Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Avec le retour du multipartisme au Cameroun dans les années mil neufcent quatre-vingt-dix, l’État camerounais voit émerger des nouveaux acteursparmi lesquelles les femmes entrepreneures. L’objectif de cette thèse est dedéterminer quels enseignements structurels, les dynamiques sociopolitiquesdes femmes entrepreneures dans la sphère sociopolitique nous livrent sur lefonctionnement du système politique camerounais à l’aune du genre. A traversce questionnement, l’objectif est de voir dans quelle mesure l’entrée desfemmes en général et l’intégration des femmes entrepreneures en particulierdans le système politique entraînent un changement d’ethos de la vie politiquecamerounaise fortement imprégnée de l’ethos de la notabilité-séniorité et de lamasculinité et fortement caractérisée par la gouvernance de la manducation etla politique de l’autoreproduction. With the return to multi party system in Cameroon in the 1990s,Cameroon’s state witnessed the rise of new players, including womenentrepreneurs. This thesis aims at determining the structural lessons learnedfrom the sociopolitical dynamics of women entrepreneurs in social and politicalsphere about the functioning of Cameroon’s political system with regard togender. Through this inquiry, our goal is to see how the entry of women ingeneral and mainstreaming of women entrepreneurs in particular in the politicalsystem results in a change of ethos on cameroon’s political life which is stronglymarked by the ethos of notability-seniority and manhood and mainlycharacterized by the governance of manducation and policy of self-replication.

La doctrine a souvent débattu sur la nature du droit du cyberespace, c’est-à-dire le type de règles qui doivent encadrer les transactions électroniques. La formation du contrat électronique B2B et B2C permet d’aborder ce débat sous un angle pratique, qui met le législateur devant deux options connues : l’une, qui encourage l’élaboration de règles typiques, compte tenu d’une spécificité présumée de ces contrats ; l’autre, tendant à privilégier le droit existant, éventuellement adapté. Le formalisme issu des récentes productions législatives, notamment en droit de la cyberconsommation, réaffirme le rôle essentiel du consentement dans la formation du contrat, avec la reconduction automatique des opérations traditionnelles de l’offre et de l’acceptation. Mais dans le cyberespace, la manière d’exprimer ces deux opérations bénéficie de balises pratiques plus ou moins précises, peut-être pour éviter que des règles impératives en la matière ne vieillissent trop rapidement à cause du contexte technologique en perpétuelle transformation. Or, cette hésitation, peut-être ce choix, a fait émerger plusieurs modalités d’expression de l’acceptation dont la validité n’est pas acquise de façon mécanique, mais demeure fréquemment suspendue à l’appréciation des juges. Mais en examinant les motifs progressivement développés par les tribunaux en common law et en droit civil, de même qu’en doctrine, les auteurs décelent une constante, un critère invariable dans l’appréciation du rituel de l’acceptation en ligne. Cette analyse dépasse ainsi ces techniques apparues des usages, c’est-à-dire le « Box-Top », « Shrink-Wrap », « Browse-Wrap », « Click- Wrap », « Hybrid Click-Wrap », « Hyperwrap », et tente de définir et de circonscrire cette valeur, ce critère qui ins pire un retour aux fondements traditionnels du droit des contrats. Nous proposons, enfin, de recourir à des pictogrammes pour réaliser la mise en oeuvre de ce critère.

