Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Les lois mauricienne et malgache relatives à l’arbitrage international s’inspirent toutes deux de la Loi type de la CNUDCI. En dépit de cette source d’inspiration commune, ces deux pays présentent plusieurs aspects divergents. Ces divergences, liées à l’arbitrage international, se retrouvent, non seulement, au sein des caractéristiques législatives et juridictionnelles de chacun de ces États, mais également au sein des caractéristiques des institutions arbitrales promues par ces deux pays. International arbitration laws in Mauritius and Madagascar are both largely inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law. Despite this similar source of law, these countries have various differing aspects. In the field of international arbitration, discrepancies between these two States can be found, on one hand, in the legislative and jurisdictional features and, on the other hand, in the features of arbitration institutions showcased by these two countries.

As we have seen from the numerous high profile launch failures and accidents that have occurred between 2014 and 2016, space activities are still ultra-hazardous in nature, despite sixty-plus years of technological development. These activities range from essential to modern life (ex., telecommunications) to futuristic and forward thinking (ex., space tourism). In order for these activities to not only continue, but also develop and grow, this inherent risk must be managed.Further complicating the risk dynamic in outer space, States are required to take liability and responsibility for the activities of their nationals in space, including private entities and individuals. The reality of this relationship is that while States wish to promote the development of their domestic space industries, they will also usually require certain levels of insurance and indemnification to protect the State against potentially costly mishaps.With regard to outer space, political will is lacking at an international level to create new binding rules for activities in space. Likewise, States are reluctant to unilaterally impose stricter (even if ultimately beneficial) regulations on their entities for fear that their domestic industries will flee abroad to greener pastures, creating a regulatory prisoner's dilemma. These factors create a scenario where the major space insurers responsible for writing policies across national boundaries may be uniquely positioned to enforce or at least promote mechanisms to increase safety and sustainability in the commercial space industry. Increasing safety and sustainability in outer space may help to keep premium costs from growing out of control for these hazardous activities, as well. Thus, this thesis addresses three fundamental questions: 1)From a legal and policy perspective, is there a regulatory void that needs to be filled, at least temporarily?2)Are insurance companies in a position to be able to fill or partially fill that void?3)If so, how, and what actions can they undertake to improve their ability to execute that governance function?In answering these questions, this manuscript-based thesis explores the existing body of space law and common practices in space activities, including notable lacunae, and applies theories of "insurance as governance." This approach permits both analysis of the existing status of the industry and recommendations to increase the viability of space activities moving forward.

Abstract not available.

La thèse analyse en théorie du droit l’évolution de la procédure civile sous l’angle des enjeux de l’accès à la justice. Elle formule l’hypothèse d’un modèle de régulation sociale qui opère un renversement de la perspective moniste positiviste classique par l’intégration des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. La thèse répond à la question de recherche suivante : Quels fondements théoriques à l’évolution de la procédure civile pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice ? D’un point de vue méthodologique, la thèse opte pour une démarche théorique et documentaire. Elle emprunte aux principales Écoles de théories du droit, en particulier à l’École sociologique. Le cadre théorique s’appuie alors sur les théories du pluralisme juridique, des systèmes et du réseau. Ces théories irriguent la thèse tout entière et servent de grille analytique aux deux parties principales de celle-ci. Dans la première partie, la thèse délimite et précise le concept d’accès à la justice. En trois chapitres, cette première partie s’attèle méthodiquement à déconstruire les acceptions dominantes institutionnelles et restrictives du concept. Elle aboutit à l’élaboration d’une définition innovante à valeur théorique et pratique de l’accès à la justice. Dans la seconde partie, l’analyse porte sur l’évolution des paradigmes de la procédure civile. En trois chapitres, elle pose une critique du système dominant de règlement des conflits en général et de la procédure civile en particulier qui reposent sur le droit selon les principes de hiérarchie des normes. La thèse déconstruit cette vision, puis propose une théorie générale supportant la légitimité des modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Finalement, la recherche suggère une évolution de la procédure civile et soumet à cet effet un modèle de système de justice alternatif intégrant les modes extrajudiciaires de PRD. Le modèle de régulation proposé est non antinomique et complémentaire au modèle dominant. Le modèle de régulation sociale construit dans la thèse s’articule autour de trois paradigmes fondamentaux à savoir la décentralisation, la multipolarité et la complémentarité. La thèse constitue un compendium d’analyses et soumet un cadre de référence des paradigmes de base d’un système de justice renouvelé pour l’amélioration de l’accès à la justice.

