Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le juge de l’exécution est en charge d’un contentieux dont les termes et les normes visent principalement à résoudre des difficultés afférentes - voire inhérentes - aux titres exécutoires et aux saisies conservatoires ou aux voies d’exécution civile forcée. Cela postule une exécution des décisions de justice avec célérité et rigueur pour rétablir dans ses droits tout créancier lésé et disposant d’un titre exécutoire. De plus, il s’agit de contribuer au nécessaire équilibre à établir entre les intérêts (notamment patrimoniaux) du créancier, du débiteur ou des tiers. L’étude du statut du juge du contentieux de l’exécution révèle, cependant, la difficulté à en définir la nature. Elle révèle également une pluralité et une diversité d’institutions auxquelles ce juge peut être identifié au niveau des Etats membres de l’OHADA avec autant de régimes juridiques nationaux applicables ; ce qui peut être source d’insécurité, à savoir : forum shopping, law shopping au sein de la zone OHADA.

El Convenio de Nueva York de 1958 permite se busque el reconocimiento y la ejecución de un laudo OHADA en terceros Estados. Sin embargo, admite el empleo de la normativa interna para regir el procedimiento y deja a salvo cuestiones relacionadas con la inmunidad soberana de los Estados. Las nuevas leyes adoptadas en España en materia de cooperación jurídica internacional e inmunidad soberana, establecen la intervención del MAEC cuando un Estado extranjero sea demandado ante tribunales españoles como es el caso Commercial Bank / Guinea Ecuatorial. Esta previsión puede implicar un giro de la jurisprudencia hacia posturas más cercanas a la inmunidad absoluta. Como se verá en este artículo, aunque CBGE haya obtenido el execuátur del laudo en España y logrado el embargo del avión titularidad de Ceiba, las medidas coercitivas de ejecución podrán ser recurridas en revisión por el Estado, quien podrá plantear una estrategia fundamentalmente en dos direcciones: (i) bien demostrando la finalidad soberana del aparato embargado, para defender así su carácter inmune a la ejecución, o (ii) bien alegando que la persona jurídica afectada por el embargo no ha sido parte en el arbitraje y por tanto no es la deudora del laudo. La práctica jurisprudencial internacional ha demostrado que existen gran des posibilidades de que el tribunal termine levantando el embargo si se demuestra fehacientemente alguna de estas dos defensas.

This thesis investigates three important issues on bank financial reporting quality: 1) the impact of banks’ retail versus wholesale funding structure on their earnings quality, 2) the implications of economic and monetary policy uncertainty for banks’ earnings opacity, and 3) the relationship between banks’ bad time history and accounting conservatism. In the first essay, we examine the implications of banks’ funding strategies for banks’ earnings quality. We find that banks’ greater reliance on retail deposits over wholesale funds is negatively and significantly associated with the magnitude of earnings management through discretionary loan loss provisions, the likelihood of meeting-or-beating earnings benchmark, and the extent of income smoothing through loan loss provisions. This finding is consistent with the arguments that retail deposits are relatively more stable and information-insensitive, represent a more conservative business model, and attract more intensive monitoring from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) than wholesale funds, thereby improving banks’ financial reporting quality. In the second essay, we investigate whether economic and monetary policy uncertainties affect banks’ earnings opacity. When economic and monetary policies are relatively uncertain, it is easier for bank managers to distort financial information, as unpredictable policy changes make assessing the existence and impact of hidden “adverse news” more difficult for investors and creditors. Policy uncertainty also increases the fluctuation in banks’ earnings and cash flows, providing additional incentives for bank managers to engage in earnings management. Our results show that uncertainty in economic and monetary policy is associated with greater magnitude of discretionary loan loss provisions, higher likelihood of just meeting-or-beating the prior year’s earnings, and lower levels of accounting conservatism, suggesting that economic and monetary policy uncertainties lead to higher banks’ earnings opacity. In the third essay, we examine the impact of banks’ bad times on the conservatism of accounting policy. Specifically, we investigate two types of bad times: banks’ own past experiences of undercapitalization and their experiences of witnessing the failures of other banks in state-wide and county-wide crises. We find that both types of banks’ bad times are positively related to timelier recognition of earnings decreases versus earnings increases in accounting income. We also find that following exposure to bad times, banks increase their allowance for loan losses. Collectively, our results suggest that bank-specific bad times and macro-level banking crises lead to greater bank accounting conservatism. These findings support the arguments that banks exposed to past crises overweight their bad time history, and become more cautious and pessimistic about their future earnings performance and loan quality.

