Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Ce mémoire de recherche porte sur l’observation de la mise en place d’un principes supérieur commun qui permet à une société coopérative d’avoir une existence propre en dépassant la somme des intérêts individuels. Cette existence propre permet l’expression d’une organisation autogérée. Pour réaliser cette observation, le cadre des « économies de la grandeur » développé par Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot permet à travers les grilles d’analyse proposée dans leur ouvrage sur « De la justification » de définir dans quels principes supérieur communs se construisent les accords permettant l’expérimentation de cette organisation autogérée. Cette observation à été faite au sein d’une SCOP qui se réclame de cette forme d’organisation et la méthodologie employée est une analyse de discours. Cette observation permet de confirmer que le principe de la volonté collective attaché au modèle de la cité civique est le principe supérieur commun qui anime ce projet collectif autogéré.

Anonim şirketler hukukunda alacaklılar, şirketlerin dış finansman kaynaklarının merkezini oluşturmakta ve bu nedenle de son derece önemli bir menfaat grubunu teşkil etmektedirler. Bu durum şirket alacaklılarının çıkarlarının etkin bir biçimde gözetilmesi ve korunmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Zira alacaklıların alacaklarına kavuşabilmeleri için müracaat edebilecekleri tek kaynak şirketin malvarlığıdır. Dolayısıyla anonim şirketin mali durumunun bozulması sonucu malvarlığının kayba uğraması veya uğrama tehlikesi altında olması, alacaklıların menfaatlerini zedeleyici niteliktedir. Bu durum mali durumu bozulan anonim şirketlerde, alacaklıların menfaatlerinin gözetilmesini ve özellikle de öncül (ex-ante) koruma imkânlarıyla bu risk gerçekleşmeden önce bu konuda tedbirler alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Kurumsal yönetim anlayışı, anonim şirketlerde menfaat grupları arasındaki çıkar çatışmalarının en iyi, en adil şekilde dengelenmesini hedeflemektedir. Bu itibarla bu tez çalışmasında söz konusu menfaat çatışmaları özelinde kurumsal yönetimin şeffaflık, adillik, hesap verilebilirlik ve sorumluluk ilkeleri çerçevesinde bir menfaat grubu olarak şirket alacaklılarının menfaatlerinin, mali durumu bozulan veya bozulma tehlikesi altında olan anonim şirketlerde nasıl gözetilmesi ve korunması gerektiği hususunda bir bakış açısı sunulması hedeflenmektedir. Bu bakış açısından hareketle sermaye kaybı yaşayan, borca batık hale gelen anonim şirketlerin mali durumlarının iyileştirilmesi maksadıyla sermayenin korunması esası benimsenerek öngörülen TTK m.376 hükmü ile bu hükmün uygulanmasına ilişkin Tebliğ kapsamında öngörülen düzenlemelerin, alacaklıların menfaatlerinin korunması bakımından etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca ilgili hükümlerin, şirketlerin mali yapılarının güçlendirilmesi bakımından yeterlilikleri ve yerindelikleri, karşılaştırmalı hukuk düzenlemeleri de göz önünde bulundurularak eleştirel bir bakış açıyla ayrıntılı şekilde incelenmektedir. [...] Creditors are the key to external financing sources for companies under the statute of joint stock companies, and hence represent an important figure interest group. This situation needs the effective supervision and protection of the company's creditors' interests. This is because the company's assets are the only source to which creditors can turn to acquire receivables. Hence, the loss or threatened loss of the joint stock company's assets because of its worsening financial situation is detrimental to the creditors' interests. This circumstance necessitates that the interests of the creditors of companies with a worsening financial situation be considered and that steps be taken in this respect prior to the realization of this danger, particularly with ex-ante protection opportunities. The corporate governance method strives to achieve the most equitable resolution of conflicts of interest between interest groups in joint stock companies. This thesis aims to provide a perspective on how the interests of company creditors, as an interest group, should be observed and protected in joint stock companies whose financial situation deteriorates or is at risk of deterioration, within the framework of the principles of transparency, fairness, accountability, and responsibility of corporate governance. From this perspective, to improve the financial situation of companies that have capital loss and become over-indebted, the effects of the provisions of TCC art.376 and the Communiqué, which are envisioned based on the principle of capital maintenance, are discussed in terms of protecting the interests of creditors. In addition, the adequacy and suitability of the relevant rules in terms of strengthening the financial structures of corporations are analysed in depth from a critical standpoint, considering the norms of comparative law.

