a legallogic based on the respect of the rules of law, but more to a managerial logic guided by the search for performance on the basis of established objectives and measurable results. The project is structured in two phases. On the one hand, the reprehensible fault, which is assessed in the light of the obligations incumbent on the authorizing officer, is directed towards the preoccupation with legal regularity. On the other hand, this concern does not take into account the performance requirement, which is the basis of the organic law bearing on finance laws.

La gouvernance d’entreprise est une matière vivante, riche, foisonnante qui a connu au cours des dernières années des développements de grande ampleur, tant dans la littérature académique que dans les guides pratiques. L’audit interne constitue un mécanisme de grande importance dans le processus de gouvernance de l’entreprise. De ce fait, considérant le poids et l’importance du rôle de cette fonction sur l’efficacité du système de gouvernance de l’entreprise, nous nous sommes intéressés, dans le cadre de notre étude, aux enjeux et à l’importance de l’audit interne en tant qu’instrument au service de la gouvernance d’entreprise et à l’analyse de sa contribution dans la performance du présent processus. The Corporate governance is a living, rich and abundant subject, which has experienced in recent years major developments, both in academic literature and practical guides. Internal audit is an important mechanism in the process of corporate governance. Therefore, considering the weight and the importance of this function on the efficiency of corporate governance, we will consider, in our study, the issues and the importance of internal audit as a tool serving the corporate governance and analyze its contribution in the performance of this process.

Le refinancement d’entreprises en difficulté est entouré d’une grande part de mystification. Aux yeux du grand public, il s’agit avant tout d’un moyen efficace de faire fortune pour les investisseurs s’y aventurant. Cette activité, connue également sous le nom de capital-retournement, est pourtant le domaine d’exercice exclusif de hauts techniciens de la finance et du droit. Le vaste droit de l’ingénierie financière encadre le refinancement d’entreprises en difficulté. Plongeant son lecteur au coeur de la haute finance d’entreprise, cette thèse démystifie le capital-retournement tout en voulant améliorer sa pratique. Pour cela, l’aspect juridique de la levée des fonds et de leur investissement fait l’objet d’une profonde analyse. À partir de celle-ci et de l’inspiration du droit étranger, de nouveaux outils dédiés à l’optimisation du refinancement d’entreprises en difficulté sont proposés. Cette thèse démontre le rôle prépondérant du droit de l’ingénierie financière dans le sauvetage d’emplois en France.

The broad objective of the study is to assess the problems of the traditional tax system in Nigeria and establish electronic taxation as a solution to these problems. The study adopted content analysis in analyzing text books, journals, newspapers and other essential materials that were used to obtain the needed information for the study. Extensive review of the literature showed that electronic tax system solves the problem of low tax collection, unavailability of tax statistics and poor record keeping, complex of payment and high cost of tax compliance. The implication of these findings is that an adoption of electronic tax system is an intelligent means of achieving a system of tax administration that allows for the collection and accountability of required taxes at a minimum cost. The study concluded that there are some challenges with the manual system of administering taxes and that modern technology could simplify these challenges and alienate them in the form e-tax. The study therefore recommended that government should support with everything on their disposal the establishment of e-tax administration so as to start ripping the benefit of high rate of compliance among taxpayers at all levels of government in Nigeria.  

Les fonds propres (entre autres, les bénéfices non distribués et les autres réserves tels qu’ils figurent au bilan) doivent servir à renforcer les banques. Ainsi, parmi les mesures introduites par Bâle III se trouvent les normes sur le risque de liquidité qui obligent les banques à sélectionner des actifs facilement cessibles sans perte de valeur pour alimenter leur trésorerie en cas de difficulté à cause de retraits massifs de la clientèle ou de l’assèchement du marché interbancaire. En outre, ces mêmes banques ont l’obligation de pondérer leurs actifs selon la qualité du risque. L’une des conséquences de cette obligation de pondération est qu’une augmentation du risque de contrepartie ou le développement des activités de marché devront être compensés par plus de fonds propres. Il est connu que beaucoup d’institutions bancaires à travers le monde ont du mal à respecter les règles prudentielles de Bâle (même les États-Unis ont tardé à adopter Bâle III), cet article a pour but d’analyser le respect du cadre réglementaire de Bâle III par l’Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africain (UEMOA) et sa banque centrale, la Banque Centrale des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (BCEAO). Pour y parvenir, il est analysé un exemple de composant des fonds propres, les immobilisations incorporelles, et la politique de la BCEAO (vis-à-vis des institutions de crédit de la zone UEMOA) par rapport à leur prise en compte dans les risques pondérés. Une analyse qui porte à la fois sur le droit bancaire et le droit comptable.

