Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L’éthique est en perpétuelle quête de repères. Elle a révolutionné le management des entreprises et amélioré leur efficacité. Le législateur OHADA l’a mise au cœur de la gestion des sociétés commerciales, en instituant des mécanismes d’amélioration continue. Cette approche durable s’est accentuée dans un contexte interconnecté et ultra-concurrentiel où une crise de légitimation des règles éthiques, combinée à un usage tous azimuts des TIC, impacte la gouvernance d’entreprise. En effet, plus l’outil technologique augmente son impact sur la société, plus les problèmes éthiques s’accroissent davantage du fait de nouvelles opportunités d’actions. Pour y remédier, l’usage légal et rationnel des TIC peut désormais servir à améliorer les formes d’expression de l’éthique, tandis qu’un usage éthique des TIC est requis.

Existe-t-il un Acte uniforme relatif à l’éthique des affaires en droit de l’organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires ? L’éthique des affaires mériterait un encadrement normatif en droit OHADA pour un développement a priori de l’entreprise du marché et a postériori de la sécurité juridique des investissements. Cet encadrement juridique visera à prescrire des devoirs qui assainiront les comportements des acteurs, et en particulier l’actionnaire des sociétés OHADA. En droit positif OHADA, les règles éthiques visant l’actionnaire sont éparses et d’application restrictive, d’où l’impasse. La nécessité d’explorer le droit des contrats et le droit des sociétés pour l’extraction d’un contenu normatif s’impose. Cet exercice heuristique vise à aider le législateur, seulement pour ce qui concerne l’actionnaire des sociétés, à l’élaboration d’une normativité de l’éthique des affaires.

Plus d’une décennie après adoption de l’acte uniforme marquant le point de départ du nouveau droit coopératif OHADA, il apparaît opportun de questionner la dimension éthique inhérente à la gouvernance des sociétés coopératives ; à l’effet d’en mesurer la prise en compte dans l’espace OHADA. D’où la question de savoir : quelle appréciation peut-on faire de la prise en compte de l’éthique dans la gouvernance de l’entreprise coopérative dans l’espace juridique OHADA ? Répondant à cette question, au demeurant très intéressante pour envisager l’avenir ou le devenir de l’entreprise coopérative à l’ère de la globalisation économique et de la révolution technologique, cette réflexion suggère loin de toute réaction euphorique, une attitude circonspecte dans l’appréciation de la prise en compte de la dimension éthique dans la gouvernance de la société coopérative. En effet, l’occasion donnée de prendre la mesure de la mise en œuvre de l’éthique dans la gouvernance de la coopérative OHADA laisse entrevoir un ancrage indéniable de l’éthique dans la gouvernance de la coopérative OHADA. Mais au-delà de ces considérations textuelles, les contraintes contextuelles permettent d’envisager de possibles relâchements des exigences éthiques sur le sentier de la recherche du juste équilibre entre efficacité économique et observance des valeurs et principes coopératifs.

The study explores the reaction of stock markets to anticipated or unexpected rating announcements by the market in a crisis context by conducting an empirical study on the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) stock market over the period from December 2010 to August 2022. The results show that the crisis context support the anticipation of bad ratings and neutral ratings as opposed to good ratings. These results validate the asymmetry in investor reaction to announcements of anticipated rating downgrades compared with announcements of upgrades in times of crisis. This reaction highlights the irrational behave of investors in times of crisis. In fact, when investors detect a risk concerning the financial situation of a stock, they anticipate a downgrade and react quickly, even before the official announcement of the downgrade, by selling their shares on masse. This action will cause the share price to fall. Similarly, the market’s weak reaction to early good announcements is explained by the fact that this type of announcement does not provide them with any unknown information to guide their financial decisions.

