Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La montée en puissance de la justice dite négociée entraine des changements dans la structure du contrat traditionnel et permet un éventuel rapprochement avec le type de rapport que l’on rencontre lors de la mise en œuvre du processus de négociation en matière pénale. L’absence d’égalité entre les parties ainsi que le défaut de libre détermination du contenu de l’accord en matière pénale n’exclut pas la notion de contrat puisque celui-ci est formé par un échange de consentement et qu’il peut reposer sur l’utile et le juste. C’est dans cet esprit qu’est menée la réflexion sur la thématique « du contrat dans le droit répressif » lorsqu’on sait que le droit pénal post-moderne est de plus en plus dominé par les courants de la justice restaurative.

L’admission d’une maitrise par les parties de la compétence internationale par des clauses de juridictions ; notamment des conventions d’élection de for, des conventions d’arbitrage ou de médiation, amène à s’interroger sur l’efficacité réelle de ces accords. Pour ce qui est de la matière immobilière, le fort attachement de l’Etat aux questions de territoire et les considérations de proximité entre litige et le for du situs ont pour effet d’empêcher toute dérogation à la compétence directe du for de situation de l’immeuble ; tant lorsque l’immeuble est situé sur le for du juge saisi que lorsqu’il est situé à l’étranger. Toutefois, l’observation d’un possible fléchissement de l’exclusivité de ce critère de compétence conduit à un plaidoyer en faveur de l’efficacité, quoique encadrée, des conventions juridictions en la matière.

Le recouvrement des créances a été une préoccupation majeure pour tout législateur. Il permet au créancier, de bénéficier par voie judiciaire ou extrajudiciaire, le paiement de sa créance. C’est pour cela que, le législateur OHADA a édité des normes juridiques, susceptibles de contribuer au recouvrement des créances avec efficacité. La saisie a été consacrée par ce dernier, comme une mesure susceptible, de permettre au créancier de rentrer, en possession de sa créance. La saisie est une procédure d’exécution. Elle permet au créancier, de rendre indisponible les biens de son débiteur. Ces biens peuvent être vendus, en vue de désintéresser le créancier. Elle est mise en œuvre sans l’intervention du juge. C’est un acte extrajudiciaire. Ainsi, l’assiette de la saisie présente un double visage. Il s’agit d’un visage affirmé d’une part et d’un autre éprouvé d’autre part. Le législateur OHADA a affirmé l’assiette, de la saisie à travers la consécration de la saisie, des biens du débiteur défaillant. Les biens avenir et les biens présents, du débiteur peuvent faire l’objet d’une saisie. Il s’agit des biens, immobiliers et mobiliers d’un débiteur défaillant. En outre, les biens conditionnels et ceux à termes ne sont pas épargnés. Toutes fois, le législateur a éprouvé ces mesures juridiques. Il a exclu de cette assiette de saisie, certains biens du débiteur. Dès lors, certains biens considérés comme insaisissable et d’autres indisponibles sont exclus de l’assiette de saisie.

La constitution de sociétés commerciales – sociétés d’Etat – vise la recherche d’un profit pécuniaire susceptible de l’aider à faire face à ses charges. A l’instar de toutes les sociétés commerciales, les sociétés d’Etat sont gouvernées par des personnes physiques représentants l’Etat actionnaire unique. Cette gouvernance est censée permettre à l’Etat de réaliser des bénéfices dont les populations pourront profiter. Pourtant, le constat est amer, dans la mesure où l’état de cette gouvernance n’est pas reluisant pour les sociétés d’Etat de nationalité ivoirienne. Le diagnostic de leur état montre une organisation inadaptée de la gouvernance due à un mode de désignation inadéquat des gouvernants et surtout d’une confusion de leurs pouvoirs. Face à cette gouvernance malaisée, il est nécessaire, d’emblée, de réformer le mode de désignation, clarifier les pouvoirs des différents gouvernants. L’amélioration de cette gouvernance ne saurait se faire en marge d’un traitement égalitaire des gouvernants indélicats, tant dans la mise en oeuvre de leur responsabilité que dans la sanction correspondante. Cette progression permettra une gouvernance efficace des sociétés d’Etat ivoiriennes.

