Bibliographie sélective OHADA

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Cet article présente le processus d’intégration du marché des assurances dans les États membres de la CIMA et les acquis depuis sa mise en place, avant d’examiner les principaux défis de la régulation pour les prochaines années. En définissant un cadre juridique clair et en instaurant des standards de gestion et d’organisation cohérents, la CIMA a impulsé une pratique saine des opérations d’assurance. Un important travail d’assainissement du secteur a été effectué malgré les difficultés inhérentes à un environnement naguère peu coutumier d’une discipline forte. Les marchés connaissent encore de nombreuses faiblesses qui renvoient une image de l’assurance qui n’est pas rassurante sur une grande frange de la population. Des réformes sont nécessaires dans le domaine de la gouvernance, de l’adaptation aux standards internationaux et de l’instauration d’un marché unique.

Development is understood to be an economic process that aims at a constant improvement of the well-being of all individuals who have the right to participate and benefits from the fruits of development. Development is also a right that requires a progressive realisation by governments, international communities and private sectors to the satisfaction of all individuals. A progressive realisation of this right requires a vibrant economy, which can be acquired through International trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). It is in this context that this thesis has attempted to discuss the influence of FDI and International trade on development. The discussion was initiated by focusing on the history of the multilateral trade system (MTS) by looking at various Ministerial rounds of both the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). In this discussion the thesis found that, whilst there are various multilateral political frameworks regulating trade, FDI is subject to regional and domestic political frameworks. The thesis also discussed development in relation to the millennium development goals (MGDs). It was established the goal eight of the MDGs requires the integration of poor countries into the MTS so that they can be able to exploit their comparative advantage. This goal influenced the launching of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) at the Doha round in 2001. However, the thesis also established that conclusion of the DDA has been progressing at a slow pace. Therefore it has not yielded substantial results for poor countries. The failure to conclude the DDA has led to an increase of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which some scholars view as a supplement of multilateral trade integration. However, the SADC region has not been able to conclude their integration objectives due to the fact that many member states belong to other RTAs. In the case of FDI the thesis established that FDI is accompanied by a wide range of resources for host countries, which can be utilised for enhancing development. However, it was also established that the SADC has not been able to attract lucrative FDI due to a wide range of factors that impede FDI. On this finding, a case study was employed on four countries in the region, namely Angola, Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University LondonThis study is an attempt at determining the normative legitimacy of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). At its core, it scrutinizes the current mandate of the organization following the layering of economic integration objectives with human rights protection, sustenance of democracy, and the rule of law. The study discusses the elements of legitimacy across disciplines mainly, international law, international relations and political science. Legitimacy is eventually split along two divides, the normative and descriptive/sociological aspects. The study traces the normative content (shared/common values) underlying integration in Africa, concluding that integration has been born on new ideals such as human rights, democracy and the rule of law. Expectedly, Regional Economic Communities (RECs) as building blocks of the prospective African Economic Community (AEC) under the African Union (AU) regime are mandated to play a vital role in moving the continent forward upon these values. The inquiry is extended to the institutions of ECOWAS to determine their capacity to effectively implement the new mandate of the organization and operate supranationally. In the process, key legal and institutional shortcomings are discussed, particularly in relation to national institutions. It is argued that while human rights protection enhances the normative legitimacy of ECOWAS, it must not be pursued in isolation. Economic integration and protection of citizens’ rights are co-terminus and mutually reinforcing. Hence, community institutions must reflect this link if they are to be effective. The study concludes on the note that, while ECOWAS possesses layers of legitimacy, and have carried out legitimation steps, it cannot be considered a legitimate organization if Member States continue to be non-compliant with community objectives and if key legal questions remain unaddressed. It is submitted that ECOWAS is merely undergoing legitimation, whether it can eventually be considered a legitimate organization is dependent on addressing the identified challenges