A presente tese realiza uma análise interdisciplinar dos contratos de aliança, arranjos colaborativos desenvolvidos a partir do início da década de 90, cujo objetivo é a implantação de projetos complexos industriais e de infraestrutura. Este trabalho investiga a percepção do autor de que o modelo proposto pelos contratos de aliança, em regra, promove um esvaziamento voluntário da função do contrato como ferramenta de aplicação, ainda que potencial, de sanções a comportamentos culposos, justamente com o fim de não prejudicar a construção natural de uma relação cooperativa. Busca-se ainda compreender a função desempenhada pelo contrato e pelo direito contratual, nesse contexto colaborativo, e qual a relação entre os mecanismos formais e informais de garantia de cumprimento contratual. Sustenta-se que, nesse universo, o aparato formal do contrato auxilia as ferramentas informais de enforcement, fornecendo o arcabouço de troca de informações essencial à criação endógena de confiança. Ademais, a fim de não prejudicar o ambiente cooperativo, sustenta-se a aplicação de sanções contratuais formais somente em situações excepcionais, geralmente caracterizadas pelo elemento de quebra de confiança. Sugere-se, ao longo da tese, que uma abordagem processual de regulação do contrato a qual permite sanção de comportamentos que descumpram o procedimento contratual acordado seria mais adequada do que uma abordagem estritamente substantiva que proteja a relação inicial de troca. Ao final, amparada pelas percepções construídas ao longo da pesquisa, é realizada uma reflexão jurídico-dogmática, na qual, após a contextualização jurídica dos contratos de aliança, lhes são sugeridas interpretações de aplicação de conceitos da teoria obrigacional, e de ferramentas de organização de interesses intracontratuais, como a boa-fé, o conflito de interesses e os deveres fiduciários. This thesis conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of project alliancing, collaborative arrangements developed as of the beginning of the 90s, whose goal is the implementation of complex industrial and infrastructure projects. This work investigates the perception of the author that the model proposed by alliance contracts, in general, promotes a voluntary emptying of the role of the contract in punishing, even potentially, unintentional contractual defaults, as a means of not harming the natural construction of a cooperative relation. The work seeks to understand the role played by the contract and the contractual law, in such collaborative environment, and what is the relation between formal and informal mechanisms of contractual enforcement. It argues that, in this universe, formal contractual apparatus supports informal contractual enforcement mechanisms, providing a governance framework that allows information exchange, which is essential to the endogenous creation of trust. Moreover, in order not to jeopardize the cooperative environment, this thesis suggests the suitability of formal contractual punishment only in exceptional circumstances, often characterized by the breach of trust. It is suggested, along the thesis, that a procedural approach of contract regulation which allows punishment of behaviors that deviates from agreed contractual procedures may be more suitable than a strictly substantive approach that protects the initial exchange relation. At the end, supported by the perceptions constructed along the research, some legal-dogmatic considerations are made, in which, after legally qualifying the alliance contracts, it is suggested to it some applicative interpretations of concepts of obligational theory, and organizational tools of intracontractual interests, such as good faith, conflicts of interest and fiduciary duties.

Les arrêts sur l’affaire Beaudoin c. Université de Sherbrooke (Cour Supérieure et Cour d’Appel du Québec 2008-2010) ont porté sur l’intensité de l’obligation de consultation insérée dans l’accord de partenariat de recherche. Ce type de partenariat est souvent créé par un accord et peut prendre plusieurs formes. La plupart d’entre elles sont méconnues par le droit, c’est pourquoi la doctrine les considère comme étant des entreprises complexes puisque le choix des partenaires est souvent guidé par le souci d’échapper au formalisme qu’imposent les règles étatiques. Cependant, les pratiques connues dans le secteur d’activité des associés et les accords qui les lient sont souvent les seules règles qu’ils suivent. En cas de conflit, ils recourent généralement à un tiers expert pour régler leur litige, la saisine des tribunaux ne se faisant qu’exceptionnellement. Dans cette cause, les contractions entre les deux décisions ont soulevé quelques interrogations : d’une part, sur la capacité des tribunaux à trancher des conflits qui peuvent naître au cours de l’exécution de ce type de contrat, et d’autre part sur la compatibilité des règles matérielles applicables au fond par les juges lorsque les parties ne sont liées que par la lex contractus et les usages reconnus dans leur secteur d’activité. Cette étude tente donc d’identifier la forme de partenariat en cause afin de mesurer l’étendue de la compétence ratione materiae du juge dans la résolution des conflits nés d’un contrat complexe (PARTIE I), et d’examiner l’opportunité de recourir aux modes alternatifs de résolution des litiges (PARTIE II). The decision in the case Beaudoin v. Université de Sherbrooke (Superior Court and Quebec's Court of Appeal 2008-2010) examines the extent of the obligation to consult in a research partnership agreement. This kind of partnership is often created through agreements and can take several forms. The majority of those are unknown to the law; this is why the doctrine considers them to be complex enterprises, since the choice of the partner is often guided by the will to curtail the formalism imposed by State rules. Familiar practices used in the relevant field and the agreements which link them are often the only rules they respect. In case of dispute, they generally seek a third party expert to settle the dispute and only exceptionally resort to national courts. In this specific case, the contractions present the decision raise some important questions: on one hand, the capacity of the courts to solve conflicts which arise from the execution or interpretation of this sort of partnership, and on the other hand the compatibility of material rules applicable to the subject matter by judges to parties often bound by lex contractus and the usages applicable in their field of activity. This study tries to identify the form of partnership applicable in this case in order to measure the extent of the ratione materiae competence of the judge in the settlement of a dispute arising from the execution of a complex contract (PART I), and to examine the possibility of recurring to alternative forms of dispute settlement for disputes of this nature (PART II).