For a decade, pressure from stakeholders in the production of sustainable development reports has been unanimous within the scientific community. Moreover, driven by the maximization of added value, the shareholders' position remains pending. This is illustrated by the permanent confrontation between shareholder creation of value (dear to the Anglo-Saxon model) and partnership creation of value (advocated by the continental model). In this movement, the position of Africa has remained unknown within the literature. Thus, if accountability is inherent in the very principle of responsibility, then the problem raised by this article is that of evaluating the societal commitment of African shareholders through the study of the influence of the capital structure on the environmental communication practices of industrial companies in the OHADA area. To this end, a quantitative empirical study isconducted among a sample of 73 companies operating in the Cameroonian industrial sector. The results of ordinal logistic regression tests suggest that four variables of the model: institutional/ethical investors, family shareholding, capital extent and debt significantly influence environmental communication. All this influence is positive for institutional/ethical investors, and negative for family ownership and capital sprawl. As for the debt variable, the meaning of the relationship remains undetermined.

La réforme opérée en 2015 a affiné le droit des entreprises en difficulté en zone OHADA, notamment par l’apport de nouvelles précisions relatives au sort des tiers non intéressés ou non concernés par l’ouverture d’une procédure collective. Parmi ces tiers, on peut citer le conjoint in boni qui pourrait avoir tout intérêt à ce que ses biens ne soient pas engloutis par la procédure collective de son époux. Il est fréquent en Afrique que toute la famille s’implique dans le commerce du chef de famille. L’épouse, la plupart du temps et bien qu’elle ne soit pas officiellement inscrite au RCCM, participe énormément avec ou sans rémunération au développement de l’activité de son mari. Et on sait, par ailleurs que la plupart de ces femmes ignorent la notion de contrat de mariage ou même les implications du régime matrimonial pouvant régir leur relation (patrimonial notamment). Aussi n’est-il pas rare que l’épouse soit intéressée par la procédure collective de son mari en théorie et qu’elle subisse les conséquences de celle-ci. L’intérêt de cette étude paraît plus théorique que pratique. En effet, le législateur ayant consacré des dispositions spécifiques pour la sauvegarde des droits du conjoint, il serait intéressant d’aborder la question, éventuellement dans une approche comparative, afin de tenter de faire la lumière sur certains points. Et cela est d’autant plus nécessaire que les quelques articles prévus par l’acte Uniforme sont lacunaires. L’objet de la présente contribution est donc de porter un regard inquisiteur et critique sur les solutions légales préconisées par le législateur OHADA dans la sauvegarde des droits du conjoint in boni. Il s’agit plus particulièrement d’apprécier la portée des règles de protection prévues par le législateur à l’égard de l’épouse in bonis. A l’issue des analyses effectuées, notamment à travers le prisme de la comparaison, il nous a été donné de constater que le droit OHADA s’est bien enrichit lors de la réforme de 2015 mais que le législateur a tout de même omis de résoudre un certain nombre de difficultés. Et celles-ci, notamment la question de l’insaisissabilité de la résidence principale, pourrait bien induire une question prioritaire de constitutionalité eu égard au fait que le droit à la protection de la famille a été sacré par l’article 18 de la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples.

