Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The rights of freedom of association, to organise and to bargain collectively are recognised internationally and form part of the constitutional framework of progressive and democratic states. The full enjoyment of these rights by trade unions often is hindered by the imbalance in the power relations between the employer and the representatives of the workers, hence the need for statutory intervention. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA of 1995) postulates a collective bargaining regime which is voluntarist in nature and strengthens its effectiveness through a set of organisational rights and the right to strike. Incidentally, the current statutory framework for the enjoyment of organisational rights has had a direct impact on the enjoyment of the right to freedom of association and the right to organise. It is accepted that possession of the right to collective bargaining is internationally recognised as the basis of the authority to set thresholds of representivity in the workplace. The organisational rights framework in this context has been directly impacted upon. It is this direct impact that necessitates an enquiry to determine whether South Africa’s framework on the acquisition of organisational rights conforms to international standards set by the ILO and the Constitution, 1996. This thesis argues that the policy choice of the South African labour relations system in respect of some of the consequences of majoritarianism insofar as representation in individual cases is concerned does not necessarily foster the ideals of the Constitution, 1996 and the principles of international labour standards. The model of democracy as envisaged in the Constitution, 1996 is not one that promotes exclusivity. However, the effect of section 18 of the LRA of 1995, which allows threshold agreements, arguably may foster such exclusivity in the workplace. This situation has resulted in industrial democracy being a terrain of endless conflict between employers and labour, even more among trade unions themselves. As a result, the rivalry between unions in workplaces is exacerbated. The original intent behind the organisational rights of trade unions and their right to strike was to bolster their capacity to bargain collectively. It was meant to get them to focus on collective bargaining gains they can secure and to bargain more effectively. However, the current framework that favours majority trade unions has the effect of minority trade unions generally finding their existence threatened and their being systematically excluded from the acquisition of organisational rights. This study questions the power of majority trade unions to enter a collective agreement with an employer in the workplace and set unjustifiable thresholds of representivity in respect of organisational rights. This arrangement creates a hurdle in respect of the provisions of the LRA that seek to promote industrial democracy, the enjoyment of the rights to freedom of association, to organise and to engage in collective bargaining. Recent amendments to the LRA of 1995 are an attempt to mitigate the effect of sections 18 and 20 on the enjoyment of organisational rights. The CCMA, inter alia, has been granted powers to grant organisational rights to trade unions that do not meet the set threshold in terms of the empowering provisions of the LRA of 1995 if they meet certain requirements. However, these amendments do not go far enough to prevent employers and majority trade unions from continuing to set unjustifiable thresholds that can have potential to replace the determinations of the CCMA. Therefore, the study discusses the question whether the provision in the LRA of 1995 on the setting of thresholds of representivity for the acquisition of organisational rights and the concomitant amendments are in line with the democratic model envisaged by the Constitution, 1996 and to international labour standards which recognise the rights to freedom of association of minority trade unions. This research concludes by advancing recommendations pertaining to threshold agreements and the rights of minority trade unions and to what extent it is justifiable to permit them to enjoy them.

L’émergence de la notion de « bien commun » dans les travaux d’Elinor Ostrom incite le juriste à observer les conditions dans lesquelles peuvent s’établir des formes de propriétés communes. Si de nombreux projets ont vu le jour en ce sens, il convient de faire une place au droit des sociétés coopératives qui constitue une proposition stimulante. La question de la propriété y est, en effet, saisie de manière originale, et confère à ces sociétés un caractère durable et propice aux communs. Mobilisant les attributs classiques de la propriété en droit civil, cet article étudie les liens entre le coopérateur et sa part sociale et montre comment le rapport des personnes aux choses cède la place à un régime juridique soucieux du rapport entre les membres, relativement à la coopérative à laquelle ils participent. Starting from the idea of common-pool resources in the works by Elinor Ostrom, lawyers have been looking at the conditions for establishing forms of common ownership. Many projects have been developed in this area, and cooperative law should be included and presents a stimulating proposal. Cooperative law has a unique way of dealing with the issue of ownership that makes cooperative firms sustainable and suitable for commons. Taking into account the conventional characteristics of ownership in civil law, the article examines the relationship between the cooperative member and the member’s share and shows how the relationship of people to things is superseded by a legal model concerned with the relationship among members in relation to the cooperative to which they belong. El surgimiento de la noción de “bien común” en los trabajos de Elinor Ostrom incita el jurista a estudiar las condiciones de establecimiento de formas de propiedades comunes. Entre numerosos proyectos que han surgido en este sentido, conviene de incorporar el Derecho cooperativo que constituye una propuesta estimulante. En efecto, permite analizar de manera original la cuestión de la propiedad, confiriendo a estas sociedades un carácter sostenible y propicio para los comunes. A través la movilización de los atributos clásicos de la propiedad en derecho civil, el presente artículo analiza los vínculos entre el cooperador y su acción y muestra como la relación de las personas con las cosas es sustituida por un régimen jurídico respetuoso de la relación entre los miembros, en lo que respecta la cooperativa en la que participan.