Türk Hukuku'nda navlun (deniz yolu ile eşya taşıma) sözleşmeleri; yolculuk çarteri sözleşmesi ve kırkambar sözleşmesi olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Bunlardan çarter sözleşmeleri arızi deniz taşımacılığında, kırkambar sözleşmesi ise genellikle düzenli hat taşımacılığında kullanılır. Günümüzde deniz taşımacılığında yaşanan gelişmelerin sonucu olarak düzenli hat taşımacılığının ve kırkambar sözleşmesinin önemi artmaktadır.Bu tezde; Türk Hukuku'nda kırkambar sözleşmesi kavramı, sözleşmenin asli unsurları, özellikleri, benzer sözleşmelerle karşılaştırılması, sözleşmeye uygulanacak hükümlerin tespiti gibi konuların yanında sözleşmenin tarafları, ilgili kişileri, sözleşmenin ifasında yer alan yardımcı kişileri, tarafların hak ve yükümlülükleri ve sözleşmenin sona ermesine değinilmiş Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve diğer mevzuat hükümlerinden, ilgili uluslararası andlaşmalardan, ticari örf-adet kurallarından, yüksek mahkeme kararlarından, öğretiden, uygulamada kullanılan tip sözleşme ve konişmento örneklerinden yararlanılmıştır. In Turkish Law, contracts of affreightment are divided into two main cathegories which are; voyage charter and contract of common carriage of goods. While the former is being used in tramp shipping, the latter is being used in liner shipping. As a result of recent developements in carriage of goods by sea, the importance of liner shipping and contract of common carriage of goods has been rising.This thesis is based on; Turkish Commercial Code, other related national regulations and international agreements, customs, decisions of high courts, doctrine, mostly used standard contract and bill of lading forms. In this thesis; the chracteristics, parties, differences from other contracts, rights and obligations of the parties and termination of contract of common carriage of goods have been analysed.

La ausencia de toda referencia en el Proyecto de Código Mercantil a la especialidad contenida en la vigente Ley cambiaria, por la que se permite al tenedor de la letra de cambio el ejercicio de la acción de regreso antes del vencimiento del título en caso de resultado infructuoso del embargo de bienes del librado, lleva a plantearnos la razón de ser de esta posibilidad y la conveniencia o no de su inclusión en el Código proyectado. La exposición del tema nos conduce colateralmente a reflexionar sobre el ejercicio anticipado de la acción directa y sobre si en el caso de embargo infructuoso de los bienes del librado resulta necesario el protesto para el ejercicio de la acción cambiaria de regreso, tanto a la vista de la vigente Ley cambiaria como a la del Código Mercantil propuesto.