For the past twenty years, international commercial arbitration scholarship has mainly focusedon the private dimension of international arbitration. Part of a greater movement toward the privatization of justice and law, this understanding of the discipline has obscured arbitrators'adjudicative role. By reflecting on different adjudicative models and by analyzing the form andcontent of arbitral decisions, new light can be shed on our understanding of international commercial arbitration.

A inserção internacional de Moçambique é um processo que ocorreu em fases, tendo se iniciado com os esforços empreendidos na década de 1960 pelo Dr. Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, Primeiro Presidente da Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO). Visando criar o isolamento internacional do regime colonial Português e obter o apoio necessário para a causa da independência de Moçambique, Mondlane estabeleceu contatos com governos de vários Estados do mundo incluindo países ocidentais, países progressistas africanos e países socialistas, projetando, deste modo, a imagem de Moçambique no mundo. Iniciada com as decisões tomadas no Segundo Congresso da FRELIMO realizado em 1968, a política externa de Moçambique tinha em vista “criar mais amigos e poucos inimigos”, num contexto de bipolaridade ideológica que caracterizava a guerra-fria. O novo contexto internacional emergente no período após o fim da guerra-fria viria a originar uma redefiniçao desta política que passou a ser definida como de “criar mais amigos e mais parceiras”. A nível da região da África Austral a FRELIMO considerou sempre que a independência de Moçambique só seria completa com a libertação de todos os países da região que ainda se encontravam sob a dominação de regimes coloniais e minoritários tendo dado o seu apoio incondicional à luta de libertação do Zimbábue, África do Sul e Namíbia, para além do seu grande empenho no processo de cooperação e integração regional. É neste contexto que se pode enquadrar esta tese cujo tema é “a política externa de Moçambique e sua inserção na região da África Austral” a qual procura, através de uma vasta revisão bibliográfica, analisar os contornos que estiveram à volta da afirmação de Moçambique como Estado reconhecido no concerto das nações tanto a nível regional como internacional.

Corporate law is based on the premise that directors are fiduciaries of their companies. This is an unbending duty which has to be adhered to at all cost by individuals appointed as directors of a company. Previously the director’s duties were governed by the common law which often relied on the interpretation of the courts on a case by case basis. Therefore the courts would often arrive at different conclusions based on a similar set of facts. The advent of the 2008 Companies Act (Act 71 of 2008)1 brought about a major evolution in South African company law by partially codifying the fiduciary duties of the directors. Understanding fiduciary duties of a director is of significant importance in the modern democracy based on the fact that directors engage on the international spectrum. Company directors have discretionary power which may be abused if they are not familiar with the fiduciary duties. This study seeks to comprehend fully the fiduciary duties of a director of a company. These are the duty to act bona fide, the duty to act for a proper purpose, the duty to avoid conflicts of interest and the duty not to use a corporate opportunity and information for personal profit. This task will be undertaken both in terms of the common law as well as statute (Companies Act 2008 Act). The study will delineate the fundamental consequences of partial codification of these duties and set out the current legal position of the common law which operates in tandem with the statute. In addition, it will deal with whether the common law provisions are still applicable side by side with the statutes. The duties of a company director represent a subject that is not merely academic in nature, but one that is of vital importance in our ever changing commercial world. More and more people are appointed as company directors every day and often they do not know or understand the implications of what they have agreed to.

El presente trabajo constituye un breve análisis jurídico de una práctica atípica que ha venido desarrollándose en España durante los últimos años tomando como ejemplo el caso Hispania Airways, una sociedad mercantil dedicada al transporte de pasajeros, correo y carga que inició sus operaciones sin obtener la correspondiente licencia de explotación. Se abordan las posibles causas de la permisividad de este tipo de operaciones por parte de la autoridad aeronáutica.