Çalışma 06.12.2018 tarihinde 7155 sayılı Kanun ile Türk Ticaret Kanunu'na eklenen TTK m. 5A hükmüyle getirilmiş zorunlu arabuluculuğun, sermaye şirketleri çerçevesinde incelenmesini konu almaktadır. TTK m. 5A hükmüyle önce, ticari davalardan, konusu bir miktar paranın ödenmesi olan, alacak ve tazminat davalarının zorunlu arabuluculuğa tabi olduğu düzenlenmiştir. Daha sonra, 28.02.2023 tarihli ve 7445 sayılı Kanun ile yine ticari dava olmaları kaydıyla, menfi tespit, itirazın iptâlî ve istirdat davalarını da zorunlu arabuluculuk kapsamına almıştır. TTK lafzıyla dava şartı arabuluculuk olarak da nitelendirilen zorunlu arabuluculuk kavramı, Türk hukuku bakımından yeni bir kavram sayılabilir. İlk olarak 2017 yılında 7036 sayılı Kanun ile iş uyuşmazlıkları için düzenlenen zorunlu arabuluculuk kavramı, daha sonra ticari uyuşmazlıklar ve tüketici uyuşmazlıkları için de düzenlenmiştir ve Türk hukukunda zorunlu arabuluculuğun uygulama alanı git gide genişleme eğilimi göstermektedir. Bu sebeple, doktrinde pek çok eleştiriye de uğrayan zorunlu arabuluculuk kavramının, özellikle sermaye şirketleri bağlamında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Her ne kadar Türk hukukunda yeni bir kavram olsa da, karşılaştırmalı hukukta zorunlu arabuluculuk uzun zamandan beri uygulanan ve tartışilânbir konu olagelmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı hukuk bağlamında bir inceleme yapıldığında öncelikle, özellikle zorunlu arabuluculuğun menşei sayılabilecek Amerikan hukukunda, konu özellikle doktrinde farklı açılardan ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde bu çerçevede bir inceleme yapılmış, zorunlu arabuluculuğun tabi olması gereken kıstaslar ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kıstaslar, çalışmanın ilerleyen bölümlerinde yapılacak değerlendirmeler için de önem taşımaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra zorunlu arabuluculuğun türleri ve zorunlu arabuluculuğa aykırı davranışlara bağlanan yaptırımlar üzerinde de durulmuştur. Zorunlu arabuluculuğun ve benzeri uygulamaların farklı hukuk sistemlerinde ne şekilde yer aldığı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler kapsamında Alman hukuku bakımından ZPO §278 ile EGZPO §15a incelenmiştir. İsviçre hukuku bakımından ise ZPO §197 vd. hükümleri incelenmiştir. Her iki hukuk sistemi de zorunlu arabuluculuğu düzenlememiş, bunun yerine medeni usûl kanunlarında davanın görüleceği mahkemeler nezdinde uyuşmazlık çözüm sürecini düzenlemiştir. İtalya ve Fransa'da ise zorunlu arabuluculuk uygulamaları mevcut ise de bu, Türk hukukunun aksine, son derece sınırlı bir şekilde gerçekleşmiştir. Zorunlu arabuluculuğun kaynağı olan Amerikan hukukunda ise arabuluculuk, zorunlu tutulan tek uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi olmamıştır. Ayrıca zorunluluk hususu kanunla değil, genellikle her bir dava için mahkemenin yönlendirmesiyle sağlanmaktadır. Tüm bu ülkelerin ortak özelliği ise ticari uyuşmazlıkları zorunlu arabuluculuğa ya hiç tabi tutmamaları ya da çok dar bir kapsamda tabi tutmalarıdır. Arabuluculuk her ne kadar bir yargılama faaliyeti olmasa da zorunlu arabuluculuk dava öncesinde yer alan bir aşama olduğundan, kanaatimizce medeni usûl hukukuna hâkim olan ilkeler bakımından da incelenmelidir. Bu kapsamda zorunlu arabuluculuğun öncelikle adil yargılanma ilkesi ve mahkemeye erişim hakkı kapsamında tartışmalara sebep olduğu görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra usûl ekonomisi ilkesi, aleniyet ilkesi, tasarruf ilkesi ve dürüst davranma yükümlülüğü bakımından da değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. Aleniyet ilkesi bağlamında arabuluculuğa hâkim olan ilkelerden gizlilik ilkesinin ticari uyuşmazlıklar bakımından bir avantaj oluşturduğu söylenebilir. Tasarruf ilkesinde yapılandeğerlendirme maddî hukuk ve usûl hukuku çerçevelerinde yapılmıştır. Ayrıca zorunlu arabuluculuğun menşei Amerikan hukukunda hâkimin ve avukatların rolleri de dikkate alınarak, zorunlu arabuluculuğun Türk hukukundaki hâkimin yargılamayı sevk ve idaresi ilkesiyle tamamen bağdaşmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Dürüstlük ilkesi bakımından yine maddî hukukla da bağlantı kurularak bir değerlendirme yapılmış, zorunlu arabuluculuk süreci sonunda varılacak anlaşmanın dürüstlük kuralına uygun yapılması için yeterli mekanizmaların bulunmadığı kanaatine varılmıştır. Bunun dışında HUAK m. 18A/11 hükmü uyarınca zorunlu arabuluculuk sürecinin ilk toplantısına mazeretsiz katılmayan tarafın her durumda yargılama giderlerinin tümünden sorumlu olması ve lehine vekalet ücretine hükmedilememesinin orantısız bir yaptırım olduğu, ayrıca bu sebeple hiçbir durumda yargılama giderlerinden sorumlu olmayacağını bilen tarafın, açılacak dava sürecinde davayı uzatacak veya yanlış yönlendirecek ve dürüstlük