Sermayenin yönetim kurulu kararıyla artırılması esasına dayanan kayıtlı sermaye sistemi, daha hızlı ve daha az masrafla ortaklığın sermayesinin artırılmasını amaçlar. 2499 sa. SerPK' den bu yana halka açık anonim ortaklıklara özgü bir kurum olarak Türk hukukunda uygulanmakta olan sistem, TTK ile birlikte halka açık olmayan anonim ortaklıklar için de uygulanabilir hale gelmiştir. Aynı esaslara dayandığı ve aynı amaca hizmet ettiği için kurumun, TTK ve SerPK' de ayrı ayrı düzenlenmesine lüzum yoktur. Sistem, yönetim kurulunun usulüne uygun olarak sermayenin artırılması konusunda yetkilendirilmesi suretiyle ortaklık açısından uygulanabilir hale gelir. Yetkilendirme işlemleri esas sözleşme değişikliğini gerektirir. Yönetim kurulunun sermayeyi artırma yetkisi, esas sözleşmede gösterilen kayıtlı sermaye ve yetki süresiyle sınırlıdır. Bu sınırlara ulaşılmışsa ve esas sözleşmeyle yeni yetki sınırları tespit edilmemişse, yönetim kurulu sermaye artırım kararı alamaz. Öte yandan, bu yetkilendirmede yönetim kuruluna, sermaye artırım yetkisi yanında sermayenin artırılmasıyla bağlantılı olup kanunda izin verilen konularda da yetki tanınabilir. TTK ve SerPK' deki ilgili hükümler incelendiğinde, kayıtlı sermaye sisteminde sermaye artırım kararının, esas sermaye sisteminde olduğu gibi, esas sözleşme değişikliği olarak kabul edildiği görülmektedir. Bu düzenlemeler, sadece genel kurulun toplanıp karar alması işlemleri için gerekli olan zamandan ve masraftan tasarruf edilmesini sağlar. Kayıtlı sermaye sisteminin daha etkin bir kurum olarak kullanılması, esas sözleşme değişikliğine ilişkin işlemlerin de bertaraf edilmesini gerekli kılar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sermaye, Kayıtlı Sermaye, Sermaye Artırımı, Yönetim Kurulu, Anonim Ortaklık. The registered capital system is based on increasing the capital with decision of board aims to increase the company's capital faster and less costly. System that is applied in Turkish Law as an institution special to public companies since CMC no: 2499, becomes applicable for non-public companies with TCC. As based on the same principles and serves the same purpose, there is no need to regulate the institution in TCC and CMC separately. System becomes applicable in terms of company, by duly authorization the board concerning capital increase. Authorization procedures require amendment of company's article. Authority of capital increase of board is limited with the registered capital and authority period that are shown in company's article. When it reached this limits and determined any new authority limits with the company's article, board can not take a decision on capital increase. On the other hand, in this authorization, board also can be authorized on the issues that are in connection with capital increase and permitted by act, in addition to the capital increase authority. When analyzed the related provisions in TCC and CMC, it is seen that the capital increase in registered capital system, as in ordinary capital system, is accepted as company's article amendment. These regulations provide to save only from time and cost that are required for procedures to take decision of general assembly. Using the registered capital system as more effective institution requires to eliminate the procedures related to amendment of company's article. Keywords: Capital, Registered Capital, Capital Increase, Board of Directors, Joint Stock Corporation.

Archive institutionnelle de l'Université de Genève - Institutional Repository of the University of Geneva

Taking into account the status of spouses by business law of the Organization for the Harmonization of African Business Law (OHADA) is referring to general commercial law and company law. The OHADA legislator values the status of spouses devoting equality between spouses, through the possibility for them to be able to be involved in low risk companies; the recognition of the de facto company between them and the right granted to each power, under the same conditions, benefit from the commercial lease originally attached to privileges. The consideration that the OHADA law grants the quality of husband appears in heritage protection thereof, insofar as it puts it away in case of depletion bad deal made by one of them . This is why the prohibition for spouses to be involved in the unlimited risk firms and the requirement of a separate trade as a condition for the spouse of the trader can also acquire the same status. But the heritage protection system spouse taken from the OHADA business law is supplemented by certain mechanisms of civil law, including matrimonial property regimes, although not all have the same efficiency. Indeed, among the two groups of matrimonial property regimes are known as separation schemes and those of the community property, only the first effectively protect the couple's assets. This objective likely was not assigned to the second from the design. These look more forward the merger of most of the assets of the couple without the slightest idea of calculation.