This thesis investigates the adoption, compliance and consequences of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Africa, a continent which has mostly been ignored in prior studies due to the use of generic proxies. Drawing on DiMaggio and Powell (1983), this thesis examines the institutional pressures of IFRS adoption in Africa. Stakeholder salience theory, developed by Mitchell, Agle and Wood (1997), is employed to analyse the determinants of IFRS compliance outside the traditional capital market settings. As regards to the consequences of IFRS in Africa, this thesis analyses the impact of IFRS on audit fees, audit reporting lags and auditor switch. The study used panel data from 54 countries and 205 firms covering the financial years 2003-2016. Secondary data was sourced from reputable database and annual reports of sample companies. Different analytical tools such as ordinary least squares, logit and multinomial regressions were used based on their suitability to address the research questions. The study found that only 18 out of the 54 countries required all listed and large companies to report per IFRS, while 25 did not permit IFRS. The results supported the theoretical prediction that coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphism influenced IFRS adoption in Africa. Specifically, the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) influence on African countries in adopting IFRS was not through foreign aid and grants; instead, their recommendations made in the Report on Observance of Standard and Codes (Accounting and Auditing) initiatives. The finding(s) also demonstrated that the presence of global audit firms and the number of years of IFAC membership had a strong association with a country’s decision to adopt IFRS. Moreover, countries with strong professional accounting organisations (PAO) were more likely to adopt IFRS. On IFRS compliance, the study found that the average compliance score among the companies over the period was 70.94%, with a minimum score of 58.59% and a maximum of 83.55%. The findings reported a significant positive association between audit committee competence (ACC) and compliance, and between chartered accountants on board (AOB) and compliance. The thesis also documented that compliance has been increasing over the years. Regarding the impact of IFRS on the audit market, the findings suggested IFRS was positively and significantly associated with an increase in audit fees regardless of early or late adoption. Also, on average, ARL increased by 26% across all samples, with late adopters experiencing 28% and earlier adopters 22% during the adoption year. Contrary to the late adopters, early adopters experienced a significant increase in audit fees during the pre-IFRS period due to the set-up and implementation at the time. In addition, IFRS adoption was likely to cause companies to switch from small audit firms to the Big 4. The findings on adoption suggest that global accounting agencies such as IFAC and IASB should focus on building vibrant national level accounting institutions such as PAOs to facilitate the adoption of IFRS in Africa. The thesis, therefore, adds to the adoption literature the finding that the isomorphic pressures in Africa are different from those suggested in prior studies. The results on compliance imply that companies that appoint more professional accountants to their boards are more likely to comply with the requirement of IFRS. Therefore, it is suggested that companies should engage more chartered accountants in their governance. Also, corporate boards must strive to strengthen their audit committees by appointing more NEDs and CAs to the committee. The findings also provide valuable information for professional accounting organisations on the role of its members (professional accountants) in the effectiveness of IFRS compliance. The findings of the consequences of IFRS on the audit market alert small and medium practitioners (SMPs) in non-IFRS countries of the possible loss of clients to the Big4 due to the adoption of IFRS. To mitigate this effect, the national PAO should build the capacity of their local accountants through training and education to handle the complexities and continuous upgrading of IFRS. Such training is seen as being crucial for SMPs in OHADA countries, Ethiopia, Djibouti and other countries which are in the process of implementing IFRS.

The definitions of ‘insider’ and ‘inside information’ in the Financial Markets Act 19 of 2012 are, as is the case with their international counterparts, central to the Act’s regulation of insider trading. It has long been recognised, however, that those definitions, inherited from repealed companies and market abuse legislation, are cumbersome and counter-intuitive. This state of affairs obtains as the South African legislature has failed to undertake the most fundamental enquiry in formulating a coherent regulatory scheme aimed at prohibiting supposedly wrongful conduct: identifying a single theory of wrongfulness upon which to base its prohibitions. Instead, the definitions include elements of all possible regulatory bases for insider trading, including those having as their object the protection of proprietary rights in information and born out of the fiduciary doctrine. It is argued that the definitions, part of legislation aimed at addressing a financial market wrong, should be formulated with reference to the rights and obligations at play in those markets and the legislature’s objectives for those markets. A proposal is made in that regard.

Depuis longtemps, le critère de rattachement retenu en droit interne et en droit conventionnel pour imposer les entreprises étrangères se fondait sur un principe simple d’application, celui de la territorialité et son corollaire l’établissement stable. Mais avec le phénomène de la globalisation et la numérisation de l’économie, ces règles classiques se révèlent de plus en plus désuètes.Aujourd’hui, les entreprises recourent soit à l’économie numérique, une économie, qui jusque-là reste affranchie de toute taxation ; soit aux transferts indirects de bénéfices pour réduire artificiellement leur bénéfice imposable ou pour transférer des bénéfices vers des pays à faible fiscalité. Cette situation ne fait que stimuler le marché de l’évasion fiscale, d’autant plus que les solutions proposées afin de remédier à ces insuffisances restent pour l’instant embryonnaires vu la résistance de certains Etats et surtout des entreprises. For a long time, the standard of attachment used in domestic law and treaty law to tax foreign enterprises was based on a simple principle of application, that of « territoriality » and its corollary « the permanent establishment ». But with the phenomenon of globalization and the digitization of the economy, these classic rules are proving increasingly obsolete.Today, companies use either the digital economy, an economy that until now has been freed from taxation ; or indirect transfers of profits to artificially reduce their taxable profit or to transfer profits to low-tax countries. This situation stimulates tax evasion, especially since the solutions proposed to remedy these shortcomings remain for the moment embryonic given the resistance of some states and especially companies.