kuralına uymayacak her tür davranışı yapabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümü TTK m. 5A hükmünün uygulama koşullarına yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, ticari davalar bakımından karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme yapılmak istenmiştir. Türk hukukunda TTK m. 4 hükmüyle ayrıca düzenlenen ticari davalar, diğer hukuk sistemlerinde ticaret mahkemeleriyle ilişkili olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bu değerlendirmede dikkat çeken husus, davaların ucuz, hızlı ve etkin bir şekilde sonuçlandırılmasının amaçlandığı diğer hukuk sistemlerinde hukukçu olmayan hâkimlerin de görev yaptığıdır. Türk doktrininde ise böyle bir uygulamanın uygun olmayacağı haklı olarak belirtilmiş, bu bağlamda zorunlu arabuluculuk uygulamasının daha uygun olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır. Ticari davalarda dava şartını düzenleyen TTK m. 5A hem medeni usûl hukuku hem de ticaret hukuku bakımından incelenmiştir. Medeni usûl hukukun bakımından yapılanincelemede dava şartı kavramı ve hükmün dava türlerine göre gösterdiği özellikler incelenmiştir. Ticaret hukuku bakımından ise, arabuluculuk süreci sonucunda varılacak anlaşmanın bir maddî hukuk sözleşmesi oluşundan da yola çıkarak basiretli tacir kavramı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca zorunlu arabuluculuğun HUAK m. 5 hükmü ve gizlilik ilkesi nedeniyle göstereceği özellikler nedeniyle, ticari sırların korunması bağlamında da bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü ve son kısmı sermaye şirketlerinde zorunlu arabuluculuğun incelenmesine ayrılmıştır. Bunun için öncelikle Alman hukukunda pay sahipleri davaları olarak adlandırilândavalar hakkında değerlendirme yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeyle adi şirketlerden farklı olarak pay sahipleri davalarının genel olarak ortağa değil şirket tüzel kişiliğine yöneltilmesi gerektiği, bunun yanı sıra pay sahiplerinin şirketin menfaatleri için dava haklarını kullanabildiği görülmüştür. Bu değerlendirmenin, sermaye şirketleri uyuşmazlıklarında zorunlu arabuluculuk sürecinde başvuru yapacak taraflar ve anlaşmanın etkileyeceği kişilerin tespitinde yararlı olduğu kanaatindeyiz. Bu değerlendirmenin ardından TTK m. 5A kapsamına girebilecek sermaye şirketi uyuşmazlıkları tespit edilerek, her biri için zorunlu arabuluculuğun göstereceği özelliklerin belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır. Bu belirleme yapılırken her bir uyuşmazlık konusu hakkında genel bir çerçeve sunulmuş, açılabilecek davalar hakkında bilgi verilmiş ve bu bilgiler ışığında zorunlu arabuluculuğun uygulama koşulları ile doğurabileceği sakıncalar üzerinde durulmuştur. Son olarak, yapılantüm değerlendirmeler ışığında sermaye şirketlerinde zorunlu arabuluculukla ilgili de lege ferenda görüşümüze yer verilmiştir. Bu kapsamda sermaye şirketleri uyuşmazlıklarının, dava konularının şirketler hukuku kısıtlarına ve emredici kurallara tabi olması sebebiyle, zorunlu arabuluculuğa her zaman uyumlu olmayabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Üstelik, bazı arabuluculuk türlerinde yapılması elzem hukuki denetimin ve arabulucunun bu denetimi yapamayacak olmasının yaratacağı sakıncalara da değinilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda İsviçre ve Almanya örneklerinde olduğu gibi mahkeme bağlantılı uyuşmazlık çözümlerinin düzenlenmesinin daha uygun olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır. İflas bakımından bir değerlendirme yapıldığında ise, İİK m. 226 hükmü nedeniyle doğabilecek sorunlara dikkat çekilmiş, bu bağlamda zorunlu arabuluculuğa başvuru kapsamında düzenleme yapılması önerilmiştir. Son olarak zorunlu arabuluculuk ile varılmak istenen amaçlar da dikkate alındığında, bu amaçlara ulaşmak için taraflara arabuluculuk dışında uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarına başvurabilmelerine imkân verilmesi gerektiği kanaatine varılmıştır. Bu şekilde hem çabuk ve ucuz bir şekilde uyuşmazlıkların çözümü amacına ulaşabilecek, hem de tarafların ihtiyaçlarına daha uygun bir yöntem seçmelerine imkân tanınacaktır. […] This study focuses on application of Turkish Commercial Code Art. 5A, which is amended with Code Nr. 7155 in 2018, to equity companies. TCC Art. 5A regulated mandatory mediation for commercial cases with monetary claims at the beginning. However, through amendment with Code Nr. 7445 in 2023, negative declaratory actions, actions for annulment of objections and actions for restitution were taken into scope of this regulation. Mandatory mediation, which can also be named mediation as cause of action according to TCC m. 5A, can be deemed as a new context in Turkish law. Regulated for the first time for some labour law conflicts with Code Nr. 7036 in 2017, mandatory mediation