Bibliographie sélective OHADA

O presente estudo é dedicado ao tema da prova ilícita na arbitragem, com sua repercussão na formação do convencimento do árbitro, em consonância com as garantias que um processo justo e equitativo impõe às partes e aos julgadores. A tutela processual de supremos valores da Constituição, pela ampla e dogmática vedação à admissibilidade das provas ilícitas no sistema brasileiro, deve permear qualquer tipo de processo, evitando-se, assim, que o uso de provas vedadas se constitua em redobrada violação dos direitos fundamentais. Por outro lado, o mais aprofundado enfoque sobre a origem e natureza da prova supostamente inadmissível poderia ensejar o manejo de provas em menor grau ou não propriamente ofensivas a essas regras e princípios, evitando que se esvazie por completo o direito à prova, comprometendo-se, por consequência, o princípio da demanda ou da ampla defesa. Nesse caso, abre-se a discussão sobre se o aporte de provas ilícitas ao processo simplesmente as legitimaria à luz do princípio da comunhão (ou aquisição) da prova, ou se poderiam ser consideradas subjetivamente ilícitas tão somente quando deduzidas contrariamente ao titular dos direitos violados, mas ao mesmo tempo lícitas para demonstrar a ocorrência de uma violação a esses direitos. No tocante às consequências práticas, se a decisão, contaminada pelo acolhimento de prova ilícita, ou, ao revés, que deixou de considerá-la, no que pertinente, comprometer o livre convencimento do árbitro, pode ensejar ação de nulidade por violação do art. 32, inciso VIII c.c. art. 21, § 2º da LA, afetando, por arrasto, os princípios da igualdade das partes e da imparcialidade do árbitro. Excepcionalmente, nos casos em que se afigure a inexistência da decisão pela fundamentação exclusiva em prova ilícita, seria possível cogitar do manejo de ação declaratória, mesmo após decorrido o prazo decadencial da ação anulatória. The study is dedicated to the theme of illegal evidence in arbitration, with its repercussion in the formation of the arbitrator's conviction, in line with the guarantees that a fair and equitable process imposes on the parties and judges. The procedural protection of the supreme values of the Constitution, by the broad and dogmatic prohibition of the admissibility of illicit evidence in the Brazilian system, must permeate any type of process, thus preventing the use of prohibited evidence from constituting a redoubled violation of fundamental rights. On the other hand, a deeper focus on the origin and nature of the supposedly inadmissible evidence could lead to the handling of evidence to a lesser degree or not properly offensive to these rules and principles, preventing the right to proof from being completely emptied, compromising, consequently, the principles of demand and full defense. In this case, a discussion arises as to whether the provision of illicit evidence to the process would simply legitimize them in light of the principle of sharing (or acquisition) of evidence, or whether they could be considered subjectively illicit only when deducted contrary to the holder of the violated rights, but at the same time lawful to demonstrate the occurrence of a violation of these rights. With regard to practical consequences, if the decision, contaminated by the acceptance of unlawful evidence, or, on the other hand, which failed to consider it, as pertinent, compromises the arbitrator's free conviction, it may give rise to an action of nullity for violation of art. 32, item VIII c.c. art. 21, § 2 of the LA, affecting, by drag, the principles of equality of the parties and the impartiality of the arbitrator. Exceptionally, in cases where it appears that the decision does not exist on the exclusive basis of unlawful evidence, it would be possible to consider handling a declaratory action, even beyond the deadline for the annulment action.

Recently, commercial activities in the state of Cameroon are evolving and there is an inflow of investors from within the OHADA Zone and other regions of the world to Cameroon. This has led to the proliferation of commercial contracts such as concession contracts, production sharing agreements, risk contracts between the Republic of Cameroon and foreign investors, or contracts between individuals of foreign countries as well as with Cameroonian nationals. Commonly, contracts may be breached and disagreements surface among the contracting parties. The difficulties pose is in the manner to settle such disagreements in a friendly manner to maintain the relationship between the parties and to enables the contracting parties to resolve the disputes more cost-effectively and increase business efficiency in Cameroon. However, the state of Cameroon has a favorable attitude towards bilateral and multilateral investment treaties to guarantee protection to investors in the territory. This elucidates the reason why the government of Cameroon has enacted laws and ratified regional and international treaties, aimed at safeguarding a smooth atmosphere for investors and other commercial traders particularly in the domain of arbitration to help in resolving disputes in case of any disagreement among contracting parties. This article will present the authorities involved in arbitration with the experience regarding the application of the various law and institutions concerned with the arbitration. This will also help contracting parties or investors to understand the legal mechanisms in the settlement of disputes through arbitration in Cameroon.

