Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Plus de deux siècles après leur adoption (1804-2018), les dispositions jugées vétustes du Code civil français portant sur le droit commun du contrat ont enfin été reformées, au nom de la doctrine de l’attractivité et de l’efficacité économique, dans un contexte politique d’européanisation du droit des contrats et de concurrence accrue du droit anglais en matière de commerce international. D’un regard panoramique, la présente analyse, dans une perspective comparative avec le droit civil québécois, livre un aperçu en profondeur des principales innovations enregistrées dans le nouveau droit français du contrat à la fois de rupture et de continuité. Il en ressort que le législateur français a privilégié une codification à droit constant, par consécration des positions de la jurisprudence et de la doctrine antérieures, avec cependant quelques mutations majeures telles que la suppression de la cause et l’admission de la révision du contrat pour imprévision. More than 2 centuries after their adoption (1804-2018), the outdated provisions of the French Civil Code on the law of contracts were finally reformed in the name of attractivity and economic efficiency within a political context of Europeanization of the contract law and the competition of English law in international trade. From a panoramic perspective, this paper, in a comparative perspective with Quebec civil law of contracts, provides an in-depth overview of the main innovations recorded in the new French law of contracts. It appears that the French legislature has favored a codification à droit constant by a consecration of the anterior positions of the judges and doctrine but with some major changes such as the suppression of the cause and the admission of the theory of unpredictability.

The world of work has changed and this includes its fundamental design, purpose and coverage of employment. Work in the informal economy has increased and in many developing and middle income countries, work in the informal economy is the norm. In South Africa as well as in other developing countries informal economy workers do not enjoy sufficient protection in terms of labour and social protection measures. These workers are not recognised, regulated or protected by labour legislation or social protection measures and can be characterised by varying degrees of dependency and vulnerability. In countries where the informal economy is increasingly creating a parallel economic world to that of the formal economy, the extension of protection by facilitating the ability of these workers to bargain collectively and the role of national and local governments become increasingly important. Women workers in the informal economy are particularly vulnerable and face discrimination on multiple grounds and levels as gender inequalities in the informal economy cut across race and class lines. Linkages between informality, gender and poverty exists, namely: the poor are more likely to work in the informal economy; more poor women than non-poor women work in the informal economy and that there is a gender gap in earnings in the informal economy as women were earning less than their male counterparts and were less likely to be organised and have social protection. It is of the utmost importance that labour and social legislation accommodates and extends protection to informal economy workers. The larger the informal economy becomes, the greater the need becomes for social and labour protection. It will be impossible to provide these workers with the protection they deserve without legislative intervention. Furthermore, this intervention must be innovative and tailor-made to successfully extend labour and social protection to informal economy workers. When considering the protection of these workers it is also of importance to explore the design and implementation of innovative and tailor-made solutions, considering for example the nature of their work and their workplace. The focus of this study is specifically on distinctive vulnerable categories of women workers in the informal economy who are without adequate labour and social protection. These categories are domestic workers, informal traders and waste pickers. It is important to consider lessons learnt in other jurisdictions to adequately address the challenges in the informal economy. This study considers interventions in two leading developing jurisdictions, namely India and Brazil. Both these countries have a high prevalence of informal workers with inadequate labour and social protection. Labour law must thus meet the challenges posed by the realities of new forms of work. The important function of labour law to protect and promote the human dignity of workers will often result in a cross-over of various subsystems of the law. If we consider human dignity as an important component of labour law, then we need to consider an interdisciplinary approach and the promotion of such an approach. This approach will mean that labour law can no longer function in isolation and other branches of the law, such as social security law, corporate law, human rights and family law will increasingly have an impact on the human dignity of workers. When considering the future of labour law and specifically in relation to the labour and social protection of women in the informal economy, it is vital that the new framework is intrinsically linked to concepts such as democracy, social justice, freedom, and human rights. International and regional institutions are playing an increasingly important role in the empowerment of women, the promotion of equality and decent work for all women. This study identifies and critically considers the relevant international institutions and instruments, the impact of international standards, regional institutions and regional labour standards, particularly those of the African Union (AU) and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), and other global initiatives directed at the social and labour protection of women workers in the informal economy. The South African position with reference to domestic workers appears to provide an adequate regulatory framework in respect of the regulation of these workers; however, in practice there are various challenges, including the enforcement of the legislative provisions and a disregard for the notion of substantive equality. Although domestic workers enjoy some protection, waste pickers and informal traders as own-account workers without a distinctive employee-employer relationship are excluded from most labour and social protection measures and innovative and tailor-made solutions are required. The regulation of waste pickers and informal traders in South Africa is fragmented and lacks comprehensive and uniform legislation is absent. Voice and representation is of paramount importance to these women to ensure decent work. Enabling frameworks must be established to promote this. One of the most important objectives of organisation for women workers is to promote the recognition of these women and given their vulnerabilities experienced on various levels, this recognition must be wide and include recognition as workers, citizens and members of society that must be afforded human dignity on all levels. The position of the three categories of women workers was also considered in two jurisdictions, namely India and Brazil to distil best practices with reference to these workers. The research question of this study is: How can labour law and social protection measures provide vulnerable women workers in the informal economy with the appropriate protection to ultimately give effect to decent work? The main inquiry of this thesis, therefore, is to explore the issue of extending labour and social protection to these workers through the extension of existing labour and social security rights; including, where necessary, the design and implementation of innovative and tailor-made solutions.