LL.M. (Commercial Law) <br>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is the supreme law in the land. Thus, all law is subject to the Constitution and this inevitably includes the law of contract. The South African law of contract has been inherited from common law, namely Roman–Dutch law and has been applicable in South Africa to date. The Constitution states that the common law should be developed when it is not in line with the provisions of the Constitution. The values underpinning the Constitution are human dignity equality and freedom and these values must therefore be reflected in contractual relations. The common law principle of pacta sunt servanda, which means that agreements must be kept, at times this principle yields unjust and unreasonable results. The strict adherence to pacta sunt servanda has led to difficulties. The unenforceability of these contract terms has been shown in reported case law to stem from standard term contracts, unequal bargaining power and from persons who contract out of necessity. This dissertation concludes that South African law of contract and the current legal treatment of balancing contract law with constitutional values is unsatisfactory. The Bill on the Control of Unreasonableness, Unconscionableness, or Oppressiveness in Contracts or Terms which was tabled in 1998 should be revised and legislated, so as to regulate contracts and infuse the law of contract with the constitutional values of human dignity, equality and freedom.

L’Economie Sociale et Solidaire (ESS) est une nouvelle économie née des inégalités qu’ont connues les sociétés prolétaires mais qui de nos jours demeure une alternative pour lutter contre les conséquences désastreuses de l’économie capitalistique et de la mondialisation. Son principe de base étant de placer l’Homme au cœur de ses diverses activités et organisations, lui permet ainsi de promouvoir la solidarité, une gestion participative, etc. Cependant, elle doit faire face à des problèmes et surtout de financement. C’est dans ce contexte que nous nous interrogeons sur une question de grande actualité aussi en Afrique Sub-saharienne (AfSS) et particulièrement au Congo Brazzaville et au Sénégal à savoir : les mécanismes de financement de l’économie social et solidaire. L’objectif pour nous, est d’étudier les éléments qui forment, cadrent et financent l’ESS en AfSS et particulièrement au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal et de vérifier si les dispositifs existants répondent-ils aux valeurs et principes de l’ESS t-elle que connu aujourd’hui dans le monde. De ce fait, et à partir de nos recherches, nous orientons notre travail sur : le Cadre théorique de cette ESS et ses pratiques en AfSS ; son cadre juridique et dynamique et enfin son rôle et système de financement dans l’activité économique au Congo-Brazzaville et au Sénégal. Ce qui nous a permis d’ailleurs de comprendre que l’ESS est un concept ancien dont les valeurs et pratiques ont toujours existés en AfSS. Qu’elle repose sur des dispositifs juridiques et des réseaux de promotion. Et que malgré quelques insuffisances notoires, les dispositifs financiers mis en place dans ces deux pays en particulier ont permis le développement et la modernisation des pratiques et organisations de l’ESS

L’arbitrage de droit commun est régi par l’Acte uniforme relatif à l’arbitrage, véritable loi de procédure harmonisée applicable dans les 17 États membres de l’OHADA. Aux côtés de l’arbitrage CCJA dont il est complémentaire, il a sa légitimité et sa vocation propre qui est de permettre le développement d’un arbitrage de proximité. Conforme aux standards internationaux, qu’il soit ad hoc ou institutionnel, il met au cœur du processus les parties, afin de créer une véritable culture locale de l’arbitrage. À ce titre, il donne un rôle essentiel aux institutions nationales d’arbitrage dont la connaissance de terrain et la proximité des acteurs permettent l’enrichissement de la lex arbitri, jusqu’à permettre aujourd’hui d’inspirer une réforme de cette loi uniforme de l’arbitrage OHADA qui tend vers toujours plus d’efficacité et de modernité. Il nous sera donné en particulier de faire part de l’expérience du Centre d’arbitrage du GICAM, Douala (Cameroun). The Uniform Act on arbitration is the ordinary law that governs arbitration. This Uniform Act is a harmonized procedural enactment that is applicable in the 17 member states of OHADA. It exists alongside, and is complementary to CCJA arbitration. But it has its own legitimacy and its own vocation, which is to allow the development of an arbitration of proximity. Whether considered from an ad hoc arbitration viewpoint, or an institutional arbitration viewpoint, the Uniform Act complies with international arbitration standards. It places the parties at the heart of the arbitral procedure in order to create a local culture of arbitration. In this regard, it provides an important role to national arbitration institutions whose understanding of the field and proximity to stakeholders permit the enrichment of the lex arbitri. Today, this role given to national arbitration institutions has inspired a reform of the Uniform Act on arbitration, which aspires for more efficiency and modernity. We shall, in particular, share the experience of the GICAM Arbitration Centre in Douala Cameroon.

