Bibliographie sélective OHADA

As sociedades de propósito específico (SPEs) não configuram um tipo societário próprio, mas sim mera categoria eficacial autônoma. A investigação histórica do instituto evidencia raízes desde os tempos romanos, tendo reverberado, ainda, nos arranjos típicos do período medieval e nas codificações oitocentistas, revelando sua essência como uma necessidade comercial da vida prática de separar patrimônios em função de um propósito específico, com projeções internas e externas que foram moldadas ao longo do tempo para viabilizar a consecução de empreendimentos de alto risco e promover o desenvolvimento econômico. No Brasil, está presente desde o Código Comercial de 1850, tendo sido adotada por diversas legislações esparsas ao longo dos últimos séculos para as mais diversas funções, servindo como mola propulsora ao desenvolvimento econômico. Como categoria eficacial autônoma que é, goza de flexibilidade para ser aplicada a qualquer tipo societário, modulando os efeitos típicos que lhes são assegurados aos seus ordenamentos societário, patrimonial e da atividade em função do propósito específico almejado. Não por outro motivo, seguindo o que nos parece ser a melhor técnica, o legislador tratou sua previsão normativa expressa no dispositivo de que trata do objeto social, restringindo-o em função de um propósito específico. Aos aplicadores do direito, diante do desenvolvimento histórico do instituto de seus efeitos, cabe saber distingui-los e aplicá-los, de modo a assegurar a efetividade da categoria em nosso ordenamento jurídico e o desempenho de sua função socioeconômica moldada ao longo de tantos anos.

Workforces are made up of individuals with differences in personal characteristics, differences that may be traced back to unique personality types and traits and – sometimes – neurodivergence. Due to the inherent subjectivity of the interpersonal relationships that form the foundation of a work environment, these differences in personal characteristics inevitably lead to tension. In addition, as part of managing a work environment employers frequently take decisions that may be influenced by views and perceptions regarding employees’ personal characteristics. This study starts with a descriptive examination of the meaning of personality and the influence that personality traits and types may have on employment. This is followed by a descriptive examination of neurodivergence, the various forms of neurodivergence, and the impact of these conditions on the work environment. Building on these descriptive and conceptual underpinnings, the legal implications of neurodiversity in the workplace are investigated by identifying which principles of the existing South African employment law framework may be utilised to provide protection and promote respect for neurodiversity and the neurodiverse differences between employees. This encompasses a discussion of the South African employment law rules relating to recruitment and selection of employees, some of the rules applicable to the day-to-day management of employees, and the rules relating to termination of employment that may be (in)directly influenced by considerations of neurodiversity. The focus thereafter shifts to consider the legal principles of employment discrimination law, where it is found that the listed ground of disability and an unlisted arbitrary ground may potentially be used as the applicable grounds of discrimination by employees if they are prejudiced due to their neurodiverse characteristics. In addition, the possibility that the rules on reasonable accommodation may be utilised as primary mechanism to properly regulate neurodiversity in the work environment and protect against prejudicial treatment of employees due to their inherent personal neurodiverse characteristics is also considered. The South African position and potential employment law rules that may apply to the management of neurodiversity in the work environment is compared to the position in the United Kingdom by focusing on the meaning of disability, the right to reasonable adjustments, and the right to request flexible working arrangements. Finally, the conclusions that may be drawn from this study are emphasised and are followed by some recommendations on how (reasonable) accommodation of neurodiversity in the work environment may appropriately be used as primary mechanism to provide employees with sufficient and appropriate protection of differences in neurodiverse characteristics. Even though this study focuses on neurodiversity and neurological differences between employees, the principles and recommendations from this study may be of value in relation to the appropriate management and regulation of all inherent differences between employees.

Alors que la finance traditionnelle peine à se renouveler, les nouveaux applicatifs de finance décentralisée proposent des services financiers basés sur des protocoles innovants, codés et entièrement gérés par les utilisateurs. Les classifications historiques de la finance sont largement inefficaces et des catégories telles que celle des instruments financiers ne permettent pas de construire un encadrement pertinent. Celles-ci doivent être dépassées pour pouvoir encadrer de façon plus inclusive tous les actifs décentralisés. La communication financière est rendue désuète et nécessite une refonte pour prendre en compte les nouvelles motivations des investisseurs et les impératifs environnementaux.