Les difficultés liées à la gestion active de patrimoines complexes et le risque d’insolvabilité élevé en cas d’octroi de crédit par les établissements a conduit le législateur ivoirien à légiférer en matière de fiducie. En tant que contrat nommé, la fiducie est avantageuse tant en matière de gestion active de patrimoines complexes qu’en matière de gestion individualisé et spécifique de certains actifs ou passifs. En effet, une fiducie spécialisée dans le domaine de la création, la gestion et au financement des parcs nationaux et des réserves naturelles existe en droit ivoirien et a fait l’objet d’une analyse approfondie. Finalement, que ce soit le contrat de fiducie, l’agent des sûretés ou le transfert fiduciaire de somme d’argent, tous concourent à sécuriser des opérations de financement tout en garantissant le remboursement des créances.

Menée sur une période de deux semaines, dans les localités de Grand-Lahou, Irobo, Dabou, Jacqueville, Songon, Sikensi, Elibou, Tiassalé, Agboville, Akoupé, Adzopé, Yakassé Att obrou, Aff éry, Bonoua, Bassam, Abidjan, Aboisso, Anyama, Bouaké, Yamoussoukro, Djébonoua, Mankono, Korhogo, Boundiali, Vavoua et Odienné, la présente étude vise à amener les sociétés coopératives à s’approprier les principes de bonne gouvernance dans leur quête de fi nancements.

This research sought to establish whether the general acceptance that the common construction and engineering contracts as falling within the classification of the locatio conductio under South African law is correct. As the classification of a contract attracts specific essentialia and naturalia, and then too certain implied terms one example of an implied term that would have practical relevance is specifically investigated: The warranty against latent defects. Through this example I seek to demonstrate the relevance and importance of establishing what the classification of these contracts is, and its ensuing essentialia and naturalia. The investigation commenced by firstly considering the classification of the common building, construction and engineering contracts, with reference to the South African publications of JBCC and GCC, as well as the internationally published FIDIC Silver Book, FIDIC Yellow Book, and FIDIC Red Book, as well as the NEC ECC Option A and Option B. With alternate dispute resolution mechanisms, such as adjudication and arbitration, resulting in limited publications by way of case law and academic writing on the subject (specifically in South Africa), English law and German law were also consulted. It was established that, unfortunately, the classification of the common building, construction and engineering contracts under South African law is problematic: It does not fit the ordinary and previously accepted classifications, specifically that of the locatio conductio. This makes it questionable whether the warranty against latent defects could be, and should be, implied into any one of these contracts. The recommendation, accordingly, is that it is crucial for the construction and engineering industry to carefully consider and develop the true and relevant essentialia and naturalia applicable to these contracts. Only then will there be certainly as to what may be implied into these contracts, and what will not so be implied. Until this is achieved, the parties to these contracts, in order to have certainty, must deal with aspects such as the warranty against latent defects by way of an explicit written term in the particular contract.