Cet article examine l’impact des facteurs de proximité sur l’intensité commerciale intra africaine. Dans le cadre des modèles reposant sur une approche ex post, notre contribution concerne l’usage d’un modèle de gravité avec la prise en compte des distances géographiques et économiques. Nos résultats montrent que les niveaux d’intégration commerciale contrastés au sein des CER risquent d’accentuer l’asymétrie d’intégration continentale, ils révèlent que la distance économique impacte positivement et significativement l’intensité des échanges et suggèrent le renforcement de l’intégration via les chaines de valeur régionales. This article examines the impact of proximity factors on intra-African trade intensity. Our contribution consists of the use of a gravity model with the consideration of geographical and economic distances. Our results show that the contrasting levels of trade integration within the RECs are likely to accentuate the asymmetry of continental integration, they reveal that economic distance has a positive and significant impact on the intensity of trade and suggest the strengthening of integration through regional value chains.

Les indications géographiques (IG), signes distinctifs qui permettent d’identifier des produits de qualité sur les marchés, constituent une forme de labellisation qui est encore au stade de balbutiement en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. Cette situation peut s’expliquer par le faible degré d’imprégnation que les communautés de la région ont des avantages du système de propriété intellectuelle et notamment, de l’impact de la labellisation des produits dans le cadre de leurs activités commerciales. Pourtant, les avantages que les producteurs peuvent tirer d’une protection efficace des IG sont indéniables : développement économique, social et culturel de certaines régions, création d’emplois et préservation du patrimoine environnemental et culturel. Dans cet article, nous allons tenter de mettre la lumière sur les acteurs intervenants dans la mise en place des IG, leur mode de protection et le modèle de développement qui peut en découler. Geographical indications (GIs), distinctive signs that identify quality products on the markets, are a form of labeling that is still in its infancy in West and Central Africa. This situation can be explained by the low degree of impregnation that the communities of the region have of the advantages of the intellectual property system and in particular, of the impact of the labeling of products within the framework of their commercial activities. However, the benefits that producers can derive from the effective protection of GIs are undeniable: economic, social and cultural development of certain regions, job creation and preservation of environmental and cultural heritage. In this article, we will try to shed light on the actors involved in the establishment of GIs, their mode of protection and the development model that can result from it.

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) ile Türk Ticaret Hukuku'nda özellikle anonim şirketler hukukunda yapılan değişiklikler arasında imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemeler de bulunmaktadır. Mülga 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunundaki (eTK) hükümlere benzerlik gösteren yönleri olsa da imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili daha ayrıntılı, yenilikler getiren ve önceki Kanun döneminde karşılaşılan sorunları gidermeye çalışan düzenlemelerin yapıldığı görülmektedir. TTK'daki imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemelerin eTK döneminde ortaya çıkan sorunları giderip gidermediğinin ya da yeni sorunlara, belirsizliklere ve tartışmalara yol açıp açmadığının tespit edilerek değerlendirilmesi amacı bu tezin yazılmasına sebep oluşturmaktadır. Birinci bölümde önce genel olarak pay kavramı, imtiyazlı payın tanınması koşulları, imtiyaz kavramının terminolojik yönü ve mevzuatımızda konuyla ilgili düzenlemelerle hukuk sistemimize esin kaynağı olan yabancı hukuk sistemlerindeki düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Ardından, imtiyaz tanınan hakların, eşitlik ilkesi, müktesep hak ve vazgeçilmez hak ile olan ilişkilerine değinilmiş ve imtiyazlı pay kavramının nasıl tanımlanması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Tezin asıl omurgasını oluşturan ikinci bölümde, imtiyaza konu haklar, malvarlığı hakları ve yönetim hakları olarak iki asıl eksen üzerinde incelenmiştir. İkinci bölüm için en fazla tartışılmış bulunan konu, yönetim haklarında imtiyaza ilişkindir. Yönetim haklarında imtiyazı oluşturan iki alt başlık, oy hakkında imtiyaz ve yönetim kurulunda temsilde imtiyaz ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmeye çalışılmış, imtiyazın kanundan kaynaklanan nedenlerle engellenmesinden bahsedilmiş ve diğer haklarda imtiyaza değinilmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümü imtiyazların korunması konusuna ayrılmıştır. Bu bölümde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun (İPSÖK) yapısı, niteliği ve toplanması ile özel kurulun onayına bağlı kararlar halka açık olan ve olmayan şirketler dikkate alınarak açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ayrıca İPSÖK kararlarına karşı açılacak iptal davalarıyla ilgili değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. [...] It is observed that although there are some similarities with the previous one, the new Turkish Commercial Code, Law No: 6102, introduces more detailed and innovative arrangements which is intended to provide an answer to the problems experienced during the abrogated code was in force in relation to preference shares. It is easily can be said that, by and large, the topic "preference shares" is the one of the most radically altered topic in the new code. The main purpose of this thesis is to shed light whether these innovative arrangements in the new code actually solving the problems that is intended to solve or, rather opposite, causing new problems and ambiguities. For this purpose, the first section of this thesis is allocated to analyse the concept of "share" in general and under which conditions the preference shares are granted first and then the meaning of the concept of "preference" is investigated. It is followed by subsections devised to identify the current domestic law, and comprative law that inspried the law makers in this area. In the following subsections it is attempted to explain where preference shares stand with respect to principle of equality, vested interests and inalienable rights, and how the concept of preference shares should be defined. In the second section, which constitutes the backbone of this thesis, the rights that are being subject of the preference shares are examined on the axis of the assest rights and the administrative rights. The topic of the administrative rights attached to preference shares is the most debated topic in this section. In this context under the head of the administrative rights, the issues related to priveleges in votes and the representation on the executive board are examined seperately in two separate subsections. Also in this subsection the issues of statutory basis of the prevention of preferences and the preferences in relation to other rights are grappled. The third section of the thesis is completely devised to the issues related to the protection of the preference shares. In this section the structure, qualifications, gathering of the board of preference shares owners and the decisions subject to approval of this board are explained in the context of private and public companies. In this section the suits that could be brought for the annulment of this board decision is evaluated briefly.