ملخص: التحكيم وسيلة للفصل في المنازعات ،حين يتفق الخصوم على عرض تلك المنازعات على أشخاص يختارونهم و يحددون لهم مهمة التحكيم متضمنة القواعد القانونية و الإجراءات التي تتبع .و لئن كان التحكيم و سيلة قديمة ،إلا أنها انتشرت في منصف القرن الحالي و بالأخص في مجال المنازعات التجارية الدولية ،لما تتسم من سرعة و سهولة ويسر و هو ما تتطلع إليه التجارة بوجه عام .و قد واكب هذا الانتشار ازدهار في حركة الفكر القانوني في فقه التحكيم أو في قضائه ،فعلى المحتكمين عدم وضع أي عراقيل أمام تنفيد قرارات هيئة التحكيم لكي ينالوا غايتهم المنشودة و هو إنهاء النزاع سلميا بقرار ملزم و في وقت قصير و من هذا المنبر سوف نتناول النقاط التالية الكلمات المفتاحية: قضاء –تحكيم –منازعات تجارية . Abstract: Arbitration is a means of settling disputes, when the litigants agree to presentthose disputes to persons of theirchoice and assign to them the task of arbitration, including the legalrules and procedures to befollowed. Although arbitration is an oldmethod, it has spread in the middle of the currentcentury, especially in the field of international commercial disputes, due to its speed, ease and ease, whichiswhattrade in general aspires to. This spread has been accompanied by a boom in the movement of legalthought in the jurisprudence of arbitration or in itsjudiciary. The claimantsshould not put any obstacles in the way of implementing the decisions of the arbitral tribunal in order to achievetheirdesired goal, whichis to end the dispute peacefully by a bindingdecision and in a short time. Fromthisplatformwewilladdress the points next

Trata o presente trabalho de aspectos da absorção da tecnologia, em especial a inteligência artificial e a automação no ambiente processual brasileiro. Discute-se aqui aspectos importantes da tecnologia ligada à computação, e a forma como já interfere e pode interferir, positiva e negativamente, no acesso à justiça (entendido como acesso à ordem jurídica justa). O conhecimento das tecnologias de machine learning, deep learning, processamento de linguagem natural, redes neurais, reconhecimento de fala, transcrições automáticas e conversão de texto em fala, já são largamente utilizados pelos tribunais, advogados e órgãos públicos, tudo num cenário transformador e disruptivo da tradição jurídica, sem qualquer ou muito pouca normatividade legal. O imbricamento da tecnologia com o princípio do devido processo legal, numa análise mais próxima, pode revelar que a tradição jurídica secular acumulada não mais se presta à finalidade de garantir decisões justas, esgarçando-se e perdendo importância e eficácia. O mundo jurídico precisa aproximar-se da tecnologia e das ciências da computação, para conformar sua aplicação e não ser conformado por elas. Por outro lado, a tecnologia computacional pode ser muito positiva no alargamento do acesso à justiça, se for adequadamente compreendida e utilizada especialmente para o tratamento de demandas repetitivas e para a aproximação da população mais carente do acesso à ordem justa. Isto se dá desde a organização e melhora das informações jurídicas disponíveis, até pelo desenho de novas formas, através do desenho de soluções de disputas, combinadas com a computação, criando vias de acesso como a ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). Pode, entretanto, esta mesma tecnologia, provocar efeitos nefastos ao estado de direito e aos direitos fundamentais se ignorada e não normatizada em tempo, traçando-se seus limites, usos, condições e responsabilidades, em velocidade equivalente ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, evitando-se, assim, lacunas de alto poder destrutivo, que certamente serão preenchidas pelo interesse econômico e político. This paper deals with aspects of technology absorption, especially artificial intelligence and automation in the Brazilian procedural environment. Important aspects of computing technology are discussed here, and the way it already interferes and can interfere, positively and negatively in the access to justice (understood as access to the fair legal order). Knowledge of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, neural networks, speech recognition, automatic transcriptions and text-to-speech conversion are already widely used by courts, lawyers and public bodies, all in a transformative and disruptive scenario of the legal tradition, without any or very little legal norms. The imbrication of technology with the principle of due process, in a closer analysis, may reveal that the accumulated secular legal tradition no longer lends itself to the purpose of guaranteeing fair decisions, fraying and losing importance and effectiveness. The legal world needs to get closer to technology and computer science, to conform its application and not be conformed by them. On the other hand, computational technology can be very positive in expanding access to justice, if it is properly understood and used, especially to deal with repetitive demands and to bring the poorest people closer to access to just order. This occurs from the organization and improvement of the available legal information, even through the design of new forms, through the design of dispute solutions combined with computing, creating access routes like the ODR (Online Dispute Resolution). However, this same technology can cause harmful effects to the rule of law and fundamental rights if ignored and not regulated in time, tracing its limits, uses, conditions and responsibilities, at a speed equivalent to technological development, thus avoiding gaps of high destructive power, which will certainly be filled by economic and political interest.