is regulated also for commercial conflicts as well as consumer law conflicts. Thus, it can be observed that scope of mandatory mediation in Turkish law has a tendency to spread within time. Therefore, as a concept subject to various critics, mandatory mediation is to be evaluated in context of equity companies within this study. Although mandatory mediation is considered to be a relatively new concept in Turkish law, in frame of comparative law, it has a long history of application and has been subject to critics for a long time. It is observed that in comparative law, especially in American law, which can be considered as the source, mandatory mediation has been taken into consideration with many aspects. The first chapter of this study conducts an evaluation within this frame and aims to set the criterias for a better application of mandatory mediation. These criterias are important for evaluation in following chapters of this study. In addition, the variations of mandatory mediations and sanctions applied to the acts contrary to mandatory mediations are observed. Mandatory mediation and similar applications in different law systems are also examined. Within light of this examination, ZPO §278 and EGZPO §15a in German law is taken into consideration, as well as ZPO §197 ff. in Swiss law. Both systems do not regulate mandatory mediation and instead, regulated dispute resolution process within their Civil Procedure Codes. Although mandatory mediation is regulated in Itâlîan and French law systems, these regulations have strictly limited scope. American law, the origin of mandatory mediation, applies other means of dispute resolution as well. Moreover, mandatory mediation in American law is not regulated by a code; it is court oriented in general. The common point of these countries is that none of them applies mandatory mediation within a wide scope on commercial disputes. Although mediation cannot be considered as an act of judication, since mandatory mediation is a step before courts, it should be evaluated with regard of principals of civil procedure law. In this context, it is observed that mandatory mediation gave reason to many arguments related to fair trial and access to court. In addition, evaluations on principals pf procedural economy, publicity, power of disposition and honesty are conducted. With regard of principal of publicity, it can be considered that principal of confidentiality of mediation is an advantage. The evaluations on principal of power of disposition are made in frame of substantial and procedural law. Furthermore, taking the features of American civil procedure law, it is concluded that mandatory mediation is not compatible with the role of judge in Turkish law. With regard of principal of honesty, an evaluation in the light of substantial law is also made and it is concluded that rules to maintain honesty in mandatory mediation are not sufficient in Turkish law. As an addition, it is also stated that sanction in Code of Mediation Art. 18A/11 is unproportionate in context of principal of honesty before courts. The second chapter of this study focuses on conditions of TCC Art. 5A. With this regard, a comparative evaluation on commercial actions is made. Commercial actions, regulated with TCC Art. 4 in Turkish law, are regulated in relation with commercial courts in other law systems. With this evaluation, it is noted that in commercial courts, which aims to solve disputes in a cheap, quick and effective manner, gives place to judges who have not a judicial notion in other law systems. In Turkish literature, it is rightly emphasized that such an application is not appropriate for Turkish law. TCC Art. 5A is also examined within frame of civil procedure and commercial law. Within civil procedure law frame, the concept of cause of action is examined, as well as features of TCC Art 5A in relation to claim in actions. Within commercial law frame, since the agreement concluded within mediation is a contract in context of substantial law, the notion of prudent merchant is evaluated. Furtermore, for mandatory mediation demonstrates features within light of Code of Mediation Art. 5 and principal of confidentiality, an evaluation of trade secrets are also conducted. The third and last chapter concentrates on examination of mediation as a cause of action in equity company disputes. Thus, an action named shareholders' action in German law, which is clarified using notion of actio pro socio, is evaluated. According to this evaluation it is concluded that, unlike simple partnerships, shareholders shall submit their claims against legal entity of equity companies and not against other shareholders. Neverthless, it is also observed that in some cases shareholders are entitled to submit the tools of defence