Ticarî işletme, kendisine özgülenen malvarlığı unsurlarının tamamı ile kapsamlı bir organizasyon niteliğini haiz olup, ticarî ve ekonomik bir bütünlük arz etmektedir. Ticarî işletme, ticarî bir amaca özgülenen ve bütünlük arz eden yapısı gereği, tacire ait malvarlığı unsurlarından belki de en değerlisidir. Bu yapısı gereği ticarî işletme, cebri icra hukukunda alacaklıların ilk müracaat edeceği malvarlığı unsurudur. Alacaklıların borçluya ait mal veya hakların paraya çevrilmesi sonucu tatmin edilmesi, cebri icra hukukuna hâkim olan genel bir ilkedir. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra hukukunda paraya çevrilmesi, kapsamında bulunan mal veya hakların niteliği ve çeşitliliği gözetildiğinde ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Ticarî işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların ayrı ayrı paraya çevrilmesi, bu mal veya hakların parçalanmasına sebep olacağından, işletme faaliyetinin sona ermesine yol açar. Ticarî işletme faaliyetinin devamlılığının zedelenmesi, alacaklı ve borçlu menfaatlerini doğrudan etkilediği gibi ekonomik, sosyal ve toplumsal bir kısım olumsuz etkileri de beraberinde getirir. Bu nedenle, cebri icra prosedürleri içerisinde ticarî işletme bütünlüğünün bozulmaması büyük önem arz eder. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra yoluyla bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi, işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların bütünlüğünün bozulmasının önüne geçerek, faaliyetin devamlılığını sağlayan bir paraya çevirme şekli olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunun yanında, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi ile ayrı ayrı paraya çevirmeye nazaran daha yüksek gelir elde edilir. Çalışmamızda, öncelikle, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi açısından karşılaştırmalı hukuk sistemlerinde yer alan bazı düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin İcra ve İflâs Kanunu'nda yer alan her bir paraya çevirme türü açısından durumu ve ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin yerine getirilme usulü ile paraya çevirmenin etki ve sonuçları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. [...] A commercial enterprise has the character of a comprehensive organization with all the elements of assets specific to it, and it offers a commercial and economic integrity. A commercial enterprise, due to its structure that is specific to a commercial purpose and offers integrity, is perhaps the most valuable of the elements of the merchant's assets. Due to this structure, a commercial enterprise is the first asset element that creditors will apply for in forced execution law. The satisfaction of creditors as a result of the conversion of the debtor's goods or rights into money is a general principle that dominates the enforcement law. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money in compulsory enforcement law is of particular importance when the nature and diversity of the goods or rights covered by it are taken into account. The conversion of goods or rights specific to the commercial enterprise into money separately leads to the termination of the business activity, as this will lead to the fragmentation of these goods or rights. Damage to the continuity of commercial business activity directly affects the interests of creditors and debtors, as well as brings with it some negative economic, social and social effects. For this reason, it is of great importance that the integrity of the commercial enterprise is not disrupted within the forced execution procedures. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money as a whole through forced execution appears as a form of conversion into money that ensures the continuity of activity by preventing the deterioration of the integrity of the goods or rights specific to the enterprise. In addition, a higher income is obtained by converting the commercial enterprise into money as a whole than by converting it into money separately. In our study, first of all, some regulations in comparative legal systems have been examined in terms of the conversion of commercial enterprise into money as a whole. Subsequently, the situation of the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole in terms of each type of conversion contained in the Execution and Bankruptcy Code, as well as the procedure for performing the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole, as well as the effects and consequences of the conversion into money have been tried to be revealed.