This collection of chapters tracks and explains the impact of the nine core United Nations human rights treaties in 20 selected countries, four from each of the five UN regions. Researchers based in each of these countries were responsible for the chapters, in which they assess the influence of the treaties and treaty body recommendations on legislation, policies, court decisions and practices. By covering the 20 years between July 1999 and June 2019, this book updates a study done 20 years ago.

"Chapter 16 The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Senegal" published on 09 Feb 2024 by Brill | Nijhoff.

El estudio de los Dispute Boards (DB) y su función social reflejada a través de la prevención y resolución de conflictos empresariales en contratos complejos es el tema central de este estudio. El problema de investigación planteado, en este contexto, es si los Dispute Boards son institutos capaces de desempeñar una función social basada en la prevención y resolución de conflictos en contratos mercantiles complejos. Así, el tema se desarrolla con base en el método dialéctico de la producción científica, apoyado en investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, además de investigaciones de campo, con encuestas cuantitativas y cualitativas sobre el uso de los DBs. Para ello, el estudio busca contextualizar los conceptos que involucran al mercado, la empresa y la función social como factores que permean contratos comerciales complejos, caracterizados por incertidumbres y riesgos relacionados con la ejecución contractual que deben ser gestionados a través de la implementación de una gobernanza guiada. por principios que implementen la eficiencia de la relación comercial. La referencia a estándares internos en el ámbito de la administración pública también se utiliza para guiar el estudio, que también se abarca en la aplicación del gobierno corporativo, identificando los DBs como vectores para implementar contratos complejos y, en consecuencia, promover y entregar valor sostenible a las empresas. y otras partes interesadas, concluyendo que son mecanismos relevantes para promover la función social, prevenir y resolver conflictos, especialmente en contratos complejos. De la misma manera, se identifica la necesidad de potenciar el instituto DB, atribuyendo personalidad jurídica, además de la contractual, a sus decisiones, con el fin de potenciar su propia función social basada en la seguridad jurídica de los dictámenes deliberantes vinculantes emitidos, presentando, al final, una propuesta de proyecto de ley con el objetivo de iniciar el proceso legislativo para implementar esta realidad jurídica, siguiendo el ejemplo del instituto de arbitraje.

La stabilité des relations d’affaires ne peut se concevoir sans un contrat de bail durable. Fort de ce constat, il est indispensable d’examiner l’importance de l’autonomie du contrat de bail renouvelé. A ce propos, le contrat mérite une protection contre les abus du bailleur. L’analyse du bail renouvelé met en orbite la question de la poursuite des relations contractuelles à l’expiration de la durée prévue par les parties, ce renouvellement engendre-t-il une simple prorogation du bail originaire ou donne-t-il naissance à un nouveau bail ? Il s’agit de répondre à la question de l’autonomie du bail renouvelé qui se présente d’abord comme une réalité eu égard à ses caractères et à l’étendue limitée des garanties données par le locataire. Mais à l’observation, cette autonomie n’est qu’apparente en ce que le bail renouvelé maintient dans son exécution les clauses du bail initial et prévoit des changements qui sont des concessions édictées par l’économie contractuelle. Business relations stability it’s impossible without a lasting lease contract. In this regard, it is essential to examine the importance of the autonomy of the renewed lease contract. About it, the contract deserves protection against abuse by the lessor. The analysis of the renewed lease puts into orbit the question of the continuation of contractual relations at the duration planned by the parties, does this renewal result in a simple extension of the original lease or does it give rise to a new lease? This involves examining of the autonomy of the renewed lease which first presents itself as a reality given its characteristics and the limited extent of the guarantees given by the tenant. Indeed, this autonomy is only apparent in that the renewed lease maintains in its execution the clauses of the initial lease and provides for changes which are concessions decreed by the contractual economy.