6102 sayılı TTK acentelik alanında önemli yenilikler getirmiştir. Yeni kanun 6762 sayılı Kanunda yer almayan bazı kurumlara yer vermiş, eski kanun döneminde uygulamada sorunlara yol açan bazı hükümler ise gözden geçirilmiştir. Acentelik sözleşmesi tam iki tarafa borç yükleyen sözleşme olduğundan, acentenin gördüğü iş için her zaman bir ücret talep etme hakkı bulunmaktadır. Acentenin en önemli hakkı olan ücret hakkı, müvekkilin karşı edimi olarak kendisini gösterir. Ücret hakkını düzenleyen hükümler arasında ücrete hak kazandıran işlemler ve ücrete hak kazanma zamanı ile ilgili hükümler yeniden ele alınmıştır. Bunlarla birlikte ücret hakkıyla ilgili olarak acenteye çok geniş bir bilgi alma ve defter kayıtlarını isteme ve inceleme hakkı tanınmıştır. Çalışma "Giriş" ve "Sonuç" bölümleri haricinde üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde acente kavramı ve bu kavramı oluşturan unsurlar incelenmiştir. Ayrıca acentenin hak ve borçlarına değinilmiştir.Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, acentenin en temel hakkı olan ücret hakkı incelenmiş olup; üçüncü bölümde ise, 6102 sayılı TTK ile getirilen düzenlemeler ve değişiklikler, 6762 sayılı TTK ile karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Ücret hakkına ilişkin bu değişiklikler, acentelik sözleşmesi sona erdikten sonra acentenin ücret talep edebileceği haller; ücrete hak kazanma anındaki ve ücretin muaccel olacağı andaki değişiklikler; ücret hakkında acentenin belge ve bilgi isteme hakkının emredici olarak düzenlenmesi olarak özetlenebilir. Law no. 6102 Turkısh Commercial Code brings advances at provisions about agency .The new Code brings new provions comparing with Law no. 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Furthermore, it resolves some issues existing in the period of 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Agency contract is a bilateral contract. Therefore the rights of the agent, constitutes theobligations of the principal. The commission right is also obligation of the principal. The provisions about commission right are reargued out, including transactions which bearing commission and time of entitlement of commission This thesis is consist of three chapters excluding the "introduction" and the "conclusion" parts. In first chapter, the notion of the agent and the elements of this notion are discussed. Moreover, rights and obligations of agent are examined. In chapter two, the principal right of agent, commission right is discussed. In chapter three, commission right is examined comparing with the provisions of Law no. 6102 Turkısh Commercial Code and Law no. 6762 Turkısh Commercial Code. Amendments about commission right are time of entitlement of commission , time of commission becoming payable. Furthermore , in some cases, an agent shall be entitled to commission on commercial transactions concluded after the agency contract has terminated. Lastly, an agent shall be entitled to demand that he be provided with all the information, and in particular an extract from the books, which is available to his principal and which he needs in order to check the amount of the commission due to him. Provision about demanding information is statutory.

Dans un contexte socio-économique dominé par la rapidité et la complexité des échanges, le sort du contractant est très souvent déterminé par sa position de vulnérabilité. Quelles formes prend cette vulnérabilité ? Quelles sont les idéologies, les valeurs et les critères de justice à partir desquels les mesures protectrices ont été édictées et mises en œuvre ? Ceux-ci tiennent-ils adéquatement compte de la vulnérabilité des parties ? Quelle place lui réservent les différentes réponses apportées par le droit des contrats ? Telles sont les questions sur lesquelles porte la présente étude sur la justice contractuelle dont l’objectif est de procéder à une analyse critique des fondements de la protection de la partie vulnérable. Ces derniers ne révèlent pas nécessairement l’existence d’une logique d’ensemble. Dans une perspective idéaliste, la moralité contractuelle et l’utilité économique du contrat sont les bases sur lesquelles la protection de la partie vulnérable a été envisagée. Appréhendée sur un plan individuel, la vulnérabilité du contractant repose sur l’idée d’une justice essentiellement réparatrice. Celle-ci est axée sur le respect de la bonne foi contractuelle et sur le désir de donner à chacune des parties les moyens de défendre ses intérêts. C’est donc de manière exceptionnelle que la vulnérabilité sera prise en compte. En réaction aux limites d’une protection faisant de l’existence d’un comportement fautif la condition de l’octroi de la protection, une vision réaliste de la sauvegarde des intérêts légitimes du contractant vulnérable a été mise de l’avant. Elle prend appui sur la dimension collective de la vulnérabilité du contractant. Il en résulte un régime de protection fondé sur la notion de relation et sur une conception objective de la justice. Toute chose qui se traduit soit par une protection technico-formaliste, soit par l’idée de solidarité faisant du contrat le lieu d’une communauté d’intérêts. Cependant, cette approche du contrat n’intègre pas forcément l’importance du rôle réservé à la volonté, ni les diverses catégories de contrats.