Environmental considerations have always been a challenge for foreign investment. The need to observe environmental minimums from the beginning to the end of the investment is also a concern of environmental law activists. In the meantime, the host state faces sometimes conflicting commitments. State dual obligations to foreign investors on the one hand, and the whole citizens on the other, has in many cases led to disputes, rooted in environmental norms. The main question is how the arbitration mechanism can take an active stand in the face of such disputes? The main purpose of this study is to examine the reflection of these conflicts in investment arbitration and the importance and role of arbitration in improving the environmental status. The authors of this paper believe that the arbitration system has tools that it can use in resolving disputes to balance these conflicting obligations. Some of these legal tools are directly or indirectly related to investment agreements, and others are beyond the treaty and based on international principles, rules, customs and practices. ملاحظات محیط­ زیستی همواره یکی از چالش ­های پیش­روی سرمایه­ گذاری خارجی بوده است. لزوم رعایت حداقل­ های زیست‌محیطی از آغاز تا پایان سرمایه ­گذاری، از دغدغه ­های فعالان حوزه حقوق محیط­ زیست نیز می­ باشد. در این میان دولت میزبان با تعهداتی بعضاً متعارض روبروست. تعهدات دوگانه دولت­ در برابر سرمایه­ گذار از یک طرف و عموم شهروندان از طرف دیگر، در موارد متعددی به بروز اختلافاتی منجر شده که ریشه در هنجارهای محیط­ زیستی دارد. پرسش اصلی این است که سازوکار داوری در مواجهه با این نوع اختلافات، چگونه می­ تواند فعالانه موضع ­گیری نمایند؟ هدف اصلی این مطالعه بررسی بازتاب تعارض­ ها در رویه داوری سرمایه ­گذاری و اهمیت و نقش داوری در بهبود وضعیت محیط­ زیستی است. نویسندگان این نوشتار بر این باورند که سیستم داوری، ابزارهایی در اختیار دارد که می ­تواند از آنها در جریان حل اختلاف برای ایجاد تعادل میان این تعهدات متعارض استفاده کند. برخی از این ابزارهای حقوقی مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم با معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری مرتبط است و دسته­ای دیگر فرامعاهده ­ای و ناشی از اصول، قواعد، عرف ­ها و رویه­ های بین­ المللی است.