There is tension between the South African Revenue Service’s duty to collect taxes on the one hand, and its duty to respect taxpayers’ rights on the other. An environment where there is clearly respect for the rights of the taxpayer may indeed result in increased voluntary compliance. This thesis constitutes a comparative appraisal of whether the following enforcement powers of the South African Revenue Service (“SARS”) in the South African constitutional context, namely (i) SARS’ power to conduct searches and seizures in order to verify compliance and investigate the commission of offences; (ii) the “pay now, argue later” rule; and (iii) the appointment of a third party on behalf of a taxpayer are in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (“Constitution”). It is argued that these powers do not necessarily conform to the Constitution’s values and the fundamental rights contained in the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution. To address the apparent shortcomings in the current dispensation, the thesis compares these enforcement powers of SARS with similar powers afforded to the revenue authorities of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Nigeria. Important conclusions are drawn from this comparative review and a number of recommendations for law reform are proposed which, if implemented, would align these enforcement powers with the provisions of the Constitution. The recommendations entail, inter alia, that the seizure component of a search and seizure process should be treated separately, that half of the payment obligation should be suspended until the dispute is heard by an impartial forum, and that an objective measure must be in place to ensure that a taxpayer is able to afford basic necessities when a third party appointment is made.

A crise financeira de 2007-2008 proporcionou perdas de legitimidade política e econômica aos EUA no sistema interestatal. Até então, o modelo de organização socioeconômica estadunidense era hegemônico na economia-mundo capitalista. Mas, mais do que um modelo de capitalismo, as desregulações financeiras e a defesa excessiva da austeridade orçamentária para os demais Estados foram adotadas pelos EUA com o objetivo de assegurar a emissão exclusiva da moeda internacional dos sistemas financeiro e monetário internacional. A possível substituição do dólar como fundamento do padrão monetário desses sistemas diminuiria a autonomia relativa dos EUA. Assim, eles mantiveram as vantagens políticas e econômicas propiciadas pelo poder monetário e pelo estadismo monetário e asseguraram a manutenção da configuração hierárquica favorável desse sistema interestatal. Por outro lado, essa crise estimulou a formação de novas alianças geopolíticas e novas relações de cooperação entre Estados localizados na semiperiferia e na periferia da economia-mundo. Esses Estados propõem, em maior ou menor grau, outros modelos de desenvolvimento e procuram mudar a configuração hierárquica interestatal, com uma aposta no multilateralismo. O Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (NBD) criado pelos BRICS é uma das alternativas que surgiram como possibilidades de reordenamento hierárquico nesse sistema, começando o elo conflito em torno da moeda e das finanças. Desse modo, o objetivo geral desta tese doutoral é avaliar qual a viabilidade de possíveis mudanças nas relações de poder monetário e de estadismo monetário no sistema interestatal capitalista a partir do NBD dos BRICS. Para tanto, analisa-se de que maneira, em geral, a relação entre moeda e poder influencia na hierarquia de Estados e moedas no sistema interestatal da economia-mundo capitalista. Da mesma forma, examina-se especificamente o processo de construção do poder monetário e do estadismo monetário dos Estados Unidos a partir da construção do regime Dólar-Wall Street e de que forma essa estratégia contribuiu, de forma não intencional, para enfraquecer a própria hegemonia estadunidense no pós-crise. E, por fim, avalia-se a capacidade da influência do NBD para a reforma monetária e financeira internacional no sentido de maior multilateralismo. Nesse processo, o NBD representa uma alternativa de acesso a financiamento para a acumulação autônoma de capital e de defesa contra a manipulação monetária e financeira por parte dos Estados do núcleo orgânico desse sistema, em particular os EUA. Da mesma forma, o NBD reforça as demandas para reformar o sistema financeiro e monetário internacional, o que pode alterar a capacidade de exercício do poder monetário estadunidense e suas consequentes vantagens políticas e econômicas. Assim, haveria uma mudança qualitativa na hierarquia desse núcleo orgânico. A possível substituição, ou perda de importância, do dólar diminuiria a autonomia relativa dos EUA e contribuiria para mudanças na configuração hegemônica da economia-mundo capitalista.