This research is driven by the rapid spread of fintech, and its contributions to Tanzania’s economic growth. This study uses quantitative quarterly time series data from Tanzania from 2008 to 2022. The Augmented Dicky Fuler (ADF) is used for the stationarity test, Johansen Cointegrations for the hypothesis and Cointegrations test, VAR and VECM for testing both short-run and long-run causality relationships, and Granger Causality for testing variable causality. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is used for parameter estimation, modelling and significance testing. The results show that the model is statistically significant and the independent variables in the regression accounted for around 89% of the overall variation in GDP. Fintech variable subscriptions have a positive impact on Tanzania’s economic growth. Thus, unemployment in Tanzania may be alleviated by the growing sector of financial technology. Fintech has involved many people from all over the world, including Tanzania, and has had a positive impact on both the national economy and per capita growth. Since TTCL and ZANTEL have witnessed a sharp decline in subscriptions, the government, as a fixed-wired broadband service provider, must take the necessary steps to increase the subscriptions.

Paying taxes is essential to attaining sustainable economic growth and national economic independence, hence tax evasion is a concern for the economies of both wealthy and developing countries. This study examined how tax payer attitudes, particularly in the Singida Tax Region, affect tax evasion in Tanzanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). This study employed a survey method in which data collection comprised both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A multiple regression model was employed in combination with a descriptive study approach to ascertain the outcomes. 145 SMEs taxpayers made up the study's as a sample size. The findings demonstrate that, among SMEs in the Singida Region, peer influence, tax awareness, tax morale, and tax evasion have statistically significant relationships with the taxpayer's attitude. This association is supported by statistics. Consequently, the United Republic of Tanzanian government needs to consider how taxpayer attitudes including peer pressure, tax knowledge, and morale affect tax evasion. This will contribute to the goal of reducing tax avoidance by all taxpayers, including SMEs Taxpayers.

This study examines the impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on regional trade in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Technologies (DT) sector across 43 African countries from 2014 to 2021. Employing the augmented gravity model and confidence-level estimations, it highlights AfCFTA's mediating role in enabling ICT&DT trade on the continent. Using hierarchical regression analysis of a panel dataset comprising 5,160 observations, the findings imply that trade openness and productive capacities not only facilitate trade in the ICT&DT sector but also result in positive spillover effects across various economic sectors. This study contributes to the international business literature by refining the application of the gravity model to capture the need for sector-specific analyses to unpack institutional dynamics and dis-enablers of trade. It identifies AfCFTA as a pivotal yet underexplored element in the global trade landscape, highlighting its potential as Africa seeks a more prominent role on the global stage. The research stresses the significance of digital empowerment and policy reforms to maximise the benefits of regional integration under AfCFTA.

The international terms of the 2017 FIDIC Red Book (reprinted and amended in 2022) state that, when the contractor is a joint venture (JV), all members are jointly and severally liable to the employer. These terms also establish certain procedural rules—the most important ones being the submission to the employer of the JV undertaking and the appointment of a leader. However, these international terms do not provide for substantive rules pertaining to the plurality of the JV members. These require reference to the applicable law that governs the construction contract. The applicable law can be domestic law, such as Qatari law, or an international soft law, such as the Unidroit Principles. Comparing these two possibly applicable laws, it becomes evident that there are no significant differences between the two regarding the substantive rules concerning a plurality of obligors. Furthermore, it is argued that the majority of these substantive legal rules, whether national or international, are inoperative in a construction contract incorporating the international terms of the FIDIC Red Book.

This article examines the implementation of the Mining, Agricultural and Construction (MAC) Equipment Protocol under the Cape Town Convention in Africa, focusing on enhancing economic growth and sustainable development through improved access to financing for high-value mobile equipment. Africa’s economic development is significantly hindered by inadequate infrastructure, which escalates transaction costs and limits access to international markets. Investment in modern infrastructure, particularly in the mining, agricultural, and construction sectors, is typically expensive for many businesses in the African region. The MAC Protocol aims to address these challenges by providing a uniform legal framework that supports the financing of MAC equipment. The Convention and the MAC Protocol facilitate access to affordable capital and reduce risks for financiers who take international interests in MAC equipment, promoting economic activities in Africa. The article highlights the legal protections offered by the MAC Protocol, ensuring rights against third-party claims and enhancing the enforceability of international interests. The adoption of the MAC Protocol by African States could significantly impact their ability to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by making modern, cost-efficient equipment more accessible, thus boosting productivity and economic diversification. The article advocates for adopting the MAC Protocol, emphasizing its potential to enhance foreign investment in the mining, agriculture, and construction sectors, stimulating economic development in Africa. This strategic move will propel African countries towards greater economic resilience and integration into the global economy. The article also critically analyses and illustrates the several declaration mechanisms available to countries adopting the MAC Protocol, accompanied by a guidance note to sensitize lawmakers when signing and/or ratifying or acceding to the Cape Town Convention and the MAC Protocol.