The mediation process is the parties' will to the dispute to reach an amicable, non-binding settlement to end their dispute. The Egyptian legislature adopted the idea of issuing a draft law on mediation in civil and commercial matters to settle disputes between the parties, whether before the litigation stage or after appearing before the courts. The Egyptian Ministry of Justice held many community dialogue sessions to find the final version of the draft law. However, the concerned authorities have not issued the law until writing this paper. This research aims to compare and analyze the Egyptian mediation procedures and the British mediation procedures to improve, develop, and enhance the Egyptian ones especially the draft law as well as overcoming the obstacles that hinder the spread of mediation. On the one hand, presenting the Egyptian procedures in the draft mediation law and the rules of the Cairo Regional Center for International Commercial Arbitration, CRCICA. On the other hand, the British procedures represented in the Institute of Civil Engineers' mediation rules, ICE.

The UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration provides for the extension of the mandate of the arbitral tribunal post issuance of the final award for the issuance of correction, interpretation, additional award, and remittance of the award back to the arbitral tribunal to remove grounds for challenging the award. Using a doctrinal approach, this paper examines the deviations of the national laws of adopting jurisdictions from the Model Law in regards to this extended mandate, and evaluates the improvements and drawbacks in these deviations. Mainly, the findings of this paper are that, of the many deviations, the positive changes are those that provide comfortable and lenient default provisions for the benefit of inexperienced parties, and since correction, interpretation, additional award, and remittance are useful provisions that are designed to help self-rectify the arbitral process, without adversely delaying it, then the changes that increase the efficacy of these provisions are welcomed. On the other hand, unnecessary deviations are seen as drawbacks that hinder the harmonization of national arbitration laws aimed at by the Model Law. The adopting jurisdictions shall be limited to those acknowledged as such by the UNCITRAL.

El objetivo de la presente contribución es analizar el papel de la mediación como bisagra referencial entre dos de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) para 2030: el núm. 4 -Educación- y el núm. 16 -Paz, Justicia, e Instituciones sólidas-. La metodología empleada parte de un estudio del panorama internacional para detenerse en la legislación española, tanto en mediación como en educación en cultura de paz, con las correspondientes novedades al respecto. Todo ello responde a una investigación analítica sobre distintas bases legislativas, documentales y bibliográficas que, como resultado, ha dado lugar a la creación de distintas tablas que resumen la investigación y, pretendemos, contribuyan a facilitar su difusión, en el marco de los ODS 2030. Se trata así de promover la mediación como una de las herramientas esenciales para fomentar la convivencia pacífica, la educación y la justicia en el contexto universal de la cultura de la paz.

L’autonomie un vocable recouvrant deux réalités : la « séparabilité » et « l’indépendance ». L’autonomie de la clause compromissoire se traduit par la SEPARABILITE de la clause et non pas par son indépendance puisqu’elle se trouve parmi les autres clauses du contrat de base. La séparabilité signifie que cette clause est différente des autres clauses dans son existence, son objet et sa portée et elle ne partage pas leur sort. Les effets de cette séparabilité se résument en une autonomie matérielle qui permet, d’une part, la survie de la clause compromissoire au contrat principal, l’absence de contagion des vices qui pourraient affecter le contrat et, d’autre part, elle l’autorise à être soumise à une loi différente de celle qui régit le reste du contrat et si les parties ont choisi la loi applicable à leur contrat, rien ne permet d’affirmer que cette même loi devrait régir la clause compromissoire, puisque celle-ci est fort différente dans son objet et sa nature du contrat qui la contient.En revanche, le principe de l’autonomie de la garantie autonome signifie L’INDEPENDANCE totale et ceci veut dire inopposabilité des exceptions contenu dans d’autres contrats ou instruments annexes s’y rapportant. Le mécanisme de la garantie autonome aboutit à la création d’une pluralité de rapports contractuels dont l’enchainement chronologique se présente par la création de deux contrats distincts et indépendants. L’appel de la garantie la rend irrévocable et exigible immédiatement sans contestations se rapportant au contrat de base et sans pouvoir lui opposer les exceptions qui pourraient s’appliquer à ce contrat.