Trabajo Fin de Curso de Experto Universitario en Derecho Bancario (2015/16). Directora/Tutora: Dra. Dª María Belén González Fernández. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio, análisis y conocimiento de tres de los diferentes tipos de contratos de arrendamiento financiero existentes y más usados en la actualidad: Leasing, renting y factoring. Se ha analizado de manera independiente y pormenorizada cada uno de ellos, individualizando sus características y funcionamiento a efectos de diferenciarlos y clasificarlos para concretar los casos en los que resultan de utilidad.

Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nun amacı, sermaye piyasasının işleyişinin güvenli bir biçimde sağlanmasına ve yatırımcıların hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmasıdır. Bu amaçla yatırımcıların(halka açık anonim ortaklık pay senedi sahiplerinin); yatırımlarını gerçekleştirirken kararlarını doğru bilgilere dayanarak vermelerini sağlamak, şirketin kontrolüne sahip olan şahısların kişisel menfaatlerinden bağımsız olarak sadece şirketin menfaatleri doğrultusunda hareket etmelerini temin etmek üzere SerPK kendi içinde düzenlemeler barındırmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de SerPK madde 21 hükmüdür ve SerPK'nın amaçları doğrultusunda bir özel hüküm niteliği taşımaktadır. Söz konusu hükmün ratio legis'inin, halka açık anonim ortaklığın; ilişkili kişiler ile yapılan işlerde emsallere, piyasa teamüllerine uygun, ticari hayatın basiret ve dürüstlük ilkelerine uygun işlemler gerçekleştirmesini sağlamak suretiyle, ortaklık pay sahiplerinin menfaatlerinin korunması olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. SerPK madde 21'de sayılan yapılan işlem sonucu; halka açık ortaklığın, kolektif yatırım kuruluşunun, bunların iştirak ve bağlı ortaklıklarının; kârlarını azaltmak, malvarlıklarını azaltmak, kârlarının artmasını engellemek, malvarlıklarının artmasını engellemek, kârlarını korumak veya artırmak için yapmaları beklenen faaliyetleri yapmamak, malvarlıklarını korumak veya artırmak için yapmaları beklenen faaliyetleri yapmamak suretiyle ilişkili oldukları kişilerin kârlarının ya da malvarlıklarının artmasını sağlamak şeklinde aktif veya pasif davranışlarla kazanç aktarımında bulunmaları yasaklanmıştır. Konunun vergi hukukunda, Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu m. 13'te transfer fiyatlandırması yoluyla örtülü kazanç dağıtımı adıyla düzenlenmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Şüphesiz vergi hukukunda gözetilen amaçlarla sermaye piyasası hukukunun izlediği amaçlar arasındaki farklılık, maddi unsurları benzeyen bu iki düzenlemeyi birbirinden ayırmaktadır. Konunun vergi hukuku ve maliye boyutu bağlamında eserler mevcuttur. Buna mukabil bu tez ile SerPK düzenlemesinin ardından konunun özel hukuktaki yeri ve sonuçları ile spesifik olarak konunun Borçlar Hukuku, Ortaklıklar Hukuku ve Sermaye Piyasası Hukuku yönlerinden araştırılması hedeflenmektedir. [...] Related-party transactions include the routine forms of abusive insider behavior that have come to be dubbed tunneling in the economic literature a category that includes all forms of misappropriation of value by corporate insiders. Prohibited related party transactions are the ones which contain transfer prices that contradict the arm's length principle. SerPK article 21/4 say that parties which have received an income transfer are obliged to return the transferred amount with its legal interest within the period to be determined by the Board. Sweeping prohibitions of related-party transactions were once common in company law. Apart from bans on loans, prohibitions tend to focus on transactions between managers and third parties that are thought to divert the value of information that the law assigns, implicitly or otherwise, to the company or its shareholders. It is forbidden that publicly- held corporations and collective investment schemes and their subsidiaries and associates to transfer income to real persons or legal entities with whom they have a direct or indirect relationship in terms of management, audit or capital by decreasing their profits or their assets or by preventing the increase of their profits or their assets via performing transactions such as making contracts or commercial practices containing different prices, fees, costs or conditions producing a trading volume in violation of the conformity with market practices and comparability to similar transactions prudence and honesty principles of commercial life.