L'accès au juge de l'administration est un droit consacré par les textes nationaux et internationaux au profit de tout administré congolais. L'effectivité de ce droit reste néanmoins aléatoire. A chaque étape de la procédure, le justiciable rencontre des difficultés énormes, parfois infranchissables. Les MARC comportent-ils une réponse à cette crise ? L'assertion de départ était tentante : l'Afrique étant reconnue comme une terre du règlement négocié, l'on a pris comme hypothèse de travail que le vent planétaire favorable aux MARC pourrait trouver, en droit administratif congolais, un terrain de prédilection. Le contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration congolaise est effectué par les juridictions de l'ordre administratif et les juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire, civiles et militaires. La Constitution du 18 février 2006 a instauré un ordre autonome de juridictions administratives. En attendant leur installation effective, le contentieux administratif relève, à titre transitoire, de sections incorporées au sein des juridictions de l'ordre judiciaire. Le texte actuellement en vigueur n'organise que la procédure devant la section administrative de la Cour suprême de justice. Le juge administratif intervient, à titre principal, dans le contentieux de légalité et, à titre subsidiaire, dans le contentieux d'indemnités. Il est également doté du pouvoir de contrôler l'acquisition et l'exercice des mandats publics. Les juridictions judiciaires se répartissent entre les juridictions de droit commun et les juridictions militaires. Les juridictions civiles interviennent principalement dans la mise en jeu de la responsabilité de l'administration et exceptionnellement dans le contrôle de la légalité des actes des autorités administratives. Le juge militaire connaît de la responsabilité de l'administration à l'occasion de la répression des infractions commises par les militaires et les policiers. Les constats réalisés dans la présente étude permettent d'affirmer que le contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration congolaise constitue une justice marginale, éloignée du citoyen et rejetée par lui. La défaillance des acteurs judiciaires, les carences institutionnelles et les inadéquations normatives éloignent la justice administrative congolaise des missions élémentaires de service public qu’elle devrait pourtant assumer. Les décisions de justice souffrent d'une faible qualité et d'une inexécution chronique. Tout ceci disqualifie le recours juridictionnel et dévalorise la notion de légalité. La médiation institutionnelle, la médiation processuelle, la conciliation et l'arbitrage constituent-ils une réponse à ces difficultés ? Alors que l'Afrique est réputée terre de MARC, c'est plutôt en Belgique qu'ils se développent. La médiation institutionnelle y joue un rôle régulateur incontestable. Par contre, le régime de la médiation processuelle reste peu incitatif. L'habilitation légale imposée au sujet des personnes morales de droit public ne permet pas l'éclosion de ce MARC en droit administratif belge. L'habilitation légale est également requise pour la participation de l'administration à la conciliation. Cette habilitation est intervenue à maintes reprises. Les cas étudiés démontrent une faible contribution de la conciliation aux litiges ponctuels. Elle semble mieux convenir aux litiges des masses dont les faits sont incontestés. En droit public belge, l'arbitrage est limité aux litiges contractuels. L'arbitrabilité des litiges extra-contractuels est soumise à une habilitation légale. La modification intervenue pour étendre le régime d'arbitrage à l'ensemble du litige contractuel et non plus seulement aux différends relatifs à l'élaboration ou à l'exécution ne suffit pas à lui assurer une grande efficacité. En règle générale, l'hésitation du législateur belge s'explique par le succès du juge de l'administration. La R.D.C. figure parmi les rares pays africains qui ignorent l'institution d'Ombudsman. La médiation traditionnelle à travers la palabre africaine a été évincée par l'administration coloniale et post-coloniale. Par contre, la conciliation se développe en droit administratif depuis les années 2000. Chaque nouveau texte réserve un espace à la conciliation. Longtemps cantonné au droit privé et aux litiges internationaux, l'arbitrage apparaît progressivement dans certains secteurs du droit administratif congolais à partir des années 2000. L'adhésion de la R.D.C. à l'OHADA consolide l'arbitrabilité des litiges impliquant l'administration. L'environnement socio-juridique congolais semble ainsi ouvert aux MARC. Il s'observe, en outre, une convergence favorable de la jurisprudence, de la doctrine et des acteurs politiques. Leur efficacité devant les difficultés d'accès à la justice administrative congolaise reste néanmoins sujette à caution. En l'absence d'une volonté de transparence administrative, il est à craindre que la tendance favorable au règlement négocié ne conduise à l'instauration de MARC en trompe l'œil, sans impact réel sur les difficultés d'accès à la justice administrative congolaise. Au terme de cette étude, il apparaît que la perspective d'un meilleur accès à la justice administrative passe plutôt par une alternative citoyenne. Celle-ci semble distiller des vertus susceptibles de favoriser l'implémentation des MARC et la rationalisation du contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration congolaise. La justice citoyenne préconisée dans cette thèse désigne la faculté pour l'administré et l'agent public de régler directement leur conflit sans s'en référer à l'appareil judiciaire. Elle repose sur deux piliers : la défiance et le dialogue. La justice citoyenne alimente la responsabilité et l'émancipation des citoyens. Les réponses inventées par les citoyens et les agents publics révèlent une véritable résilience qui augure une perspective intéressante pour l'accès à la justice administrative congolaise. Apprivoiser et intégrer cette justice pragmatique dans le giron de la justice étatique devrait ouvrir des horizons nouveaux pour les justiciables congolais. L'interaction entre ces MARC et le contrôle juridictionnel devrait faire bouger les lignes et générer ainsi une certaine amélioration de la justice administrative. En examinant la question au départ d'initiatives citoyennes, la thèse réinterroge le paradigme dominant dans la réforme de la justice en RDC et dans les Etats qui partagent le même contexte.