Anonim şirketlerde pay ve oy çoğunluğunu elinde bulunduranlar bir araya geldikleri zaman, hâkimiyeti elinde bulundurdukları için şirket yönetimini etkileyecek kararları alarak, kendi kararları doğrultusunda şirketi yönlendirebilirler. Çoğunluğu elinde tutanların gücü karşısında azlık ve münferit pay sahiplerinin korunması, onlara bazı bireysel haklar tanınması ile sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamızın konusu Anonim Ortaklıklar Hukuku'nda Özel Denetim'dir. TTK'nin "pay sahibinin kişisel haklarıˮ ana başlığı ve V. numaralı özel denetim isteme hakkı alt başlığı altında TTK m.438 ve 444' da düzenlenen özel denetim isteme hakkı, anonim ortaklıkta önemli bir bireysel ortaklık ve azlık haklarından birisini oluşturmaktadır. Aydınlatıcı haklar olarak adlandırılan bilgi alma ve inceleme hakkı ile özel denetim isteme hakları; şirketin faaliyetleri, işlemleri, ekonomik durumu hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmayan pay sahiplerinin, bu haklarını kullanarak daha bilinçli olmalarını sağlarlar. Bu iki hak, hem önleyici hem de telafi edici niteliktedir. According to Article 438, CO Art.697a, any shareholder may introduce a motion at the general meeting of shareholders calling for certain facts to be subject to a special examination by a special and independent searcher. The special examination has to be necessary for the exercising of the shareholders' rights. If the shareholders' meeting approves the motion, the judge (called upon by the Company or by shareholder) appoints the special searcher. If the general meeting does not approve the motion calling for the appointment of the appointment of the special searcher, shareholders who represent at least ten percent of the share capital or who represent shares with par value of one million Turkish Lira may request the judge to appoint a special searcher. The shareholders are legally entitled to the appointment of a special searcher if they credibly establish that corporate bodies have violated the law or the articles of incorporation and have thereby damaged company or shareholders. Special examination has a pre-condition for requesting, as per article TTK m.438, in order for a shareholder to request a special examination, that shareholder or any shareholder of the company should have duly consumed its right to information and examination. This is pre- condition for requesting the special examination

Lorsqu’un débiteur non commerçant ne peut faire face à ses engagements, il est dans l’état de déconfiture, alors que s’il est commerçant, sont applicable des procédures collectives prévues par le droit commercial. Les difficultés de l’entreprise peuvent être traitées soit par la prévention et le traitement non judiciaire, comme la prévention par l’information économique et la prévention par l’information comptable et la prévention par l’alerte des dirigeants et le traitement administratif et conventionnel, soit par le traitement judiciaire, qui englobe la procédure de sauvegarde et le règlement et redressement judiciaires d’une part, et la faillite et la liquidation judiciaire d’autre part. When a non-trading debtor can not meet his obligations, he is in a state of collapse, whereas if he is a merchant, collective procedures provided for by commercial law are applicable. The difficulties of the company can be treated either by the prevention and the non-judicial treatment, as the prevention by the economic information and the prevention by the accounting information and the prevention by the alert of the leaders and the administrative and conventional treatment or by judicial treatment, which includes the procedure of safeguard and settlement and judicial reorganization on one hand, and bankruptcy and judicial liquidation on the other hand. عندما يتعذر على المدين الغير تاجر الوفاء بتعهداته، يكون في حالة إعسار في حين أنه إذا كان تاجرا، فتطبق الإجراءات الجماعية المنصوص عليها في القانون التجاري. ويمكن معالجة الصعوبات التي تواجهها الشركة إما بالوقاية والمعالجة غير القضائية، مثل الوقاية عن طريق المعلومات الاقتصادية والوقاية بواسطة المعلومات المحاسبية والوقاية عن طريق تنبيه المسيرين والمعالجة الإدارية والاتااقية أو المعالجة القضائية، التي تشمل إجراءات الانقاذ والتسوية والتقويم القضائي من جهة، والإفلاس والتصاية القضائية من جهة أخرى