Since deeper 'open-door' domestic reform in 1992, China has consistently maintained its position as the largest foreign direct investment (FDI) recipient among developing countries. In recent years China is going global as well. Accompanied with a large amount of outbound FDI, the level of debt is also increasing. Thus it is necessary for China to adopt a sustainable development policy and behave based on rules. China needs to work with the world to promote a rules-based investment climate. At a multilateral level, China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 and promised general and specific obligations on market entry and non-discrimination principles. Bilaterally, only after 2001, China has started negotiating preferential trade agreements (PTAs). The first part of the thesis analyses China’s legal obligations in investment agreements in pre- and post-WTO entry phases. Chapter 1 introduces China’s investment policy before 2001. Chapter 2 clarifies China’s commitments on non-discrimination principles under the WTO agreements, especially China’s Protocol of Accession. Chapter 3 compares Chinese BITs and PTAs with regard to investment principles. The second part of the thesis concerns interpretation on substantive and procedural provisions. Chapter 4 tries to answer the question of whether and how do tribunals consider jurisprudential concepts developed in the case law of the trade regime when resolving investment cases. Chapter 5 examines different remedies in trade and investment agreements. It is important for China to keep compliance with its commitments in international agreements, otherwise, it would face countermeasures which are highly costly. Also, China can implement competition rules in its domestic market for improving firms’ efficiency. Meanwhile, a balancing approach which emphasizes corporate social responsibility is equally important for China’s companies going global.

4054 Sayılı Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında Kanun'un uygulanması bakımından teşebbüs kavramının merkezi önemi haiz olması, ilk olarak teşebbüsün tespit edilmesini gerektirmektedir. Ancak kendiliğinden gelişmiş birtakım fiili durumlar ve yasal düzenlemeler, teşebbüsün tespit edilmesini giderek zorlaştırmaktadır. Teşebbüsün sınırlarını belirleme amacı taşıyan bu tespit rekabet hukukunda "ekonomik bütünlük" kavramıyla ifade edilmektedir. Fiili durumlar ve yasal düzenlemelerin sebep olduğu karmaşa dolayısıyla teşebbüsün tespit edilmesinde merkezi öneme sahip ekonomik bütünlük kavramının belirlenebilmesi noktasında uygulamada çeşitli zorluklar ile karşılaşıldığını söylemek mümkündür. RKHK bağlamında rekabet ihlaline yönelik işlemlere taraf teşkil eden unsurlar teşebbüsler olduğundan ilgili teşebbüslerin ve dolayısıyla bu teşebbüslerin sınırlarının belirlenmesi gerektiğinden, ekonomik bütünlük burada büyük öneme sahip bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmanın amacı ekonomik bütünlüğün ne şekilde tespit edileceği sorununun ele alınması ve çözüme yönelik öneriler sunulmasına yöneliktir. For the implementation of the Code on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, the fact that the concept of enterprise has a central importance requires that the enterprise be determined first. However, some spontaneously developed actual situations and legal regulations make it increasingly difficult to identify the enterprise. This determination, which aims to determine the boundaries of the enterprise, is expressed in the concept of "economic entity" in competition law. It is possible to say that various difficulties have been encountered in the practice of determining the concept of economic entity with the central presumption when the enterprise is identified due to the actual situation and the complexity caused by the legal regulations. In the context of the Code on the Protection of Competition No. 4054, the economic entity is a concept with great precaution here, since the elements that are the parties to the competition breach are enterprises, and the boundaries of the related undertakings and therefore of these undertakings must be specified. For this reason, the aim of the study is to examine the problem of how economic entity will be determined and to propose suggestions for solution.