Les lois mauricienne et malgache relatives à l’arbitrage international s’inspirent toutes deux de la Loi type de la CNUDCI. En dépit de cette source d’inspiration commune, ces deux pays présentent plusieurs aspects divergents. Ces divergences, liées à l’arbitrage international, se retrouvent, non seulement, au sein des caractéristiques législatives et juridictionnelles de chacun de ces États, mais également au sein des caractéristiques des institutions arbitrales promues par ces deux pays. International arbitration laws in Mauritius and Madagascar are both largely inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law. Despite this similar source of law, these countries have various differing aspects. In the field of international arbitration, discrepancies between these two States can be found, on one hand, in the legislative and jurisdictional features and, on the other hand, in the features of arbitration institutions showcased by these two countries.

As we have seen from the numerous high profile launch failures and accidents that have occurred between 2014 and 2016, space activities are still ultra-hazardous in nature, despite sixty-plus years of technological development. These activities range from essential to modern life (ex., telecommunications) to futuristic and forward thinking (ex., space tourism). In order for these activities to not only continue, but also develop and grow, this inherent risk must be managed.Further complicating the risk dynamic in outer space, States are required to take liability and responsibility for the activities of their nationals in space, including private entities and individuals. The reality of this relationship is that while States wish to promote the development of their domestic space industries, they will also usually require certain levels of insurance and indemnification to protect the State against potentially costly mishaps.With regard to outer space, political will is lacking at an international level to create new binding rules for activities in space. Likewise, States are reluctant to unilaterally impose stricter (even if ultimately beneficial) regulations on their entities for fear that their domestic industries will flee abroad to greener pastures, creating a regulatory prisoner's dilemma. These factors create a scenario where the major space insurers responsible for writing policies across national boundaries may be uniquely positioned to enforce or at least promote mechanisms to increase safety and sustainability in the commercial space industry. Increasing safety and sustainability in outer space may help to keep premium costs from growing out of control for these hazardous activities, as well. Thus, this thesis addresses three fundamental questions: 1)From a legal and policy perspective, is there a regulatory void that needs to be filled, at least temporarily?2)Are insurance companies in a position to be able to fill or partially fill that void?3)If so, how, and what actions can they undertake to improve their ability to execute that governance function?In answering these questions, this manuscript-based thesis explores the existing body of space law and common practices in space activities, including notable lacunae, and applies theories of "insurance as governance." This approach permits both analysis of the existing status of the industry and recommendations to increase the viability of space activities moving forward.

Abstract not available.