of equity companies for interests of company. This evaluation is essential in order to determine the parties of dispute and the persons effected from the agreement reached at the end of mandatory mediation process. Following this evaluation, the kinds of disputes in equity companies, which fall into scope of TCC Art. 5A, are determined and the features demonstrated by them in context of mediation as a cause of action are defined. In order to comply with this evaluation, information on each subject of action is given, features of the relevant actions are explained and in the light of all evaluations, conditions of application of mediation as a cause of action are explained. Finally, in light of evaluations made within this study, our de lege ferenda opinions on mandatory mediation in equity companies are set. Within this frame, since dispute in equity companies are subject to limitations on equity company law and compulsory legal rules, it is stated that they might not always compatible with mediation as a cause of action. In addition, possible problems arisen from lack of legal supervision in mediation process are also mentioned. As a result, it is concluded that, it would be more convenient to regulate court annexed dispute resolution tools, similar with examples of Germany and Switzerland. With regard to bankruptcy proceedings, it is concluded that possible problems in relation to Turkish Code of Bankruptcy and Enforcement Art. 226 are highlighted and it is suggested that, in order to eliminate such problems, necesarry regulations by legislator should be made. Lastly, taking the goals of mediation into consideration, in order to reach these goals effectively, the importance of giving parties the opportunity to be able to choose other means of dispute resolution apart from mandatory mediation, is found to be essential. Thus, dispute resolution process will take place in a quick and cheap manner and parties will have the chance to be able to choose a dispute resolution method that suits their needs and interests.

Cet article examine et commente les décisions marquantes de l’an 2023 rendues par la Cour supérieure, la Cour fédérale et d’autres instances administratives quant au respect de la vie privée et la protection des renseignements personnels.Ces décisions touchent à la diffusion de contenus diffamatoires en ligne, à l’utilisation et la communication de renseignements personnels à des fins d’expulsion, de prospection commerciale et de profilage politique, ainsi qu’à l’analyse de risques identificatoires. MOTS-CLÉS Droit à la vie privée – Droit à la réputation – Responsabilité civile – Responsabilité des intermédiaires – Dommages-intérêts punitifs – LCCJTI – Loi 25 – Généalogie génétique commerciale – Consentement – Nécessité – Communication de renseignements personnels – Portée de l’obligation de protection – Renseignements personnels sensibles – Attentes raisonnables – Anonymisation – Dépersonnalisation – Risques identificatoires ABSTRACT In this article, the authors examine and comment on the landmark decisions of 2023 issued by the Superior Court, the Federal Court and other administrative bodies regarding privacy and the protection of personal information.These decisions touch on the dissemination of defamatory content online, the use and communication of personal information for expulsion purposes, commercial prospecting and political profiling, as well as identification risk analysis. KEY WORDS Right to privacy – Right to reputation – Civil liability – Liability of intermediaries – Punitive damages – ALFIT – Law 25 – Commercial genetic genealogy – Consent – Necessity – Disclosure of personal information – Scope of security obligations – Sensitive personal information – Reasonable expectations – Anonymization – Deidentification – Identifying risks

La souveraineté des États membres est la condition d’existence de la zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (ZLECAf). Par conséquent, l’avenir de cette dernière dépend de la capacité des États membres à imposer le respect de l’Accord suscité et à empêcher toute violation des règles et principes établis en vertu de la ZLECAf. Ceci serait une action susceptible de conduire l’Afrique vers son indépendance économique et sortir l’Union africaine de sa dépendance de l’aide internationale. Dès lors, la capacité des États à imposer le respect de l’Accord précité crée un climat favorable à une coopération commerciale renforcée et permet la réalisation d’une complémentarité économique performante au sein de la ZLECAF. L’emploi effectif de la souveraineté des États parties démontre leur volonté de participer au développement de l’Afrique. Car ils sont passés de la gestion individuelle des activités commerciales à la gestion collective de la chose commune.