Madagascar s’est doté d’un arsenal juridique cohérent et attractif relatif aux investissements. La panoplie de mesures est étoffée allant d’une loi spécifique sur les investissements (loi 2007-036 sur les investissements à Madagascar), à un cadre institutionnel tel que l’EDBM, et enfin des engagements internationaux (adhésion à la convention de Washington de 1965, ratification de plusieurs APPI (Accords pour la promotion et la protection réciproques des investissements) avec la France, le Benelux... À la lumière de cet arsenal en faveur des investissements, il est permis de dire que l’arbitrage, mode de règlement des différends pour les investissements, est placé au cœur d’une politique d’attraction et de sécurisation des investissements. Toutefois, la pratique malgache de l’arbitrage international tant commercial qu’en investissement révèle un certain nombre de dysfonctionnements et de défaillances qui impactent sur l’environnement des affaires. Madagascar has developed a coherent and attractive legal arsenal for investment. The range of measures was refined ranging from a specific investment law (Law 2007-036 on investments in Madagascar) to an institutional framework such as the EDBM, and international commitments (accession to the Washington convention of 1965, Ratification of several APPI [Agreements for the Promotion and reciprocal Protection of Investments] with France, the Benelux...). In the light of this arsenal in favor of investments, it can be said that arbitration, the method of settlement of Investment Disputes, is at the center of a policy of attracting and securing investments. However, the malagasy practice of international arbitration, either for commercial or investment arbitration reveals a number of dysfunctions and failures, impacting significantly the investment climate.

La faute nautique est l’acte ou négligence du capitaine, marin, pilote, ou préposé du transporteur de marchandises dans la navigation ou dans l’administration du navire. Il s’agit d’un cas excepté, c’est-à-dire qu’elle est de nature à exonérer le transporteur de la responsabilité afférente aux pertes ou dommages à la marchandise, vis-à-vis de l’ayant-droits : chargeur, destinataire ou assureur subrogé. Le présent mémoire s’attache à faire le constat suivant : autour du globe, l’approche qui en est faite par le droit – ensembles législation, doctrine, et jurisprudence – est très étroite. Aussi bien le domaine que les effets de l’exonération pour faute nautique sont ainsi restreints ; les deux étant amoindris par la preuve d’un manquement du transporteur maritime - la faute dans les soins devant être apportés à la cargaison, ou la faute dans la mise en état de navigabilité du navire. L’abordage à faute commune ainsi que l’institution de l’avarie commune peuvent néanmoins générer des situations où l’on constate que la faute nautique joue pleinement. Si l’évolution actuelle du droit maritime semble devoir écarter la faute nautique, comme l’en atteste l’adoption récente des Règles de Hambourg, puis des Règles de Rotterdam, il reste que le cas excepté peut aujourd’hui être invoqué dans la plupart des transports, étant donné la large application de la Convention de Bruxelles du 25 août 1924. Aussi, cette spécificité de la matière maritime mérite certainement une plus grande considération, et l’auteur plaide en ce sens pour une approche moderne et plus cohérente de l’exonération pour faute nautique.