This doctoral thesis examines liability for discrimination under Swedish private law. According to chapter 5, section 1 of the Swedish Discrimination Act (diskrimineringslagen) compensation shall be paid by natural or legal persons who violate the prohibitions of discrimination that are established in the act. The purpose of the compensation is not only to compensate the person discriminated against for the violation of the right to equal treatment, but also to prevent further discrimination. The thesis examines two main questions: (i) what preconditions need to be fulfilled in order to establish liability for discrimination? and (ii) what circumstances affect the amount of compensation? An overarching aim of the thesis is to create an understanding of the characteristic problems and questions that occur when handling discrimination-related questions in a private law context. Consideration is taken to the EU law background and the aim, articulated in EU directives, to achieve effective, proportionate and dissuasive remedies for breaches of the principle of equal treatment. The research focuses on the prohibitions applicable in the working life and regarding goods, services and housing. It includes detailed analyses of the prohibitions against direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, inadequate accessibility, harassment and sexual harassment. The analyses deal with questions concerning the subjective motives of the discriminating party, problematic aspects considering the burden of proof as well as the exceptions from the prohibitions. Circumstances affecting the amount of compensation are analysed considering the character of the discriminating behaviour and its effects. Certain aspects attributable to the preventive function of the damages are examined, as well as how they have been decisive in the court judgements.

Insurance fraud is a major issue in the insurance industry. Insurance companies around the world are all facing significant losses due to the prevalence of fraudulent claims. These fraudulent claims and subsequent losses suffered by insurers inevitably lead to a dilution of the insurance pool and result in other policyholders bearing the brunt of these losses. The inevitable solution for insurers is to hike the premiums for all other policyholders in order to compensate for their losses caused by fraudulent claims. Insurance fraud is an international problem and it is common for insurers in most jurisdictions to use forfeiture clauses. These clauses aim to protect the insurer by stating that if the policyholder should submit any type pf fraudulent claim, the policyholder will forfeit the entire claim. There has been much controversy around the validity and fairness of these clauses. This thesis seeks to provide an overview of the prevalence of fraudulent insurance claims in South Africa, England, Australia and New Zealand. Moreover, it will consider the fairness of forfeiture clauses in light of the fundamental movement towards policyholder protection in recent years both in South Africa and in those jurisdictions that form part of the comparative study. The thesis concludes that forfeiture clauses form an indispensable part of short-term insurance contracts and are justifiable and therefore lawful. It is, however, submitted that insurance companies have a duty to disclose the nature and extent of forfeiture clauses at the inception of the policy and again at claim stage. By using so-called staggered disclosure, insurers provide policyholders with the opportunity to consider their claim and the means with which to prove it in order to avoid instituting a fraudulent claim. The thesis recommends that these rules pertaining to staggered disclosure should form part of the 2018 Policyholder Protection Rules, together with a statutory definition of insurance fraud.

The use of conduit company treaty shopping structures is often regarded as an impermissible erosion of a country’s tax base. For a developing country, such as South Africa, the protection of its tax base is an important policy consideration. Arguably, one way of combatting conduit company treaty shopping structures is by including in a country’s double taxation agreements the beneficial ownership requirement set out in Article 10(2) of the OECD MTC. The study examines how a South African court would interpret this requirement in provisions in South African double taxation agreements in the context of conduit company treaty shopping involving conduit companies receiving dividends. The study firstly considers whether the beneficial ownership requirement can be regarded as an anti-avoidance rule aimed at combatting conduit company treaty shopping falling outside agents and nominee scenarios. It further considers whether the term “beneficial owner” should have a legal or economic meaning. It explores the meanings given to this term by scholars and foreign courts and the OECD in its Commentaries to the OECD MTC. The study also considers the application of the rules of interpretation contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties when giving meaning to this term. Lastly, the study considers whether the term should have the meaning assigned to it under the domestic law of a treaty country, or under international tax law. As part of this enquiry, the meanings of the expression “beneficial owner” in South African case law and legislation are explored.