Les sûretés sur le bien d’autrui sont assurément un sujet passionnant, mais qui au demeurant n’a pas donné lieu à une doctrine abondante, que l’on songe au droit français ou au droit de l’OHADA. Pourtant, il est possible d’entreprendre une telle étude, sous l’angle des deux législations évoquées, même s’il va se révéler que la jurisprudence de l’OHADA est marquée au coin de l’absence. Ainsi, pour mener à bien cette étude, il conviendra d’envisager les sûretés choisies en tant que droit réel, en analysant la relation directe entre le créancier et le bien donné en garantie. C’est dire que les sûretés réelles, « puisque notre livraison s’arc-boute sur celles-ci », trouvent leur substance à partir de l’exercice d’une des utilités conférées par la propriété d’un bien, notamment sa valeur économique ou valeur de crédit. En l’absence de tout droit de propriété au constituant, il ne peut exister ni hypothèque, ni gage, ni nantissement, moins encore cession fiduciaire. L’affirmation est cependant sujette à discussion à propos du droit de rétention. Partant, les sûretés sur le bien d’autrui peuvent être aisément neutralisées, sur le terrain du jeu de la propriété, indépendamment de la question de la nullité contractuelle. Cependant, de façon exceptionnelle, des effets peuvent être reconnus aux sûretés sur le bien d’autrui, particulièrement sur le terrain des exigences de l’équité et de la protection des tiers de bonne foi.

In South Africa, before the Financial Advisory and Intermediaries Services Act (FAIS Act) and other insurance laws came into existence, intermediary services regarding the rendering of insurance products have always been regulated by the law of agency and mandate. This means that the Roman-Dutch principles provided for the standards to which the conduct of intermediaries was to comply with when rendering insurance services. The mandate of intermediaries in terms of the Roman-Dutch Principles also included the fact that they had to act with care, skill and in good faith. When the FAIS Act came into operation, it introduced several detailed rules and minimum standards for insurance intermediaries to comply with, and these minimum standards are not limited to qualifications, experiences and characteristics of honesty and integrity that an intermediary must comply with, but they also stipulated in detail what an intermediary must do when discharging insurance intermediary duties. The FAIS Act is the leading legislation when it comes to the regulation of intermediary services. The FAIS Act, under section 16, provides for a General Code of Conduct for Authorised Financial Services Providers and their Representative (GCC), which contains a set of rules that are applicable to all intermediaries. These rules under the GCC are aimed at ensuring that insurance customers are provided with material facts that will enable them to make a prior informed decision and that their reasonable financial needs concerning insurance products will be carefully considered so that they can be provided with a product that will be suitable to satisfy their needs. Furthermore, in terms of South African laws and practices, intermediaries play an essential role in the creation of legally binding insurance contracts. Insurance businesses are concluded through intermediaries. Considering that many insurance companies are juristic persons, and they can only conduct business by means of human agents, insurance laws make it compulsory for intermediaries to have skills, knowledge, and experience regarding insurance products that they are rendering to insurance customers. It is commonly believed that intermediaries with skills, knowledge and experience, they always act in the best interest of the client, and they ask relevant questions to assist the clients to disclose all material facts, and they always make sure that material facts are clearly communicated/disclosed to the insurer and insured to avoid future conflicts. The legal framework placed a duty on the intermediary to assist the insured to disclose all material facts and to explain all clauses contained in the insurance contract which may lead to the insurer repudiate its liability. Furthermore, an intermediary is at all material times expected to first consider the financial situation of the potential insured before determines a cover that will be best suitable for the insured’s needs. However, despite the best guidelines outlined by applicable insurance laws and regulations, mistakes are still being made by intermediaries, which lead to insurance customers to suffer the consequences of impractical intermediary services, and that has resulted in numerous complaints, legal disputes, debarments, and other regulatory actions. As a result of intermediaries’ continuous misconduct, insurers have been repudiating claims, and it has created a presumption that insurers conduct businesses to enrich themselves instead of protecting the interests of their customers as required by regulating legal framework. Therefore, so many people have lost confidence in the insurance industry due to unlimited court cases and complaints arising from misconduct or omissions of intermediaries, such as their failure to disclose material facts to the parties. Once it is found that material facts were not fully disclosed between the insurer and insured, both parties would have been deprived of their right to make an informed decision before consenting or signing a legally binding contract. Therefore, a need is created for intermediaries to be educated of their legal duties when rendering insurance services and that will help strengthen or restore the confidence of the public towards insurance industry.