Die vorliegende Arbeit steht im Kontext der Regionalisierung im Internationalen Strafrecht. Sie untersucht die Faktoren, die der entsprechenden Entwicklung des afrikanischen internationalen Strafrechts unter der Ägide der Afrikanischen Union (AU) zugrunde liegen und beleuchtet die Inhalte dieser sich entwickelnden Disziplin. Primäres Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die theoretischen und praktischen Grundlagen für die Entwicklung eines tragfähigen Systems afrikanischer Strafjustiz zu untersuchen, das in der Lage sein soll, mit Verbrechen gegen den Frieden und die Sicherheit in Afrika umzugehen, die die öffentliche Ordnung des Kontinents bedrohen. Im Weiteren entwickelt die Arbeit das Verhältnis des regionalen, afrikanischen Strafrechts zu dem globalen System des internationalen Strafrechts, in dessen Mittelpunkt der Internationale Strafgerichtshof (IStGH) und der Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen stehen. Die Kombination der Analysen dieser verschiedenen Bereiche führt die Arbeit zu drei zentralen Schlussfolgerungen: Erstens ist die Entwicklung eines afrikanischen internationalen Strafrechts nicht nur eine Konsequenz der aktuellen Krise des internationalen Strafrechts. Sie ist ebenso und zuvorderst das Ergebnis einer Politik der Eigenständigkeit der AU und ihrer Mitgliedsstaaten. Diese zielt darauf ab, die regionale öffentliche Ordnung durch regionale Institutionen und strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit zu schützen. Die zweite Schlussfolgerung lautet, dass die AU ein System regional- afrikanischer Strafjustiz vorantreibt, das auf drei optionalen Modellen aufbaut: Der Delegation von Rechtsprechungsbefugnissen an Mitgliedsstaaten, der Errichtung hybrider Gerichte mit regionalen RichterInnen sowie dem Aufbau eines regionalen Strafgerichtshofs. Zusammen mit solchen Straftatbeständen der Verbrechen gegen den Frieden und die Sicherheit, die den Kontinent spezifisch betreffen, bilden diese Modelle den Kern des afrikanischen internationalen Strafrechts. Allerdings bleiben Tragfähigkeit und Effizienz des Systems problematisch. Es steht vor einer Vielzahl an Herausforderungen, etwa der Ratifikation des Malabo-Protokolls von 2014, das einen „Strafgerichtshof der AU“ errichten soll, der Förderung justizieller Kooperation der Staaten oder der Sicherung einer stabilen Finanzierung des Gerichts. Die dritte Schlussfolgerung lautet, dass ein afrikanisches internationales Strafrecht kein Ersatz für das allgemeine internationale Strafrecht ist. Es geht um die Koexistenz von Normen und Institutionen und eine koordinierte Beziehung, um Kollisionen und Ineffizienzen zu vermeiden. Die Arbeit diskutiert drei verschiedener Ansätze für stabile Beziehungen zwischen dem afrikanisch-regionalen und dem internationalen Strafrecht: Das hierarchische Modell, den kooperativen Ansatz und die Regionalisierung des IStGH in Verbindung mit dem Prinzip der regionalen Territorialität.

LL.D. (International Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract.

The industry of oil and gas is not peculiar to question anymore, inferable from the global condition as well as its various dimensions. While trying to complete an agreement procedure, it would barely be clear to expect the thing that could happen in the emergence of a debate. Hazard moving and fragmented contracting lie at the heart of the organization relationship innate in the obtainment and financing of extensive scale undertakings, such as power plants, oil and gas pipelines, and condensed natural gas facilities. An examination of gas bonds gives exact proof of the hazard moving results of legally binding inadequacy. This thesis is a basic examination of the discipline we call the law of oil and gas. A number of the imperfections connected with this "specific" status. Jurisprudential with its "uncommon" status. Jurisprudential imperfections have created as courts leave from essential contract, property, or tort law in quest for natural resources ideas. The marvel isn’t restricted to natural resources law but instead can occur in any "law of" setting. This article delineates the issues connected with oil and gas law by dissecting legal ways to deal with perceiving and applying "inferred agreements" under the oil and gas rent. By contrasting the experience and results under the oil and gas lead to the result under an agreement law investigation, it is conceivable to assess whether a specific "oil and gas" govern is vital or prudent. In the past quarter-century, huge changes have happened in the ways legal advisors approach strife. There have been uncommon endeavors to create systems went for more proficient, not so much expensive, but rather more fulfilling determination of contention, including more broad and suitable utilization of intercession and other " alternative dispute resolution " (ADR) approaches. This review analyzes what is known and not considered about the development and effect of ADR in government and state courts, in the business division, and in work and shopper settings. The investigation inspects the relationship amongst ADR and court trial, additionally underlines the more extensive employments of and method of reasoning for intercession and different process decisions. This study concentrates on the oil and gas contract with question by ADR.