The thesis argues for a 'pedagogical' role for courts in the US and EU in ameliorating the increasingly transnational regulation of pharmaceutical product safety through complementary monitoring of the outputs of regulatory processes. The study is divided into two parts. First, the thesis explores the regulatory institutional design in the US and EU. The parallel development of the FDA and EMA suggests that both markets have achieved consolidated domestic/regional regulatory frameworks, which do however show multiple weak spots. These vulnerabilities are aggravated by a strong push towards transnationalisation of regulatory procedures: domestic systems are now permeated by potentially disruptive exogenous elements (e.g. the ratification of transnationally negotiated protocols and increasing reliance on foreign clinical trials data). The thesis explores issues of effectiveness of safety delivery and legitimacy of rule-making processes to suggest scope for improvement in both areas. The second part considers the potential contribution of the judiciary, particularly national courts in the US and EU, to investigate whether the exercise of complementary judicial governance can enhance the effectiveness and legitimacy of an otherwise essentially closed and self-perpetuating system. A selection of cases grounds the claim that, through liability litigation, courts have the capacity to improve the safety levels delivered by regulation and thereby to contribute to output-based legitimacy of the institutional design. This claim is tested in light of acknowledged strengths and limitations of court processes and with regard to differentiating elements at the national level, particularly regarding access to justice. The concluding argument reassembles the results of the study to recommend the existing tool of domestic litigation as a response to certain vulnerabilities in pharmaceutical regulation. The 'hard look' doctrine described by Sheila Jasanoff grounds the normative claim for a 'pedagogical' role for courts, enhancing regulation beyond the outcome of isolated cases – ad adiuvandum rather than contra.

This thesis examines the emergence of transnational regulatory cooperation between public and private actors. It inquires why a private regulator and an international organisation may enter into a cooperation agreement in order to regulate particular issues, and what this tells us about the relationship between ‘expertise,’ ‘authority’ and ‘legitimacy’ in particular domains of global governance. The argument put forward in the thesis is that different types of regulators cooperate because, in an unsettled global space with no hierarchical framework, it is necessary for them to acquire sufficient authority to secure compliance with their regulatory agenda. In order to acquire and maintain such authority, regulators must be perceived as legitimate and their regulation as effective. Cooperation can open venues for participation and deliberation and for the exchange of necessary competences (particularly expertise); and thus ultimately can help regulators establish and strengthen their authority. Another important finding of this research is that cooperation can develop into more long-lasting network structures. These networks are often of a multi-level nature. As such, they traverse local, national, and international spaces. The thesis then develops the idea of ‘networks of constitutionalization’ to describe the observation that bilateral arrangements as examined here generate ordering effects which extend beyond the two parties. Consequently they become the basis for norm creation and adoption for different types of actors located in the networks formed around the issue area. Thus, even in pluralistic structures, eventually a certain kind of constitutionalization can emerge putting into question sharp divisions between ‘pluralist’ and ‘constitutionalist’ interpretations of a developing global (legal) order. This work also encompasses two case studies: the ISO 26000 process, whereby the ‘private’ technical standard setter ISO concluded separate cooperation agreements with the ILO, the OECD and the UN Global Compact; and a case study on ‘Sport and Environment’ that focuses on the long-standing cooperation between the IOC and the UN Environmental Programme.

La réflexion sur l'adaptation du droit des contrats au numérique révèle la présence du numérique à travers plusieurs règles. Certaines conditions de validité du contrat, tout comme certaines règles générales relatives à l'exécution des contrats sont concernées par l'adaptation au numérique. Cette adaptation vise aussi certaines règles spéciales du droit des contrats. L'Avant-projet de loi sur les transactions électroniques au Mali envisage d'importantes mesures allant, en particulier, dans le sens de l'adaptation du droit des contrats au numérique, un domaine qui continue d'attirer l'attention. The reflection on the adaptation of contract law to the digital reveals the presence of the digital through several rules. Certain conditions of validity of the contract, and some general rules on contract enforcement are involved in the digital adaptation. This adaptation also concerns some special rules of contract law. The proposed draft law on electronic transactions in Mali is planning major steps up, especially in the sense of adaptation of contract law in the digital domain, an area that continues to attract attention