The main aim of this thesis is to solve the uncertainties brought about by dismissals for off-duty misconduct. First, it should be acknowledged that the world as we know it has changed and continues to evolve. Dismissals have been significantly impacted by the use of social media outside the workplace. The legalisation of the use of cannabis by an adult person has also brought uncertainties in the way dismissals are handled, especially in cases where an employee consumes cannabis off-duty. These two aspects have significantly influenced dismissals for off-duty misconduct in South Africa, with employees alleging that their rights to privacy, dignity and freedom of expression are infringed. The thesis reveals that regardless of these modern changes, off-duty misconduct dismissal is still governed by the generic provisions of the Labour Relations Act 1995 and its Code of Good Practice: Dismissal. The thesis underscores the lack of clarity regarding the regulation of dismissals for off-duty misconduct in South Africa. Furthermore, despite the judiciary’s establishment of tests (the nexus test and the breakdown of the employment relationship), challenges in adjudicating off-duty misconduct cases persist. This thesis analyses the South African legal framework governing dismissals for off-duty misconduct. The research investigates the evolution of South African dismissal law, tracing its development from the pre-democratic era to the post-democratic era. This investigation scrutinises the shifts in the legal landscape regarding dismissals for off-duty misconduct. The analysis encompasses a range of legal instruments pertinent to South Africa, including legislation, international law, common law, and judicial precedent. The current need for a Code of Good Practice for off-duty misconduct dismissal is highlighted. This rationale is prompted by a comparative examination of other countries where, despite the absence of specific codes addressing off-duty misconduct, a proactive stance has been adopted to safeguard employees’ off-duty rights by enacting relevant legislation. These chosen states have statutes regulating employees’ off-duty conduct and clarifying which conduct is protected and in which circumstances. Consequently, the thesis proposes a Code of Good Practice: Dismissal for Off-duty Misconduct. This Code would assist in the uniformity of application of relevant aspects in determining the fairness of dismissals for off-duty misconduct, thus alleviating labour suits concerning this type of dismissal. The Code would also provide employers with guidelines on how to draft off-duty misconduct policies without infringing employees’ constitutional rights.

La concentration des marchés numériques autour d’une poignée d’opérateurs de plateforme numérique structurante, notion développée dans l’étude, tend à soulever des problèmes économiques et sociétaux. En matière de concurrence, en premier lieu, de nombreux économistes ont mis en exergue les défaillances des marchés sur lesquels interviennent ces acteurs (i.e. effets de verrouillage tels que les effets de réseau et la capture des données, économies d’échelle et d’envergure) ainsi que les effets néfastes pour la liberté de choix des utilisateurs et l’innovation. Les problèmes de concurrence interplateforme et intraplateforme s’accompagnent de problèmes plus sociétaux liés à la concentration des flux d’information autour des écosystèmes construits par ces opérateurs et au sein desquels les utilisateurs sont maintenus captifs. Les opérateurs de plateforme numérique structurante ont acquis une position incontournable sur l ’internet leur conférant un rôle de quasi-régulateur des activités en ligne. Cette situation tend à affaiblir la liberté d’expression et d’information des utilisateurs, leur liberté d’association et liberté de réunion ainsi que leur droit au respect de la vie privée. Fort de ce constat, qui a appelé de nombreuses réponses législatives de la part des pouvoirs publics, en Europe particulièrement, l’étude analyse plus spécifiquement l’interopérabilité comme un outil permettant, lorsque c’est nécessaire et proportionné, d’ouvrir les écosystèmes des opérateurs de plateforme numérique structurante afin de promouvoir la liberté de choix des utilisateurs, la concurrence et l’innovation. Raisonnant par analogie avec le droit des communications électroniques ainsi que d’autres régimes ayant mis en place ce type de remède d’accès (e.g. droit de la concurrence, règlement sur les marchés numériques, droit bancaire, droit des transports), les bénéfices de l’interopérabilité pour renforcer l’autonomie des utilisateurs sont mis en exergue. L’étude s’intéresse aussi aux implications de l’adoption d’un tel remède en droit positif et son effet notamment sur les droits des débiteurs (e.g. propriété intellectuelle) et des tiers concernés (e.g. vie privée). Elle s’intéresse également aux difficultés de mise en œuvre de l’interopérabilité qui comporte une forte dimension technique et qui serait amenée à être imposée sur des marchés présentant d’importantes asymétries d’information. S’inspirant des solutions dégagées au sein de différents instruments juridiques, l’étude propose des pistes pour assurer une application efficace du remède.