La révision du procès pénal est une procédure particulière permettant de remettre en question une décision judiciaire devenue définitive au détriment du principe de l'autorité de la chose jugée. En effet, le législateur a voulu donner une chance à la vérité quitte à égratigner légèrement la sécurité juridique. Il devient intéressant de savoir comment le législateur articule la cohabitation entre la sécurité et la vérité dans le régime de la révision en matière pénale. La rencontre entre les deux impératifs est en réalité celle de l’autorité de la chose jugée et d’un droit quasi absolu à la justice, d’où la tension observée dans un premier temps. Un consensus est trouvé entre la sécurité et la vérité pour une poignée de main sans étreinte dans la mesure où le législateur a su trouver un juste milieu permettant à chaque impératif de s’exprimer dans des limites concises.

Bu doktora tezi, 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 454. maddesinde düzenlenen imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunu konu almaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde imtiyaza ilişkin genel bilgiler verildikten sonra ikinci bölümünde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun yapısı, yetkisi, hukuki niteliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmanın üçüncü ve dördüncü bölümlerinde, imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun toplanma şartları ile toplantı süreci kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurul kararlarının hukuki niteliği, etkisi ve hükümsüzlüğü irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın hazırlanmasında, Türk hukukundaki ilgili mevzuat hükümleri başta olmak üzere karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki dikkate değer yasal düzenlemeler, öğretideki görüşler ve yargı kararlarından faydalanılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Anonim şirketler, imtiyaz, TTK m. 454, imtiyazlı pay, imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulu. [...] This doctoral thesis deals with the special committee of privileged shareholders regulated under Article 454 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102. After giving general information about privilege in the first part of the study, the structure, authority, and legal nature of the special committee of privileged shareholders are mentioned in the second part. In the third and fourth parts of the study, the conditions for the meeting and the meeting process of the special committee of privileged shareholders are extensively discussed. In the last part of the study, the legal effect, nature, and invalidity of the special committee decisions of privileged shareholders are examined. In the preparation of the study, notable legal regulations in comparative law, doctrines and judicial decisions, especially related legislation in Turkish law have been benefited from. Key Words: Joint Stock Companies, privilege, the article 454 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, privileged share, the special committee of privileged shareholders.

Le recouvrement contentieux des créances cambiaires s’avère pénible en raison des conditions négatives préalables imposées par le droit cambiaire et l’inadaptation du droit commun des procédures simplifiées de recouvrement et des voies d’exécution. A cet égard, un aménagement consistant à introduire et à systématiser le référé-provision doublé d’une extension des effets des moyens de contraintes juridiques à tous les signataires du titre y compris le trésor public et le fonds de garantie semble nécessaire. En effet, l’acceptation par le porteur des effets de commerce comme moyen de paiement est justifiée par la purge des imperfections du titre. Le juge au rôle crucial dans l’application de la loi, doit assouplir les conditions d’obtention des moyens de contrainte et de mise en œuvre des voies d’exécution afin de réduire l’injustice.