En principe, les sociétés intégrées à un groupe sont juridiquement indépendantes et sont des sociétés comme d’autres, jouissant de la personnalité morale, et participant à la vie juridique comme tout sujet de droit. Cette indépendance juridique de principe concorde mal avec la réalité caractérisée par le contrôle exercé par la société mère, chef de groupe, et qui est dicté par la communauté d'intérêts qui cimente le groupe, il y a une asymétrie entre la situation de fait et la situation de droit. La responsabilité du groupe ne pouvant, de fait, pas être engagée, l’autre option est la recherche de la responsabilité de la mère, en sa qualité de société contrôlante, lorsqu’un acte dommageable a été commis par sa filiale. Toutefois, la notion d’autonomie pose un écran juridique très résistant qui protège la mère de toute action menée à son encontre du fait de ses filiales. Par principe, la responsabilité de la société-mère pour les faits de sa fille ne peut donc être recherchée.Par ailleurs, les groupes de sociétés présentent généralement la particularité d’être marqués par le sceau de l’extranéité, en raison de leurs activités qui se déploient bien souvent au-delà des seules frontières nationales, ce visage transnational de l’activité des sociétés rend plus difficile la responsabilisation de la société mère pour les actes commis par ses filiales, il faut, effectivement, dire que le droit international public, n’est pas en mesure de développer un système de responsabilité globale pour des cas de dommages trans-frontières.

Esta tesis se sustenta sobre la hipótesis de que el diseño de interiores es una ocupación técnica liberal regulada, titulada y no colegiada, aunque vacía de contenido legal (obligaciones y responsabilidades) más allá de lo que dispone el Real Decreto 902/1977, de 1 de abril, regulador de las facultades profesionales de los decoradores, una disposición normativa obsoleta y conflictiva, pero la única que regula sus atribuciones. Para dotar a este colectivo del necesario contenido legal se han analizado tanto las principales normas jurídicas como la doctrina y jurisprudencia española; un análisis centrado en la formación, atribuciones, corporativismo y contratación (elementos, prueba, interpretación, obligaciones, incumplimiento y resolución del contrato). En el apartado de conclusiones se ha validado la hipótesis inicial, al tiempo que se ha expuesto la necesidad de un nuevo marco normativo, adaptado a la realidad de esta profesión, que expresamente incluya al interiorista como técnico competente en la edificación.

Les banques sont exposées à une multitude des risques. Dans un contexte réglementaire caractérisé par le renforcement de la surveillance européenne et des règles de protection de la clientèle, il est nécessaire de cartographier, évaluer, contrôler et maîtriser le risque juridique bancaire, partie intégrante du risque opérationnel. Pour ce faire, la récente discipline de gestion des risques ou risk management fournit les outils nécessaires aux établissements de crédit. Sa méthodologie générale s'avère pleinement transposable en matière juridique et est adaptée aux exigences légales en matière de contrôle interne, de gestion des risques et de calcul d'un niveau équilibré et approprié de fonds propres. Elle offre, par ailleurs, une grille de lecture inédite des obligations d'information, de mise en garde et de conseil du banquier à l'égard de ses clients. Véritable manifestation du paradigme ordo-libéral, ce trio informationnel témoigne du fait que le droit ne peut pas faire abstraction du milieu économique et social. Utiles pour le bon fonctionnement du marché et pour le progrès social, elles sont en même temps le signe d'une tendance au rééquilibrage contractuel, en dépassant la conception classique d'égalité abstraite des parties contractuelles. Les risques juridiques liés à ces trois obligations du banquier envers ses clients sont nombreux, pouvant être à la fois fréquents et extrêmes. L'étude de ces risques permet, entre autres, d'identifier les excès, voire les ambiguïtés ou les insuffisances du droit positif en la matière. Banks are exposed to a multitude of risks. In view of the increased focus on European supervision and on consumer protection in the current regulatory framework, it is appropriate to map, evaluate, monitor and control the banking legal risk, as part of the operational risk. For this purpose, the risk management offers the necessary tools to the credit institutions. Its general approach is completely applicable in the legal field and is adapted to the legal requirements on internal supervision, risk management and determination of a balanced and proper level of own funds. Moreover, it provides a new key for the reading of the duties to disclose information, to caution and to advise that the banks have towards their clients. As a genuine expression of the ordo-liberal paradigm, this triple duty demonstrates that the law cannot ignore the social and economic. These duties are useful for the proper functioning of the market and for the social progress, and they are also the sign of a trend towards resetting the balance in contracts, leaving behind the classic concept of theoretical equality between parties to a contract. There are many legal risks in relation to those three requirements of the bank towards its customers, which can have frequent occurrences and very serious consequences. The study of those risks is meant, inter alia, to identify the overregulation, the ambiguities or the lack of regulation in the current legal framework.