La thèse analyse en théorie du droit l’évolution de la procédure civile sous l’angle des enjeux de l’accès à la justice. Elle formule l’hypothèse d’un modèle de régulation sociale qui opère un renversement de la perspective moniste positiviste classique par l’intégration des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. La thèse répond à la question de recherche suivante : Quels fondements théoriques à l’évolution de la procédure civile pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice ? D’un point de vue méthodologique, la thèse opte pour une démarche théorique et documentaire. Elle emprunte aux principales Écoles de théories du droit, en particulier à l’École sociologique. Le cadre théorique s’appuie alors sur les théories du pluralisme juridique, des systèmes et du réseau. Ces théories irriguent la thèse tout entière et servent de grille analytique aux deux parties principales de celle-ci. Dans la première partie, la thèse délimite et précise le concept d’accès à la justice. En trois chapitres, cette première partie s’attèle méthodiquement à déconstruire les acceptions dominantes institutionnelles et restrictives du concept. Elle aboutit à l’élaboration d’une définition innovante à valeur théorique et pratique de l’accès à la justice. Dans la seconde partie, l’analyse porte sur l’évolution des paradigmes de la procédure civile. En trois chapitres, elle pose une critique du système dominant de règlement des conflits en général et de la procédure civile en particulier qui reposent sur le droit selon les principes de hiérarchie des normes. La thèse déconstruit cette vision, puis propose une théorie générale supportant la légitimité des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Finalement, la recherche suggère une évolution de la procédure civile et soumet à cet effet un modèle de système de justice alternatif intégrant les modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Le modèle de régulation proposé est non antinomique et complémentaire au modèle dominant. Le modèle de régulation sociale construit dans la thèse s’articule autour de trois paradigmes fondamentaux à savoir la décentralisation, la multipolarité et la complémentarité. La thèse constitue un compendium d’analyses et soumet un cadre de référence des paradigmes de base d’un système de justice renouvelé pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice.

Since deeper 'open-door' domestic reform in 1992, China has consistently maintained its position as the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) recipient among developing countries. In recent years China is going global as well. Accompanied with a large amount of outbound FDI, the level of debt is also increasing. Thus it is necessary for China to adopt a sustainable development policy and behave based on rules. China needs to work with the world to promote a rules-based investment climate. At a multilateral level, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 and promised general and specific obligations on market entry and non-discrimination principles. Bilaterally, only after 2001, China has started negotiating preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The first part of the thesis analyses China’s legal obligations in investment agreements in pre- and post-WTO entry phases. Chapter 1 introduces China’s investment policy before 2001. Chapter 2 clarifies China’s commitments on non-discrimination principles under the WTO agreements, especially China’s Protocol of Accession. Chapter 3 compares Chinese BITs and PTAs with regard to investment principles. The second part of the thesis concerns interpretation on substantive and procedural provisions. Chapter 4 tries to answer the question of whether and how do tribunals consider jurisprudential concepts developed in the case law of the trade regime when resolving investment cases. Chapter 5 examines different remedies in trade and investment agreements. It is important for China to keep compliance with its commitments in international agreements, otherwise, it would face countermeasures which are highly costly. Also, China can implement competition rules in its domestic market for improving firms’ efficiency. Meanwhile, a balancing approach which emphasizes corporate social responsibility is equally important for China’s companies going global.

4054 Sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun'un uygulanması bakımından teşebbüs kavramının merkezi önemi haiz olması, ilk olarak teşebbüsün tespit edilmesini gerektirmektedir. Ancak kendiliğinden gelişmiş birtakım fiili durumlar ve yasal düzenlemeler, teşebbüsün tespit edilmesini giderek zorlaştırmaktadır. Teşebbüsün sınırlarını belirleme amacı taşıyan bu tespit rekabet hukukunda "ekonomik bütünlük" kavramıyla ifade edilmektedir. Fiili durumlar ve yasal düzenlemelerin sebep olduğu karmaşa dolayısıyla teşebbüsün tespit edilmesinde merkezi öneme sahip ekonomik bütünlük kavramının belirlenebilmesi noktasında uygulamada çeşitli zorluklar ile karşılaşıldığını söylemek mümkündür. RKHK bağlamında rekabet ihlaline yönelik işlemlere taraf teşkil eden unsurlar teşebbüsler olduğundan ilgili teşebbüslerin ve dolayısıyla bu teşebbüslerin sınırlarının belirlenmesi gerektiğinden, ekonomik bütünlük burada büyük öneme sahip bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı ekonomik bütünlüğün ne şekilde tespit edileceği sorununun ele alınması ve çözüme yönelik öneriler sunulmasına yöneliktir. For the implementation of the Code on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, the fact that the concept of enterprise has a central importance requires that the enterprise be determined first. However, some spontaneously developed actual situations and legal regulations make it increasingly difficult to identify the enterprise. This determination, which aims to determine the boundaries of the enterprise, is expressed in the concept of "economic entity" in competition law. It is possible to say that various difficulties have been encountered in the practice of determining the concept of economic entity with the central presumption when the enterprise is identified due to the actual situation and the complexity caused by the legal regulations. In the context of the Code on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, the economic entity is a concept with great precaution here, since the elements that are the parties to the competition breach are enterprises, and the boundaries of the related undertakings and therefore of these undertakings must be specified. For this reason, the aim of the study is to examine the problem of how economic entity will be determined and to propose suggestions for solution.