Son yıllarda, uluslararası ticaret hukukundaki gelişmelerle birlikte sınır aşan şirket birleşmeleri de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Şirketler bakımından yabancı bir şirketle birleşmenin getirdiği pek çok avantaj yanında, çeşitli zorluklar da mevcuttur. Bu zorluklardan en önemlilerinden bir tanesini de sınır aşan birleşmelere uygulanacak hukukun tespiti oluşturmaktadır. AB hukukunda, sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine ilişkin düzenlemeler öngörülerek üye devletler arasındaki uygulamanın yeknesaklaştırılması adına 2005/56/EC sayılı Direktif kabul edilmiştir. Türk hukuku bakımından ise, sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerinin önemine vurgu yapılmakla birlikte bu hususta henüz bir düzenleme getirilmiş değildir. Çalışmada, AB hukukunda bu hususta öngörülen düzenlemeler de değerlendirilmek suretiyle, Türk hukukunda sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukukun tespiti üzerinde durulmuştur. Sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin görüşler de değerlendirilerek, AB hukuku ile de uyum sağlamak adına, Türk hukukunda her bir birleşme işlemi için uygulanacak hukuk değerlendirilmiş ve sınır aşan şirket birleşmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin düzenleme önerisinde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınır aşan birleşme, uygulanacak hukuk, şirket birleşmeleri, 2005/56/EC, AB hukuku. With the recent developments in international commercial law, cross-border mergers have been developed during the last few decades. Besides the advantages of merging with a company from a different country, there are also some difficulties especially about determining the applicable law. In European Union, Directive 2005/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on cross-border mergers of limited liability companies has been accepted to regulate this issue and harmonise the rules of substantive law of the member states. In Turkish law, despite the emphasize on the significance of the cross-border mergers at the preamble of Turkish Commercial Code, currently there is no codification about cross-border mergers. This study attempts to make a discussion about the applicable law to cross-border mergers from the perspective of Turkish law and a comparison between the regulations of European Union law and Turkish law. Yet, taking into consideration the EU-Turkey relations and the developments about the adaption of Turkish law to European Union law, the harmonization of rules about cross-border mergers must be inevitable. As the applicable law to cross-border mergers is topical and important subject for Turkish law, the study will also deal with the legislation proposal in accordance with European Union law. Key Words: merger, cross-border merger, applicable law, 2005/56/EC, EU law.

LL.M. (International Commercial Law) Please refer to full text to view abstract

In publicly held companies where the shareholdership is differentiated from the control and the management of the company, the dispersed shareholding structure prevents the active involvement of the shareholders in the company management while the directors have the opportunity to act in their personal interests. The aforementioned conflict of interest between the shareholders and the directors in the management of the publicly held companies which has been identified as "Principle-Agent Problem" in economic literature has had substantial effect in modern company law. Accordingly, considerable work in the company law has been dedicated to the legal strategies developed to decrease the cost of monitoring directors for shareholders. One of the main corporate governance strategies that is developed to deal with the "Principle-Agent Problem" focuses on increasing the number and the effectiveness of the directors who are not involved in the managing activities of the company. The main principle of this legal strategy is the designing the structure of the board of directors on the basis of team spirit and mutual accountability. In that sense, non-management directors conduct their duties as directors without having management tasks in the company. As these directors work on a part time basis they are not fully depended to the company and in principle they receive symbolic amounts of remuneration. Under this incentive strategy it is accepted that the esteem and reputation that the non-management directors preserve in eye of the public are the main incentives that motivate them to monitor the managing directors. The corporate governance principles are designed as alternative to the rule based regulation approach in company law. The non-management directorship which is introduced as a corporate governance concept for solving the problem of conflict of interest between the shareholders and the directors is the focus area of this thesis. The thesis consists of five parts. In the first part of this study, the concept of corporate governance which is the source of non-management director concept and the conflict of intererest problem between the shareholders and the directors regarding the management of the publicly held companies have been introduced. In this regard, "Centralised Management" and "Principle-Agent Problem" are explained. Finally, based on the "Principle-Agent Problem" the legal theories that are developed to increase the effectiveness of the board of directors, the categorisation of those strategies that has been introduced and place of the non-management directors among those strategies are clarified. In the second part the emergence of the concept of non-management directorship system and the development of the mechanisms for increasing director independence are described and different forms of non-management directors in one-tier board structures are analysed. On this subject the legal designing of the concepts of independent and disinterested directorship which is developed in American law and non-executive directorship which is introduced in the British Law is analysed. In the third part, the concept of the supervisory directorship which corresponds to the non-management directorship in two-tier board system is examined. Forth part of the thesis focuses on the comparison of one-tier and two-tier board structures in application of the non-management directorship concept. Within this scope, it has been analysed whether there is a convergence in the functions of non-management directors in terms of supervision, strategy development and networking in the two types of board systems. Related to this analysis, the effectiveness of the non-management directors in one-tier and two-tier board systems and the role of the institutional investor regarding this effectiveness is evaluated. In recent years, depending on the inclination of convergence in different law systems, there has been an alignment effort in the European Union to have a single set of rules regarding the non-management directors. In this respect as a final focus point, in this part, the regulations of the European Union regarding the non-management directors are examined. The fifth part is dedicated to legal design of the independent directorship which is regulated under the non-management directorship concept in the Turkish law. Turkish Commercial Code is the general code that regulates all joint stock corporations including the publicly held ones. Therefore in order to explain the effects of Anglo-American approach on the administrative organ, the approach of the Turkish Commercial Code regarding the structure and functioning of the board of directors which are based on corporate governance principles are explained. Following that general introduction, the system change regarding the corporate governance principles in Turkey which consists of application of mandatory rules rather than "Comply or Explain" approach that is applicable to independent directors is explained. After that the independence criteria which are set for the independent directors under the capital market regulations for publicly held joint stock corporations and the role of independent directors in decision making mechanism are analysed. Finally, the structure and functioning of the board committees are evaluated by examining the functions of the independent board members.