A lo largo de la historia las figuras nombre comercial y denominación social han compartido características similares, tales como el hecho de que ambas están destinadas a individualizar e identificar: el nombre comercial a una persona física o jurídica, en el desarrollo de su actividad empresarial para distinguirse de actividades idénticas o similares en el tráfico económico; la denominación social, en cambio, a una sociedad mercantil o asociación en el tráfico jurídico. Es decir, ambas figuras tienen el común denominador de ser expresiones que componen un elemento de identificación de las empresas y personas jurídicas en el tráfico económico y jurídico, respectivamente. En virtud de lo anterior, este trabajo tiene como objetivo primordial hacer un análisis jurídico de lo que debe entenderse por nombre comercial y por denominación social, así como plantear de manera sucinta la problemática que al respecto impera; por qué cuerpos normativos se encuentran reguladas las figuras de referencia; las autoridades administrativas encargadas de llevar un registro de unos u otras, así como de las posibles, y en cierto modo comunes, controversias que surgen entre sí, a pesar de que doctrinalmente tengan conceptos y funciones perfectamente delimitados y distintos. Se hará también una breve alusión a la figura del nombre comercial o su institución equivalente con otros países para tener elementos de comparación entre unos y otros. El método elegido para la elaboración de este trabajo ha sido un análisis de la normatividad y jurisprudencia española; fuentes bibliográficas, hemerográficas y electrónicas, así como sentencias y resoluciones dictadas en relación con la materia. Para ello se ha realizado una actividad analítica y de contraste entre nombres comerciales y denominaciones sociales y, siendo éstos los objetivos concretos, se han evitado distracciones o desvíos de atención en diversos temas que fueron surgiendo durante el transcurso de esta investigación. El contenido de este trabajo está desarrollado siguiendo un planteamiento por capítulos. En los capítulos primero y segundo se hace un análisis jurídico de las figuras nombre comercial y denominación social, detallando sus conceptos, funciones, clases, requisitos indispensables, naturaleza jurídica, acciones de defensa que el titular de un nombre comercial podrá ejercer, entre otras, para sentar las bases y poder entender los conflictos que pueden y que llegan a surgir entre unos y otras. En el capítulo tercero se hará una somera reseña de las figuras equivalentes al nombre comercial español en Derecho comparado, tanto en Italia, como en el Reino Unido y en México, es decir, la ditta, la trade mark y el nombre comercial, respectivamente, para con ello tener elementos de análisis jurídico y comparativo entre éstos tres y el primero. El propósito del capítulo cuarto será, precisamente, analizar y detallar las causas que originan las controversias entre nombres comerciales y denominaciones sociales, haciendo alusión a los diferentes supuestos que en la vida cotidiana acontecen, además de explicar la forma en que dichas controversias son dirimidas. En el quinto y último capítulo de este trabajo de investigación, se hará una descripción del apartamiento conceptual, funcional y normativo entre los nombres comerciales y las denominaciones sociales, además se plantean ciertas medidas y reformas legales que, de llevarse a cabo, acercarían a dichas figuras, clarificarían su situación actual y homogeneizarían los conceptos que habrán de utilizar, por un lado, la OEPM y, por el otro, el RMC al momento de otorgar la concesión del registro de nombres comerciales (o marcas de servicio) y de denominaciones sociales, respectivamente.