Le juge est le maillon fort de la chaine judiciaire qui a reçu le pouvoir d’appliquer la règle de droit. En tant qu’érudit du droit, le juge connait diverses situations juridiques litigieuses qui font appel à l’interprétation d’un matériau assez vaste. Dans ce matériau, l’application du droit international demeure un enjeu majeur pour l’office du juge. Ceci est d’autant plus vrai en ce qui concerne le droit international humanitaire, qui est très spécifique. Au regard des circonstances politiques, économiques et des conditions professionnelles qui encadre l’office du juge africain, l’intérêt transparait à travers cette formule : quelles sont les postures du juge africain dans l’application du droit international humanitaire ? Une telle interrogation évoque la question de la réception des règles internationales dans les ordres juridiques internes, mais aussi leur appropriation par les acteurs chargés de leur mise en œuvre. Cette interrogation permet de relever les efforts au regard de la présence des facteurs inhibiteurs en Afrique surtout. Ces efforts, quoique toujours insuffisants, s’inscrivent indéniablement dans une dynamique de promotion et de consolidation du droit international humanitaire. Juge promoteur, juge consolidateur sont les postures observées en Afrique dans les affaires relatives à l’application du droit international humanitaire, mais toujours dans une camisole d’insuffisance. The judge is the strong link in the judicial chain, empowered to apply the rule of law. As a legal scholar, the judge is familiar with a variety of contentious legal situations that call for the interpretation of a vast body of rules. Within this legal corpus, the application of international law remains a major challenge for the judge’s office. This is all the more true in the case of international humanitarian law, which is highly specific. In view of the political and economic circumstances and the professional conditions that govern the office of the African judge, the question arises: what are the African judge’s attitudes to the application of international humanitarian law? Such a question raises the issue of how international rules are received by domestic legal systems, and how they are appropriated by the actors responsible for implementing them. This question helps to highlight the efforts being made in view of the presence of inhibiting factors, especially in Africa. These efforts, though still insufficient, are undeniably part of a dynamic to promote and consolidate international humanitarian law. Judge-promoter, judge-consolidator are the postures observed in Africa in cases relating to the application of international humanitarian law, but always in a straitjacket of inadequacy.

The glaring lack of employment opportunities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has led to the conclusion of special employment contracts, includin…

The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights recently published a general comment interpreting article 7(d) of the so-called Maputo Protocol.…

Based on bank-level data from 29 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2005 and 2019, we apply panel fixed effects (FE) and two-step system GMM estimators to investigate whether increased cross-border banking affects domestic banking sector stability. We find significant evidence that the stability of banks in host countries declines with an increased presence of foreign banks—and the impact is more pronounced on banks that are small and less efficient. The stability impact of foreign banks is also found to depend on the quality of governance institutional factors in the host country. The findings shed some important insights on the downside of financial liberalisation policy in developing countries and the need for increased cross-border collaboration between home and host supervisory authorities in the SSA region—especially in jurisdictions where the foreign bank affiliates are systemically important. The domestic supervisory authorities thus need to effectively manage the inherent trade-off between reaping the benefits from international financial integration while effectively safeguarding domestic banking systems against cross-border contagion and fragility.

L’Objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre la portée de la mutation comptable sur la production d’une information financière de qualité. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour une posture épistémologique interpretativiste adossée sur une démarche qualitative inductive. A l’aide d’un guide d’entretien, nous avons réalisé les entretiens semi-directifs auprès de dix (10) gestionnaires financiers des entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Les données collectées, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu et automatisée à l’aide du logiciel Nvivo 10. Il ressort de ces analyses que la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA contribuerait à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’information financière dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Ce qui interpelle les gestionnaires des entreprises publiques d’une part et le conseil permanent de la comptabilité au Congo d’autre part de veiller véritablement à l’applicabilité stricte du SYSCOHADA pour une information financière de qualité. Car la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA s’implémente avec beaucoup des difficultés dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo surtout lors des travaux d’inventaires.  