La constitutionnalisation des ordres juridiques communautaires s’affiche comme une alternative crédible aux conflits des normes inter-systémiques dans l’espace juridique ouest-africain francophone. L’hypothèse a l’avantage de faire intégrer les normes communautaires au bloc de constitutionnalité et, ce faisant, constitue l’opportunité de faire du juge constitutionnel non seulement un garant potentiel de l’application du droit communautaire mais aussi un interlocuteur probable des Cours de justice communautaire. Heureusement, il existe dans le constitutionnalisme d’Afrique de l’Ouest francophone des moyens juridiques de sa concrétisation.

Les contrats miniers et pétroliers sont des contrats spécifiques en raison de leur apport économique. Les litiges relatifs à ces derniers doivent être résolus par des procédés particuliers. Dans le cadre du règlement des litiges miniers et pétroliers, le juge camerounais occupe une place limitée car, dans le principe, il est exclu du processus de résolution. L’arbitre, privilégié et préféré par les parties, intervient principalement pour régler ces différends et le juge camerounais, exceptionnellement. Dans la majorité des pays à l’exception du Cameroun, l’arbitre est l’organe/ principal érigé en juge de droit commun pour solutionner les conflits par accord volontaire des parties aux contrats.

A prescrição e a decadência se voltam à promoção da segurança jurídica. Seu regramento é fruto da concepção liberal e individualista que influenciou as codificações do século XIX e se mantém consagrada no Código Civil vigente. Paralelamente, de sistematização mais recente, decorrente do contexto de massificação das relações sociais e coletivização de direitos, tem-se o processo coletivo, em que o titular do direito e o legitimado a tutela-lo em juízo nem sempre coincidem, tornando a aplicação das regras da prescrição e da decadência problemática. Nesse contexto, a presente tese pretende responder aos seguintes questionamentos: (a) os direitos coletivos estão sujeitos a prescrição e decadência? e (b) em caso positivo, qual é o regramento jurídico aplicável? No primeiro capítulo, traçam-se as premissas necessárias para compreender o regramento da prescrição e da decadência, definindo-se os conceitos de direito subjetivo, ação, pretensão e direito potestativo. Depois, analisa-se o regramento individual da prescrição e da decadência, tratando-se de seu fundamento, do início dos prazos e das causas de impedimento, suspenção e interrupção da sua contagem, da prescrição da execução e da prescrição intercorrente e, enfim das tendências atuais sobre os temas. No segundo capítulo passa-se a tratar do processo coletivo, apresentando-se algumas considerações sobre a sua origem histórica e o direito comparado (class actions); expõe-se igualmente os conceitos de direitos coletivos, com base na categorização disposta no artigo 81, parágrafo único, do Código de Defesa do Consumidor: direitos difusos, coletivos stricto sensu e individuais homogêneos. Analisa-se a sua compatibilidade com o conceito de direito subjetivo, fundamental à configuração da prescrição e da decadência. No terceiro e último capítulo, com base nas premissas teóricas estabelecidas nos dois primeiros, analisa-se se os direitos coletivos em sentido amplo estão sujeitos à prescrição e à decadência, concluindo-se que (a) os difusos não estão sujeitos a qualquer prazo extintivo, por causa da sua incompatibilidade com o regramento da prescrição e da decadência, (b) os coletivos stricto sensu se submetem aos mesmos prazos de prescrição e decadência dos direitos individuais, devendo o início dos prazos, contudo, considerar a ciência do legitimado coletivo, e (c) os individuais homogêneos se submetem integralmente ao regramento da prescrição e decadência desenvolvido para os direitos individuais. Promove-se ainda análise crítica de precedentes do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sobre o tema.