In 1998 the European Union adopted a new self-standing instrument of collective enforcement - the Action for Injunction. Until then, the main focus was on the improvement of the position of the individual consumer through the adoption of substantive consumer law directives. The Injunction Directive provides for a general framework on consumer law enforcement in national and cross-border litigation. Qualified entities, public agencies and/or consumer organisations, are granted legal standing. National courts are bound to mutually respect the standing of EU wide registered qualified entities. Outside these clear-cut rules on the mutual recognition of standing, the Injunction Directive remains largely silent. The implementation into 28 Member States swiftly revealed the rather limited harmonising effect. The thesis investigates and explains how despite the legally approved diversity, the Injunction Directive contains the potential to turn diversity into convergence. The key to understanding the potential is the thesis of dualism of enforcement measures. Read together with the Annex the Injunction Directive establishes the deep interconnection between collective and individual enforcement, of substantive and procedural enforcement, of judicial and administrative enforcement. The different levels and means of enforcement should not be regarded separately but should always be looked at in their interplay, in their mutual institutional design and their mutual impact. Evidence for convergence can be found in the Invitel judgment of the ECJ and in the practice of consumer organisations via co-ordination actions across borders by which they overcome the boundaries of collective vs. individual or judicial vs. administrative enforcement. Regulation 2006/2004 re-adjusts the dualistic structure of enforcement in favour of public bodies and promotes convergence through para-legal means, through new modes of enforcement, through co-operation and co-ordination outside courts and in open interaction between administrative bodies, to which consumer organisations are admitted on approval only.

State aid law is made up of rules and procedures whose main characters are the Member States – as the addressees of the norms – and the Commission – as their enforcer. The prominent position of these two actors often overshadows the impact that the administration of the rules on State aid has on private undertakings, be it the beneficiaries of State aids or their competitors. This thesis is concerned with the latter. The aim of the thesis is to assess the extent to which competitors may rely on the rules on State aid to protect themselves against the potentially harmful effects of subsidies and other forms of state, financial assistance to firms. This endeavour raises two challenges. The first challenge is to identify the channels through which competitors may voice their interest in the context of a system of governance to which they are in principle alien. This is the issue of access. The second challenge is assess the likelihood that the Commission shall heed to the concerns voiced by competitors. In other words, the challenge is to gauge the power of influence that competitors may exert through each of these channels. This is the issue of leverage. In order to carry out this inquiry, the thesis scrutinizes the means of redress available to competitors before national courts (“private enforcement”), as well as the opportunities that they have to make their voice heard in the course of the Commission’s procedures (“public enforcement”) – namely, the possibility to lodge complaints, the possibility to participate in the consultation phase of Article 108(2) TFEU and the possibility to seek the judicial review of State aid decisions.

Pretende–se com esta tese intítulada “ Direito Comunitário material e Integração Sub–Regional: Contributo para o Estudo das Mutações no Processo da Integração Económica e Monetária da África Ocidental” pôr em evidência as mutações ocorridas na actual zona franco, no período colonial e pós colonial dos países africanos e as reformas das principais instituições comunitárias nela verificadas.Impõe–se uma nova abordagem da realidade contemporânea, no quadro das profundas mudanças ocorridas, a reclamar novos instrumentos de análise e de integração regional.Neste sentido, o Tratado da União Monetária Oeste Africana (UMOA) proclamou expressamente a vontade que animava os Estados–membros de prosseguirem na via da integração regional e de transformarem o conjunto das relações entre os si numa União Económica e Monetária.Com o propósito de somar à moeda única a harmonização legislativa, a abertura e a unificação dos mercados, a adopção de politicas económicas convergentes, propõe–se a União Económica e Monetária da África Ocidental (UEMOA) levar a cabo a habitual sequência da integração regional.Analisamos profundamente as políticas comunitárias, distinguindo primeiro políticas visando mais directamente a livre circulação das mercadorias, das pessoas, dos serviços e dos capitais no âmbito da UEMOA e da CEDEAO.A presente tese de doutoramento visa retratar o regime monetário regional que historicamente está ligado ao espaço colonial francês e depois se integrou progressivamente no sistema monetário internacional.Enfatizamos os principais instrumentos de política monetária regional, bem como o quadro institucional da União.Traçamos as premissas para uma teoria geral da integração dos Estados–membros da zona franco no contexto duma integração monetária e do novo multilateralismo comercial.Num ambiente cada vez mais concorrencial e difícil tornam-se prementes uma firme e necessária cooperação e integração regionais.No contexto da União Africana e da Nova Parceira para o Desenvolvimento do Continente Africano (NEPAD), evocamos as condições prévias do desenvolvimento com relação ao combate à pobreza. A nova Parceria Económica entre os países africanos e a União Europeia, consubstanciada no reforço do comércio internacional, permitindo robustecer as económicas africanas frágeis, que evidenciam falta de competitividade e de complementaridade, e uma um melhor inserção na económia regional e mundial.Nesta ordem de ideias, debruçamo-nos sobre as vantagens comparativas dos países da zona franco face às regras da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC).Partindo do entendimento de que o comércio internacional é necessário e que as trocas comerciais venham mesmo a ser inevitáveis, o que se propõe é uma nova discussão, inquirindo–se se o sistema multilateral de comércio pode fomentar e englobar um projecto de desenvolvimento.