A narrativa da globalização é ambígua, visto que, em âmbito internacional, o discurso é de liberalização dos mercados para que as empresas mais eficientes e inovadoras prosperem; contudo, no plano doméstico, os Estados Nacionais procuram controlar minuciosamente a entrada de capital estrangeiro em seu território. Em especial, esse controle recai sobre a aquisição de empresas nacionais, já que essas operações econômicas podem transferir o controle de: (i) mercados nacionais (ii) tecnologia crítica e know-how; (iii) infraestrutura estratégica; e (iv) informações e dados sensíveis. Trata-se de elementos que, individualmente ou em conjunto, influenciam a soberania de um país. Por força do discurso liberalizante da globalização, é comumente propagado que a análise antitruste no controle de estruturas deve ser neutra e focada no trade-off entre eficiência e os efeitos deletérios unilaterais, coordenados e de fechamento de mercado que eventualmente possam existir em um ato de concentração. Dessa forma, a presente tese de doutorado investiga fenômenos jurídicos que fogem do consenso do direito concorrencial ortodoxo, a saber: (i) a incidência de inúmeros interesses para bloquear investimento estrangeiros indesejáveis em empresas e ativos nacionais; (iii) os efeitos dos subsídios estatais em empresas privadas (campeões nacionais) e públicas (empresas estatais) para disputa de mercados alienígenas, e, consequentemente, melhor posicionar os seus respectivos Estados Nacionais na ordem econômica internacional. Sustenta-se que, hoje, o direito concorrencial pátrio se encontra paralisado pelo discurso liberalizante da globalização; contudo, existem elementos suficientes para uma nova teoria antitruste do dano para tutela da soberania econômica nacional, tendo em vista que o art. 219 da Constituição Federal de 1988 protege o mercado interno como patrimônio nacional, capaz de viabilizar o desenvolvimento cultural e socioeconômico por meio da endogeinização dos centros de decisão nas empresas nacionais. Por fim, defende-se que nova teoria do dano demanda adaptações e flexibilizações às ferramentas tradicionais do direito concorrencial, especialmente em relação à análise: (i) da nacionalidade das pessoas jurídicas envolvidas no ato de concentração; e (ii) das estratégias de financiamento para aquisição da empresa alvo (o abuso de poder econômico- financeiro em atos de concentração); e (iii) do conceito de grupo econômico de empresas estatais.