Vergi hukuku kurum ve işlemlerini iktisadi hayatın işleyişi üzerine kurmuştur. İktisadi hayat ise ticaret hukuku, borçlar hukuku ve medeni hukuk gibi özel hukuk kurallarının denetimindedir. Bu durumun doğal bir sonucu olarak da vergi hukuku vergiyi doğuran olayları tanımlarken özel hukukun kurum ve kavramlarından faydalanmaktadır. Hukuki işlemlerin en önemlilerinden biri olan özel hukuk sözleşmeleri de vergilendirmenin sebep unsurunu oluşturabilmektedir. Çalışmamızda vergi hukukunun özel hukuk ile ilişkisi açıklanmış ve özel hukuk sözleşmelerinin vergi hukukundaki geçerlilikleri literatürdeki farklı görüşlere, yargı kararlarına ve İdare'nin görüşlerine yer verilerek araştırılmıştır. Özel hukuk sözleşmeleri ile ortaya çıkartılabilen sayısız durumda her iki hukuk dalının aynı olaya farklı bakış açıları mükellefler ve İdare'nin sıklıkla karşı karşıya gelmesine sebep olmaktadır. Vergiyi doğuran olayın sözleşmelerle ortaya çıkması halinde adil bir vergilendirme bu sözleşmelerin hukuki nitelendirmelerinin doğru yapılmasıyla mümkün olmaktadır. Ayrıca vergi hukukunun özel hukuk kavramlarına atfettiği anlamlar verginin yasallığı ilkesi çerçevesinde kanunlarla şekillenmelidir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Vergi Hukuku, Özel Hukuk Sözleşmeleri, Verginin Yasallığı. Tax law establishes its institutes and procedures as based on the operation of the financial life. Financial life is under the control of the rules of the private laws such as trade law, obligations law and civil law. As a natural consequence of this, when tax law defines the events that give rise to tax, it also benefits from the institutions and concepts of the private law. Private law contracts, which are among the most important legal procedures, may also result in taxation. In our study, the relation of the tax law with private law is explained and the validity of the private law contracts in tax law is examined by inclusion of different opinions in the literature, judicial decisions and the opinions of the Administration. The different points of views of both branches of law about the same event in countless number of cases, which occur as a result of private law contracts, cause the tax payers come up against the Administration frequently. If the event giving rise to taxation is a result of the contracts, then a fair taxation is possible through correct legal identification of such contracts. Moreover, the meanings referred by the tax law to the private law concepts should be shaped by the laws within the frame of the principle of the legality of tax Keywords : Tax Law, Private Law Contracts, Legality of Tax