Si la sécurité de l'emploi reste forte, la stabilité de l'emploi, elle, continue à être un sujet de préoccupation. Il n'y a qu'une faible relation entre l'indicateur objectif de la sécurité de l'emploi qu'est la durabilité et la perception qu'en ont les gens à travers les pays. Ainsi, « il existe une relation positive entre le travail décent et la sécurité de l'emploi ». La sécurité de l'emploi peut être générée par son caractère stable, mais quand se profile une récession ou que s'accélèrent les changements structurels, la stabilité de l'emploi risque d'être mise en péril. Dans ces situations, les salariés ont besoin de compter sur leurs systèmes de protection sociale. Mais c’est de toute évidence dans l’optique de sécuriser l’emploi que le législateur prévoit des techniques conciliantes entre l’employeur et les employés afin de stabiliser l’emploi. De ce fait, on observe une redynamisation des conditions de travail par la modification des dispositions contractuelles. En outre, même en cas de changement dans la situation juridique de l’employeur le principe reste celui de la subsistance du contrat en cours. If job security remain strong, job stability continues to be a subject of concern. There is only a weak relationship between the objective indicator of job security and this is sustainability and the perception of it by people accross the country. Thus, « there is a positive relationship between decent work and job security ». Job security can be generated by its stable nature, but when a recession looms or structural changes accelerate, job stability risks being jeopardized. In these situations, employees have need to rely on their social protection systems. But, it is obviously with a view to securing employment that the legislator provides conciliatory techniques between the employer and employees in order to stabilize employment. As a result, we are considering a revitalization of working conditions by modifying contractual provisions. Furthermore, even in the event of a change in the legal situation of the employer, the principle remains that of the continuation of the current contract.

This article explores the terms “BRI dispute” and “BRI jurisprudence”. It undertakes a practical and theoretical analysis that considers whether “BRI disputes” have distinct and visible characteristics and are capable of being identified in a legal sense. This is important since practitioners – arbitration centres and law firms – use the term broadly and without specific criteria. By exploring the customary usage and the approach of legal scholars to the term, presenting examples of “BRI disputes” and examining their unique features, and constructing a theoretical approach (utilizing the concepts of ratione materiae, ratione loci, ratione temporis, and ratione personae; and considering the jurisprudence of the ICSID), this article moves from a broad to a narrow analysis to develop both a definition and a system of registration of “BRI disputes” for use by academics, practitioners, and policymakers.

The purpose of the Competition Act 89 of 1998 as amended (the Competition Act) is, among others, to promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy as well as to provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices. In line with this purpose, the Competition Act provides that a dominant firm is prohibited from engaging in price discrimination if such conduct will likely substantially prevent or lessen competition, which would be to the detriment of consumers. Notably, the Competition Act has established various bodies to regulate competition and act against any conduct prohibited by this Act in South Africa. These bodies include the Competition Commission, the Competition Tribunal, and the Competition Appeal Court. Notwithstanding the prohibition of price discrimination, the Competition Act does not expressly provide adequate enforcement tools for competition authorities to combat uncompetitive practices in the digital era. Moreover, the Competition Act does not expressly grant these statutory bodies clear roles and mandates on providing consumers with adequate and suitable redress when they have been victims of algorithmic price discrimination. With recent technological developments, electronic commerce (e-commerce), and digital transformation, consumers have become vulnerable to various challenges such as excessive pricing, data breaches and algorithmic pricing. The online and digital markets are characterised by complex transactions, innovative technologies and business practices which expose all consumers, including vulnerable consumers, to different risks. As such, the role of the competition authorities needs to be recalibrated to enhance consumer protection on the pricing of goods and services. To this end this paper seeks to investigate the role and ambit of the powers of these competition authorities in the regulation of price discrimination in the context of digital transformation and the digital economy. This is done to assess whether the competition authorities have the necessary tools of enforcement to ensure that markets are competitive and to combat uncompetitive conduct in the digital economy and online markets.