Les différents régimes de propriété intellectuelle des Étatsnations du monde n’offrent pas une protection adéquate aux savoirs traditionnels autochtones. Le régime mondial moderne de propriété intellectuelle n’a été élaboré qu’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Aucun État-nation n’a défendu les intérêts de ses peuples autochtones ni ne s’est inquiété du mépris total des savoirs traditionnels et des droits de propriété sur les savoirs autochtones relatifs aux matériaux, aux médicaments, aux plantes ou aux animaux. Bien qu’ils aient été ignorés lors de la mise en place du régime mondial de propriété intellectuelle, les savoirs traditionnels autochtones existent néanmoins. Un bref examen de trois éléments fondamentaux du régime mondial de propriété intellectuelle, à savoir les brevets, les droits d’auteur et les marques déposées, nous permettra de mieux comprendre et définir les fondements des savoirs traditionnels.

European legal protection of consumer autonomy has been significantly changed in the digital environment, where algorithm-driven systems perform everything. This book focuses on protecting consumer autonomy facing the pervasive and global phenomenon of dark patterns: the expression includes various tactics that manipulate consumers by altering online choice architecture to thwart user preferences for objectionable ends. Overloading, skipping, stirring, hindering, and flicking are examples. Moving from the perspective that the sole traditional information approach is ineffective in protecting autonomy, the adopted methodology considers the multiple concerns revolving around the tight combination of transparent information and fair digital architectural design. Consequently, the comparative study of the new suitable regulatory directions arises across different legal fields, including data protection, consumer, and competition law. The relationship between deceptive designs, the nature of human-digital architecture interaction, and the techno-legal paradigms emphasises which future changes in European private law could integrate legal rules into fair designs to protect digital consumer autonomy effectively. Specific importance will be attributed to the functionality of comparative methodology to include non-legal essential insights (e.g. behavioural, informatic elements) into pragmatic and global regulatory paths and models.

International law is a robust system designed to unite world governments in an effort to, inter alia, cease human rights violations and hold those who commit them accountable. As it currently stands, and by its own design, the international human rights legal regime focuses on and applies only to state actors, meaning that violations committed by non-state actors, such as multinational corporations (MNCs), are seemingly conducted with impunity inside this space. Multinational corporations are powerful international players that have undoubtably fostered a significant role in reducing global barriers. By their very nature, they are far more mobile than states, allowing them to evade domestic power and regulatory schemes by detaching from their home state and relocating to a host state with weaker oversight and/or enforcement powers. Simply stated: even though MNCs have better financing, heightened mobility, and a disproportionate amount of influence when compared to world states, they operate with less global accountability. Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a fundamental violation of children’s rights. It consists of sexual abuse by the adult and remuneration in cash or kind to the child or a third person or persons. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object. Multinational corporations have been implicated in CSEC through acts of omission and commission. And despite the fact that much international law has been drafted to protect children around the world from CSEC—most notably the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols—the numbers of children who have been emotionally and physically harmed by and through MNC conduct has only increased in the past decade. There have been numerous efforts by international organizations to address the challenges when regulating and monitoring human rights violations by MNCs. States, civil society organizations, and the private sector itself have also attempted to address these human rights violations through domestic law, modifying international law principles, and with civil regulation. Obstacles exist in the effectiveness of each of these approaches, leaving children at risk with no single effective strategy to combat and address rights violations by MNCs. The dissertation conducts a review of the current landscape of child law, through the lens of corporate accountability for CSEC. Then, it suggests a new alternative, putting forward an international solution to an international problem.