A governança global é um fenômeno relativamente novo na ordem internacional. A responsabilidade social corporativa surge como um mecanismo da governança global no que tange à responsabilização das sociedades que assumem atribuição cada vez mais relevante diante do mundo globalizado. Os danos ambientais comumente são fruto da ausência de instrumentos efetivos de responsabilidade. O descarte de resíduos sólidos nos oceanos há tempos vem acontecendo e prejudica o meio ambiente marinho vinculado às águas brasileiras. A comunidade internacional enfrenta o descarte de resíduos em águas internacionais basicamente por meio da elaboração de uma legislação que objetiva regulamentar o despejo de resíduos nos oceanos. Assim, cabe investigar se há uma efetiva resposta ao enfrentamento do problema em termos da logística jurídica atualmente utilizada e sua fiscalização pela comunidade internacional. Parte-se da hipótese de que os instrumentos legais em vigor não se apresentam como uma solução estanque ao problema ante a argumentação da soberania dos Estados que leva a não observância das normas internacionais e a não responsabilização dos infratores. Um mecanismo mais eficaz em termos de regulamentação e de fiscalização, aliado à conscientização e educação ambiental são exigências que se fazem necessárias para combater os efeitos dessa prática que ecoa um dano permanente ao meio ambiente marinho. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho dar-se-á através da análise teórica sobre o fenômeno a partir de doutrina selecionada que trata das construções conceituais que abordam o tema.

Many contemporary private and public enterprises have been hit by scandals and underperformance which have been linked to organizational leadership. This study therefore sought to establish the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Leadership and organizational performance crises that have rocked institutions such as Eskom, the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the South African Airways, Steinhoff, Enron and others necessitated the study. The study focused on MBA year three students (class of 2017) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The assumption has been that since these are masters’ students, they have once been exposed to various leadership styles, some of them are leaders, all have studied leadership styles and therefore likely to understand how these styles impact on organizational performance. This is a quantitative study. The total population was 140 students of which a total of 100 were targeted. Simple random sampling was used. Most of the participants revealed that there is a significant link between leadership styles and organizational performance. They unanimously agreed that there is definitely a noteworthy relationship between leadership styles and the organizational performance. The respondents also revealed that transformational leadership style is the most complimentary leadership style to organizational performance followed by strategic and open leadership styles respectively. Participants agreed that toxic leadership style and autocratic leadership style are undermining the organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that organizations ensure continuous checks on leadership in order to ensure that available leadership can assist in the realization of organizational goals. In addition, it is also recommended for organizations to assess the "type" of a leader in terms of leadership styles before he/she is promoted to take leadership roles in the organization in order to make proper placements. This will allow the organization to assess whether that type of a leader is suitable for the organization. Future research is needed on how models can be developed on how to make proper placements to leadership levels/roles. Research should also focus on how leadership styles dovetail with other organizational efforts that are meant to boost organizational performance.

It is not uncommon for states to engage in arbitration proceedings with their investors (“Investor-State Arbitration” or “International Investment Arbitration”) administered under the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes. When these parties engage in document production during evidentiary proceedings, there arises an issue with regards to documents requested by the investor, which is considered as a “state secret” by the state. Based on the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration (“IBA Rules”), states may have particular interest to refuse the production of a document. This is based on the argument that a document may be exempted from production if the document qualifies as a state secret by virtue of Article 9 of the IBA Rules. This paper will discuss appropriate measures to be taken by tribunals in order to allow for material and relevant evidence to be produced during proceedings, which may be crucial in being able to prove the case of the investor in the case of a conflict pertaining to the production of documents containing state secrets.