Le législateur OHADA s'est inspiré du droit français pour fixer le cadre juridique de la variabilité du capital social ; d'où l'étude orientée vers une approche comparatiste. Cette approche a permis une confrontation entre deux (02) systèmes juridiques, en vue de dégager les problèmes de droit et d'envisager une amélioration du cadre juridique de la variabilité du capital en droit OHADA ; l'objectif étant de dégager une contribution à l'amélioration du droit OHADA à travers le droit comparé. A l'analyse, il ressort que la variabilité du capital social comporte des facteurs attractifs pour les acteurs économiques. En effet, elle constitue un mécanisme de financement des sociétés, en raison d'une part, de sa capacité à renforcer les capitaux propres sans charge financière et, d'une part, de sa capacité à constituer un actionnariat spécifiquement orienté sur la rentabilité des sociétés. De même, elle pourrait susciter un intérêt pour les investisseurs intéressés par la célérité et l'efficacité dans les opérations de financement des entreprises. L'efficacité du financement de la société par la mise en œuvre de la clause de variabilité du capital est tributaire, entre autres, de son attractivité auprès des acteurs économiques de manière générale, des investissements et des professionnels du droit en particulier. Cependant, plusieurs facteurs ne militeraient pas en faveur du recours à la variabilité du capital. Parmi ces facteurs figurent les risques découlant de la réduction du capital et la méconnaissance des acteurs économiques et des praticiens du droit de l'existence et/ou du fonctionnement du mécanisme de la variabilité du capital. Or, ces risques ne sont pas irrémédiables, dans la mesure où il existe des mécanismes juridiques appropriés pour y faire face. En somme, l'analyse du fonctionnement du mécanisme de la variabilité du capital social a mis en évidence ses capacités de mobilisation de financement, de recapitalisation de la société, de restructuration de la société et d'apporter une contribution à l'amélioration du cadre juridique des sociétés à capital variable. Elle a également permis de démontrer l'insuffisance de la justification ou du fondement du désintérêt des acteurs économiques et des praticiens du droit à l'égard de la variabilité du capital social

L'accès aux soins de santé, notamment des plus pauvres, est une préoccupation au coeur des réflexions dans tous les systèmes politiques et juridiques nationaux. La question se pose davantage sur le continent africain où il existe peu de mécanismes de couverture santé. Les différents projets de Couverture maladie universelle initiés dans un certain nombre de pays africains tentent d'y apporter des solutions, mais peinent encore à se déployer. C'est le cas en Côte d'Ivoire depuis l'entrée en vigueur, le 1er octobre 2019, de la loi n°2014-131 du 24 mars 2014 instituant la Couverture maladie universelle. En dehors des travailleurs salariés et des fonctionnaires en activité ou à la retraite, les populations intègrent lentement et difficilement la CMU pourtant obligatoire pourtous. Il faut dire que le projet fait l'objet de critiques et de peu d'adhésion de la part de la population. Il pèche également par ses dispositions qui alimentent ces critiques, notamment sur la durée du délai de carence s’imposant à l’assuré, le caractère obligatoire de l'activité professionnelle pour les étrangers, le manque d'ouverture à d'autres formes de médecine telle que la médecine traditionnelle. Cela dit, l'exercice du droit fondamental à la santé dans un environnement marqué par un secteur informel important et une population à majorité pauvre passe par un système obligatoire et solidaire de mutualisation du risque comme la CMU. Reste à déterminer le modèle adéquat, notamment en termes de financement, afin de mettre en adéquation son objectifd’universalité et le contexte dans lequel il est mis en oeuvre.