Le bail à usage professionnel est un contrat nommé de l'Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA). Ce contrat est une figure apparentée au bail commercial dont il portait d'ailleurs le nom avant la réforme de 2010. Le bail commercial lui-même s'est historiquement détaché du contrat de louage des choses prévu dans le Code civil de 1804 pour répondre aux exigences des mutations sociales et économiques du premier quart du XXᵉ siècle en Europe. Le bail à usage professionnel se pose donc comme une forme d'arrangement contractuel entre une tradition assumée et une modernité voulue. C'est de cet arrangement qu'a surgi le besoin de s'interroger sur la logique qui le sous-tend pour découvrir s'il existe un objectif poursuivi par le législateur et s'il existe, dans quelle mesure l'ensemble de la règlementation et l'interprétation qu'en fait le juge sont cohérents avec l'objectif visé. Le postulat qui préside à cette étude c'est que les règles de droit ont une raison d'être et une histoire qui obéissent idéalement à la finalité impulsée par ceux qui les appellent à l'existence. Pour les fins d'une telle investigation, l'analyse économique du droit (AED) et le pragmatisme juridique ont permis de dégager un double objectif au bail à usage professionnel. Il correspond à la fois à un ratio legis, c'est-à-dire à la politique juridique du législateur et à un ratio juris, c'est-à-dire à une justice désirable inhérente à l'esprit du contrat. L'étude pose que l'un des objectifs poursuivis par le bail est la protection, non pas tant d'une partie faible ni même d'un fonds de commerce, mais de toute activité économique qu'abrite le local loué. Ce projet permet de rendre compte des règles qui régissent le bail comme des mécanismes de sécurisation de l'espace et du temps de jouissance donnés au locataire. À la lumière de cette finalité, il apparaît que la valorisation économique voulue est restée inachevée avec le traitement partial réservé à l'activité de l'entreprenant. Si le premier objectif du bail consiste en la protection de l'activité économique, le second concerne la protection des acteurs économiques eux-mêmes. Après avoir établi que le bail correspond à ce que la littérature économique appelle actif spécifique, il apparait que la formation et l'exécution de ce contrat constituent une occasion propice aux comportements opportunistes des parties prenantes. La thèse propose une synthèse de la notion d'opportunisme et suggère une lecture de la seconde partie des règles sur le bail comme autant de mécanismes de prévention et de sanctions de comportements opportunistes.

Este artigo objetiva lançar luz sobre a reprodução irrefletida nos clausulados de apólices de seguro de responsabilidade civil de administradores, o chamado seguro D&O, de dispositivo em que se exclui de cobertura atos cometidos pelos segurados com culpa grave. Para tanto, se esmiuça o tratamento da responsabilização civil de administradores e os deveres dos administradores de sociedades anônimas no ordenamento jurídico nacional, dedicando-se especialmente aos deveres de diligência, de lealdade, de evitar conflito de interesses e de informar. Passa-se ao exame do seguro D&O como mecanismo apto à alocação e gerenciamento de parte dos riscos das atividades do administrador e, apenas então, adentrar-se no estudo da culpa grave nos atos de gestão. Após um breve giro histórico sobre a gradação da culpa e a percepção do dolo e da culpa grave no âmbito do Direito Civil e Securitário brasileiros, reflete-se sobre a aplicação do conceito de culpa grave às apólices de seguro D&O.