La Cour de cassation a mis fin aux controverses jurisprudentielles et doctrinales sur la qualité de la caution solidaire quant à la clause compromissoire, et cela en refusant l’application de la théorie de la représentation mutuelle des coobligés et en la qualifiant de « tierce personne », ouvrant par ce fait la porte à la tierce opposition. La transposition de la solution avancée par la Haute Cour, a été parfaitement appliquée à l’assureur non-signataire de la clause compromissoire insérée dans un contrat liant son assuré à une autre personne, même en présence de la clause de direction de procès dans le contrat d’assurance. Enfin, la possibilité de l’application de cette solution a été étudiée au cas par cas sur l’effet de la clause compromissoire statutaire à l’égard d’un futur ou ex- associé. The Court of Cassation put an end to the jurisprudential and doctrinal controversies on the quality of the joint and several sureties regarding the compromise clause, and this by refusing the application of the theory of mutual representation of the co-owners and by characterizing it as “third party”, thereby opening the door to the third-party opposition. The transposition of the solution proposed by the High Court was perfectly applied to the insurer who did not sign the arbitration clause inserted in a contract binding his insured person to another person, even in the presence of the trial management clause in the insurance contract. Finally, the possibility of applying this solution has been studied on a case-by-case basis on the effect of the statutory arbitration clause on a future or ex-partner.

الملخص يهدف البحث إلى تحديد مفهوم التحكيم في منازعات عقود الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص ذات الطابع الدولي، وبيان موقف المشرع من مسألة التحكيم في منازعات العقود المبرمة في إطار الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص ذات الطابع الدولي، وعرض موقف الفقه والقضاء الإداريين من ذلك في بعض التشريعات المقارنة والتشريع الجزائري، وتحديد آثار التحكيم لمعرفة دور التحكيم في حل منازعات عقود الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص ذات الطابع الدولي. وأفرزت الدراسة الأهمية البالغة والعملية للتحكيم في منازعات العقود الإدارية بصفة عامة، على أن تبقى فعاليته مرهونة بمدى التزام الأطراف بتنفيذ أحكام المحكمين وحل منازعات عقود الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص ذات الطابع الدولي عن طريق التحكيم دون اللجوء إلى القضاء. الكلمات المفتاحية: شركاء، عقود شراكة دولية، خصومة تحكيمية، هيئة تحكيم، آثار التحكيم، تنفيذ أحكام التحكيم. Abstract: The topic aims to determine the meaning of arbitration to settle disputes of public-private partnership contracts of an international nature, and the legislator's position on the extent to which public-private partnership contract disputes of an international nature can be arbitrated, present the position of jurisprudence and the administrative judiciary, and determine the effects of arbitration and its role in resolving disputes of public-private partnership contracts of an international nature. The effectiveness of arbitration remains dependent on the extent to which the parties are committed to implementing the arbitrators' rulings and resolving disputes of public-private partnership contracts of an international nature.

仲裁作为解决国际商事争议的主要方式之一，受到国际工程承包企业的青睐，然而当事人在决定一个案件是否要提起仲裁时，常会把仲裁费用作为一个重要考量指标，高昂的仲裁费用可能会限制国际商事仲裁制度的健康发展。本文以2017版国际商会仲裁规则下的收费标准为基础，从仲裁费用的构成、计算方法入手，探讨了仲裁费用影响因素，并给出了控制仲裁过程费用的合理化建议。 Arbitration, as one of the main ways to resolve international commercial disputes, remains a popular choice for international engineering company. The arbitration fees will be an important evaluating indicator when the parties considering apply for arbitration. Expensive arbitration fees may restrict the healthy development of international commercial arbitration system. Based on the arbitration cost and fees under the arbitration rules of the 2017 edition of the International Chamber of Commerce, characteristics, composition and calculation method of the arbitration fees are showed in this paper firstly; then, its influencing factors are discussed. Reasonable suggestions for controlling the arbitration fees are given in the end of this paper.