L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer les facteurs influençant le comportement d’investissement des entreprises camerounaises par une approche microéconomique. En effet, malgré un taux de profit élevé (l’EBE représente environ 60% de la valeur ajoutée), le taux d'investissement privé au Cameroun demeure très faible (18% du PIB) et risque de compromettre l'atteinte du stade de pays émergent à l'horizon 2035. En se basant sur le modèle théorique accélérateur-profit, nous avons estimé un modèle de panel dynamique grâce aux données de 381 entreprises sur la période 2015-2022, par la méthode des moments généralisés (GMM). Les résultats obtenus identifient la demande sur le marché (effet accélérateur) comme principal facteur qui agit positivement et significativement sur l’investissement. A contrario, le profit, la dette ou les capitaux propres n’ont pas une influence significative sur le comportement d’investissement des entreprises camerounaises. En outre, même en cas de demande importante, le comportement d’investissement des entreprises camerounaises est influencé par leur statut juridique, leur taille, leur activité principale et l’état sécuritaire de la zone d’implantation. Cela illustre à souhait l’importance d’améliorer l’environnement des affaires et d’encourager les entreprises camerounaises à muter vers des modes d’organisation leur garantissant non seulement un développement rapide mais aussi une pérennisation. The aim of this study is to determine the factors influencing the investment behavior of Cameroonian companies, using a microeconomic approach. Indeed, despite a high profit rate (EBITDA represents around 60% of value added), the private investment rate remains very low (18% of GDP) and risks compromising the country's ability to reach the stage of an emerging country by 2035. The covid 19 crisis, the Boko Haram security crisis in the northern part of the country and the secessionist crisis in the English-speaking regions all add to an already unfavourable business climate. These observations lead us to reflect further on the factors that explain the investment behavior of Cameroonian companies. Based on the theoretical accelerator-profit model, we estimated a dynamic panel model using data from 381 companies over the period 2015-2022, using the generalized method of moments (GMM). The results obtained identify market demand (accelerator-effect) as the main factor acting positively and significantly on investment. Conversely, profit, debt or equity do not have a significant influence on the investment behavior of Cameroonian companies. Other variables such as the company's legal status, size and activity also have an effect on investment. The company's geographical location in a zone of insecurity, such as the northern and western regions of Cameroon, also has a negative effect on investment behavior, no doubt due to the uncertainty and irreversible nature of the investment.

Background Considering the declining situation of sustainability in global marine fisheries, World Trade Organization (WTO) members successfully concluded the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies(AFS) after 21 years of negotiations in 2022. As an the integral part of these negotiations, special and differential treatment (SDT) provisions provide developing countries with special rights and developed countries with the possibility to treat developing countries more favorably than other WTO members. Objective This study analyzed the role of SDT for fisheries subsidies in ensuring sustainable fishery governance by the rule of law, as well as the reflection of SDT under the AFS, to explore whether SDT can support sustainable fishery governance under the WTO framework. Methods This study is primarily based on official data and critical legal studies and used normative analysis and historical analysis to expose the essence of the SDT issue in the AFS as a political game in the legal form. Results The practical challenges in the implementation of SDT may affect the compliance willingness of member states. To overcome the obstacles, such as ambiguity and inefficiency, that impede the legalization process of sustainable global marine fishery governance, it is necessary to emphasize the value of SDT for the common interests of the WTO members in marine fisheries legislation. This will benefit the developing countries, especially the small island developing states, in the short term; and the common interests of developed and developing countries in the long term. Policy implications SDT facilitated the consensus between the developing and developed countries on issues such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing subsidies and overfishing subsidies. However, current SDT practices have deviated from the original intention of the fairness and democratic approach of global marine fisheries governance, which should take into consideration the specific situation of developing countries.

The awarding of public-private partnership (PPP) contracts through unsolicited bids is characterized by flexible domestic law, with the involvement of public and private players aiming to achieve the general interest objective of public infrastructure development and, by extension, national development. These players are helping to build the normative framework for PPP project activities by spontaneous offer, given their increasingly widespread use on the bangs of positive law, while their standards are classically deprived of the binding force attached to hard law. Marked by its normative guarantee, the flexible law of unsolicited bids is situated at the threshold of the mandatory, and is essential to PPP law. It produces legal effects by linking up with the hard law of PPP contracts, which is the law of the parties. This link between soft law and hard law has a major legal impact on the transformation of the law and legal certainty, for the benefit of investment confidence, especially international investment confidence. Faced with the limitations of positive law on the award of PPP contracts in unsolicited bids, and the difficulties of interpreting soft law and hard law standards, there is a need for harmonization with international practice. To this end, the instruments of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) on PPPs are being used to link up with Burundian hard law through a transposition mechanism. It is therefore possible that our positive approach to PPP contracting could be improved, highlighting the principle of competition and the exception of non-competition, while taking into account the win-win principle, risk sharing and performance. Finally, the article considers the adjustments to the hard law that would be necessary if Burundi were to decide to revisit the legal framework to make it more attractive to investment, and thus ensure the completion and financing of PPP contracts by spontaneous bidding.