Madagascar s’est doté d’un arsenal juridique cohérent et attractif relatif aux investissements. La panoplie de mesures est étoffée allant d’une loi spécifique sur les investissements (loi 2007-036 sur les investissements à Madagascar), à un cadre institutionnel tel que l’EDBM, et enfin des engagements internationaux (adhésion à la convention de Washington de 1965, ratification de plusieurs APPI (Accords pour la promotion et la protection réciproques des investissements) avec la France, le Benelux... À la lumière de cet arsenal en faveur des investissements, il est permis de dire que l’arbitrage, mode de règlement des différends pour les investissements, est placé au cœur d’une politique d’attraction et de sécurisation des investissements. Toutefois, la pratique malgache de l’arbitrage international tant commercial qu’en investissement révèle un certain nombre de dysfonctionnements et de défaillances qui impactent sur l’environnement des affaires. Madagascar has developed a coherent and attractive legal arsenal for investment. The range of measures was refined ranging from a specific investment law (Law 2007-036 on investments in Madagascar) to an institutional framework such as the EDBM, and international commitments (accession to the Washington convention of 1965, Ratification of several APPI [Agreements for the Promotion and reciprocal Protection of Investments] with France, the Benelux...). In the light of this arsenal in favor of investments, it can be said that arbitration, the method of settlement of Investment Disputes, is at the center of a policy of attracting and securing investments. However, the malagasy practice of international arbitration, either for commercial or investment arbitration reveals a number of dysfunctions and failures, impacting significantly the investment climate.

La faute nautique est l’acte ou négligence du capitaine, marin, pilote, ou préposé du transporteur de marchandises dans la navigation ou dans l’administration du navire. Il s’agit d’un cas excepté, c’est-à-dire qu’elle est de nature à exonérer le transporteur de la responsabilité afférente aux pertes ou dommages à la marchandise, vis-à-vis de l’ayant-droits : chargeur, destinataire ou assureur subrogé. Le présent mémoire s’attache à faire le constat suivant : autour du globe, l’approche qui en est faite par le droit – ensembles législation, doctrine, et jurisprudence – est très étroite. Aussi bien le domaine que les effets de l’exonération pour faute nautique sont ainsi restreints ; les deux étant amoindris par la preuve d’un manquement du transporteur maritime - la faute dans les soins devant être apportés à la cargaison, ou la faute dans la mise en état de navigabilité du navire. L’abordage à faute commune ainsi que l’institution de l’avarie commune peuvent néanmoins générer des situations où l’on constate que la faute nautique joue pleinement. Si l’évolution actuelle du droit maritime semble devoir écarter la faute nautique, comme l’en atteste l’adoption récente des Règles de Hambourg, puis des Règles de Rotterdam, il reste que le cas excepté peut aujourd’hui être invoqué dans la plupart des transports, étant donné la large application de la Convention de Bruxelles du 25 août 1924. Aussi, cette spécificité de la matière maritime mérite certainement une plus grande considération, et l’auteur plaide en ce sens pour une approche moderne et plus cohérente de l’exonération pour faute nautique.