Depuis l’adoption de l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit de l’arbitrage, les centres d’arbitrage se sont multipliés dans la zone OHADA. Même si tous ces centres ne sont pas au même niveau de développement, les acteurs économiques leur confient de plus en plus le règlement de leurs différends. Toutefois, la fermeture des aéroports, la limitation des déplacements, l’impossibilité de se réunir, conséquences de la crise sanitaire mondiale apparue en mars 2020, ont perturbé le fonctionnement des centres d’arbitrage du monde entier, y compris ceux situés dans la zone OHADA. En abolissant les distances et les contraintes de temps, les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) se sont révélées être des moyens efficaces de contournement des difficultés nées de la pandémie. En effet, les grands centres d’arbitrage en ont profité pour mettre en œuvre des solutions technologiques permettant de réduire l’impact de la crise sur les procédures arbitrales. Dans cet environnement hautement concurrentiel, la question de l’arbitrage en ligne dans les centres d’arbitrage de l’espace OHADA s’est alors de facto posée. La question de la place réservée aux TIC dans l’administration des procédures par ces centres et les moyens d’y développer l’arbitrage à distance est posée. Pour répondre à cette double interrogation, un état des lieux de l’arbitrage en ligne dans les centres d’arbitrage de la zone a été fait. Il en ressort que les règlements d’arbitrage des centres abordent le sujet de manière lacunaire. Bien plus, l’environnement économique et technologique dans lequel ils évoluent peut constituer un frein au recours aux TIC. La nécessité de compléter les règlements d’arbitrage sur des questions comme la cybersécurité, l’organisation des réunions virtuelles ou encore la signature électronique des documents est clairement apparue. Afin d’accélérer le développement de l’arbitrage en ligne, les centres d’arbitrage situés dans l’espace OHADA doivent aussi former leur personnel à l’usage des TIC, encourager les parties à signer des cyber-protocoles, et mettre à leur disposition des guides d’usage des TIC dans les procédures arbitrales. En pratique, la révolution numérique dans les centres d’arbitrage africains n’aura pas lieu sans les efforts combinés des centres, des parties et des arbitres. 22 ans après l’adoption de l’AUA, la compétitivité et la maturité des centres d’arbitrage de l’espace OHADA seront fonction de leurs capacités à intégrer les TIC dans leurs méthodes de travail.

الملخص: نهدف من خلال هذه الدراسة إلى محاولة تسليط الضوء على التحكيم الإلكتروني ودوره في تسوية منازعات الإستهلاك المبرمة عبر شبكة الأنترنت, بإعتباره طريقا بديلا عن الطرق القضائية العادية وما تتسم به من تعقيدات وعدم فعالية, وهذا بالنظر للأهمية الكبيرة والمكانة التي أصبح يحظى بها في الوقت الراهن, بما يوفره من مزايا عديدة تستجيب لمتطلبات التطور الحاصل في المعاملات الإلكترونية. Abstract: Through this study we aim to is to try to shed light on the electronic arbitration and its role in the settlement of consumer disputes concluded through the internet, as an alternative to ordinary judicial methods and the complexity and ineffectiveness, and this in view of the great importance and status it is now with many advantages that respond to the requirements of the evolution of electronic transactions.

La détermination de la loi applicable à la résolution des crises juridiques entre les parties est la première étape de l’activité juridictionnelle dans les cas où un élément d’extranéité est présent. Il s’agit d’une étape essentielle pour assurer la protection juridictionnelle. Tout arbitrage est, du point de vue du système juridique du droit national, étranger à celui-ci. L’arbitre est l’autorité juridictionnelle du système juridique autonome de droit transnational, un système qui est déconnecté du système national, dans lequel le juge étatique est l’autorité juridictionnelle naturelle. L’État a le pouvoir de décider de la part de souveraineté à laquelle il souhaite renoncer en faveur de l’arbitre. En matière d’arbitrage, l’étendue de l’autonomie de la volonté des parties est largement reconnue, tant dans ses dimensions procédurales que matérielles. Rares sont les cas où les parties prévoient expressément les droits qui régiront leurs arbitrages. Droits, au pluriel, non seulement en raison de la nature transnationale des arbitrages, mais aussi en raison de la spécificité des questions soumises à la protection des arbitres. Chaque question doit être régie par son propre droit, conformément à la technique de dépeçage. Les méthodologies de conflit de lois propres au système juridique national, de nature interne et publique, ne sont pas adaptées et ne doivent pas être transposées en matière d’arbitrage. La multitude de questions pouvant être discutées dans un arbitrage exige une délimitation de l’objet de cette étude. Celle-ci est ainsi exclusivement consacrée au droit applicable à l’arbitrage, en particulier aux droits applicables à la convention d’arbitrage, au procès arbitral et à la validité et l’efficacité de la sentence arbitrale, en suivant les étapes classiques d’une procédure arbitrale. L’analyse de la détermination du droit applicable dans l’arbitrage, c’est-à- dire au fond, est exclue. Les conclusions de cette étude partent toujours du principe que l’arbitre est une autorité juridictionnelle non soumise aux règles d’organisation judiciaire et hiérarchique du système national ; ses actes sont soumis à un contrôle minimum d’internalisation, par le biais de conversations systémiques.

The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provides a non-litigation settlement mechanism for the parties of logistics activities. The advantages of ADR are highlighted in logistics dispute resolution due to the characteristics of logistics dispute and the difficulties faced in the litigation procedure. In the dispute resolution process, ADR means a simple, cost-efficient, and convenient method for the parties involved to settle disputes quickly, flexibly, and friendly. With its legitimacy and rationality, ADR should be the preferred choice for the parties involved in logistics dispute resolution.

Les juridictions étatiques rétractent volontairement leur jurisdictio pour favoriser les Modes Alternatifs de Règlement des Conflits (MARC) - notamment la médiation et l'arbitrage - et tendent ainsi à devenir un mode subsidiaire de règlement des litiges.Les techniques juridiques qui fondent la rétractation de la jurisdictio des juridictions étatiques au profit des MARC ont pour particularité d'être de source prétorienne et issues de raisonnements construits sur un a priori systématiquement favorable aux MARC, a priori qui n’est pas uniquement le reflet d’un système économique mais résulte de multiples influences idéelles (philosophiques, religieuses, sociétales).De fait, la subsidiarité des juridictions étatiques entraîne la subsidiarité de la loi en tant que norme de règlement des litiges. Parallèlement, les normes a-légales retenues par les MARC acquièrent une autorité assise sur la satisfaction tant des parties qui en font l'expérience que des juges étatiques qui constatent que la rétractation de leur jurisdictio ouvre le passage du juste général au juste particulier.Ainsi, progressivement, les institutions privées de MARC acquièrent un pouvoir politique en émettant des normes qui influent à la fois sur les règles que retiennent les juridictions étatiques et sur la stratégie des parties dans la défense de leurs intérêts.Au-delà de leur tendance à rétracter leur jurisdictio à l'égard des conflits privés en laissant se développer sous leur contrôle les MARC et les normes a-légales pour les conflits entre particuliers, les juridictions étatiques, en ce début du XXIè siècle, redéployent toutefois leur jurisdictio en endossant, le cas échéant, un rôle politique de création de normes et de suppléant du législateur lorsque les conflits s'expriment sous forme d'affrontements de Grands Principes, notamment lorsque les règles légales sont insuffisantes pour répondre à l'évolution de la société. State courts voluntarily retract their jurisdictio to favour Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - notably mediation and arbitration - and are thus tending towards becoming a subsidiary means of dispute resolution.The legal techniques, on which the withdrawal of the jurisdictio of the State courts in favour of ADR is based, have the particularity of being of praetorian origin and the result of reasoning based on an a priori systematically favourable to ADR, an a priori that is not only the reflection of an economic system but the result of multiple "ideal" influences (philosophical, religious, societal). The subsidiarity of State jurisdictions leads de facto to the subsidiarity of the law as a standard for dispute settlement. In parallel, the non-legal standards adopted by ADR acquire an authority based on the satisfaction of both the parties to whom they are applied and the State judges who consider that the withdrawal of their jurisdictio opens the passage from what is just in general to what is just in particular. Thus, gradually, private ADR institutions are acquiring political power by issuing standards that influence both the rules adopted by State courts and the defense strategies of the parties.Beyond their tendency to retract their jurisdictio by allowing ADR and non-legal standards to develop under their control with regard to conflicts between private individuals, State courts, at the beginning of the 21st century, are nevertheless redeploying their jurisdictio by adopting, where appropriate, a political role as standard-setters and substitute legislators where conflicts take the form of confrontations between Great Principles, particularly where legal rules prove unable to respond to changes in society.

O tema desta pesquisa é a lei aplicável ao mérito da arbitragem trabalhista com elementos estrangeiros, tendo, como problema, a determinação das normas brasileiras de aplicação imediata. Considerando que o direito do trabalho tem uma normatividade híbrida, dependendo tanto da produção legislativa estatal quanto da atividade normativa dos sindicatos, a hipótese é: o padrão normativo de aplicação imediata, em matéria trabalhista, deve ter critério pluralista, integrando regulamentos públicos e privados, ou melhor, produzidos pelo Estado, pelo sindicato e pelas empresas, de modo que as normas de aplicação imediata se encontrariam no direito transnacional. A pesquisa se insere em debates muito recentes na Academia e na sociedade civil estrangeiras, que tem proposto cláusulas e regras modelos para arbitragem nas cadeias produtivas; por outro lado, temas específicos de direito do trabalho não têm encontrado ressonância na doutrina brasileira de DIP, o que reforça a justificativa e a pertinência da pesquisa. Nesse sentido, a contribuição à ciência brasileira pretende-se original na articulação do marco teórico utilizado, a análise econômica do direito, ainda pouco explorada nos estudos brasileiros de direito internacional, com o ambiente decisório especial da arbitragem. A pesquisa será bibliográfica, normativa, jurisprudencial e documental, com uso do método hipotéticodedutivo. Para tanto, a tese é dividida em cinco capítulos. O primeiro oferece um resgate histórico da ideia de arbitragem comercial, opondo-o à evolução do direito internacional do trabalho e identificando uma dificuldade apriorística de se aproveitarem os conceitos da primeira na aplicação do segundo, especialmente diante de tratados de direitos humanos. O segundo identifica, na doutrina e na jurisprudência trabalhistas, que essa incompatibilidade é processada com razões que parecem equivocadas, isto é, com o uso hiperbólico ou inadequado dos conceitos de publicização e de ordem pública. O terceiro, portanto, identifica a potencial conveniência do conceito de normas de aplicação imediata, supostamente protetivo do trabalhador, mas o questiona no contexto de uma análise econômica do direito internacional, isto é, verifica sua sustentação à luz dos incentivos institucionais à captura dos fins do direito pelos Estados, ainda que estes sejam partes de tratados de direitos humanos. Funda-se, assim, um ceticismo quanto à qualificação de preceitos da legislação trabalhista nacional como normas de aplicação imediata. Ciente dessa limitação, o quarto tenta identificar as normas nacionais que verdadeiramente se deveriam aplicar, de forma imediata, ao mérito de uma disputa trabalhista plurilocalizada, com atenção transcultural à Convenção 169 da OIT. Estabelecidos os parâmetros do direito brasileiro, o quinto revisita a doutrina de Georges Scelle, para compreender a arbitragem como desdobramento funcional do direito internacional do trabalho e nela indicar um caminho mais adequado: as normas de aplicação imediata se encontrariam diretamente no regime transnacional do direito do trabalho. Assim, além da justificativa econômica para o afastamento de normas de aplicação imediata, especificamente nacionais, destaca-se uma proposta jurídica de reaproveitamento operacional desse conceito. O capítulo final faz a distinção entre os tipos de arbitragem que se relacionam com o direito da OIT (normativa) e com o direito transnacional (positiva).

Si l’on définit l’arbitrage simplement comme un mode de règlement des différends administré par les particuliers non investis de leur mission par l’Etat. Il n’en demeure pas moins que ce mode de règlement des différends ne saurait évoluer seul. C’est ainsi que l’ordre public des procédures collectives et l’intervention du juge étatique impact tant l’arbitrage. Il a paru important de jauger leur impact sur l’arbitrage. L’analyse effectuée à travers une méthode exégétique des textes communautaires et internationaux a permis de constater que les procédures collectives et l’intervention du juge étatique sont facteurs de désordre dans l’arbitrage. Toutefois, il convient de relever une certaine survie de l’arbitrage face aux procédures collectives et à l’intervention du juge étatique.