الملخص تهدف هذه الدراسة بتحميل ومقارنة الحماية الجزائية من الجرائم الماسة بالعالمة التجارية في الجزائر والمغرب، في هذا الصدد تهدف الدراسة إلى معرفة األهمية االقتصادية التي تكتسيها العالمة التجارية محل الحماية و أثر الجرائم الواقعة عميها عمى االقتصاد الوطني لمبمدين، خاصة في ظل اتجاه الجزائر والمغرب نحو تبني اقتصاد مبني عمى المعرفة القائم عمى اإلبداع واالبتكار. في البداية، وبعد التطرق لألحكام المنظمة لمعالمة التجارية من خالل توضيح مدى توافق التشريعين، تعني الد ارسة بتحميل ومقارنة طبيعة القانونية لمعالمة التجارية من ضبط مفهومها إلى اكتساب الحق فيها، عن طريق توضيح أهميتها كمؤشر لقياس االقتصاد الوطني. تنتقل الد ارسة لتبين تدخل المشرعين الج ازئري والمغربي بوضع آليات حمائية قبمية وبعدية لردع الج ارئم الواقعة عمى العالمة التجارية، تتفحص الدراسة هنا، دور اإلجراءات التحفظية ودعوى التقميد كآلية لحماية القانونية لمعالمة التجارية بهدف حماية االقتصاد الوطني. وانطالقا من القسمين السابقين لمدراسة، تحاول هذه األخيرة توضيح بعض التوجهات االقتصادية التي انتهجتها كل من الجزائر والمغرب من اقتصاد تقميدي إلى اقتصاد مبني عمى المعرفة، وأن اإلشكال المطروح في مثل هكذا ظروف جديدة يكمن في مدى ارتباط حماية العالمة التجارية بحماية االقتصاد الوطني، تبين الدراسة في هذا الشأن أن اختالف حماية التشريع الج ازئري لمعالمة التجارية عن التشريع المغربي يكمن في اختالف اقتصاد دولتين. نخمص إلى القول أن السياسة الردعية التي أقرها التشريعين الج ازئري والمغربي ال تتوافق مع طبيعة هذه الج ارئم الماسة باالقتصاد الوطني، حيث يجب تعديل العقوبات وتكييفها مع األوضاع االقتصادية الجديدة من خالل تشديدها. Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the penal protection against crimes against the brand in Algeria and Morocco in this regard. The study aims to learn about the legal nature of the protected brand and the impact of these crimes on the national economy of the two countries, especially in view of Algeria's and Morocco's trend towards a knowledge-based economy based on creativity and innovation. Initially, after addressing the provisions governing the trademark by clarifying the compatibility of the two legislations, the study means analysing and comparing the legal nature of the trademark in question from the control of its concept to the acquisition of the right to it, by clarifying its importance as an indicator of measurement of the national economy. The study goes on to show the intervention of Algerian and Moroccan legislators by establishing tribal and remote protectionist mechanisms to deter crimes against the trademark. The study examines here the role of provisional measures and the case for tradition as a mechanism for protecting the legal protection of the trademark in order to protect the national economy. The study goes on to show the intervention of Algerian and Moroccan legislators by establishing tribal and remote protectionist mechanisms to deter crimes against the trademark. The study examines here the role of provisional measures and the case for tradition as a mechanism for protecting the legal protection of the trademark in order to protect the national economy.Based on the previous two sections of the study, the latter attempts to clarify some of the economic trends adopted by Algeria and Morocco, from an economy based on quarters to an economy based on knowledge, and that the problem presented in such new circumstances lies in the extent to which protecting the trademark is linked to protecting the national economy. The study shows In this regard, the difference in Algerian trademark protection from Moroccan legislation lies in the difference in the economies of the two countries.We conclude by saying that the deterrent policy adopted by Algerian and Moroccan legislation is incompatible with the nature of these crimes, which affect the national economy. The penalties must be adjusted and adapted to the new economic conditions by tightening them.Résumé : Cette étude a pour objet le problème de la protection pénale de la marque commerciale en Algérie et au Maroc. Elle vise à faire connaitre l’importance économique de la marque protégée et l’impact économique des crimes dans les deux pays compte tenu de la tendance de ces deux pays à adopter une économie de créativité et d’innovation. L’étude consiste en la comparaison et en l’analyse juridique de la marque de l’adaptation de son concept à l’acquisition du droit à celle –ci après clarification de son importance en tant qu’indicateur de mesure de l’économie nationale. L’étude montre ensuite l’impact des législation algériennes et marocaines qui établissent des mécanismes visant à la protection à distance afin de dissuader tout crime contre la marque. Le rôle des mesure provisoire et aussi examine dans cette étude ainsi que l’action en contrefaçon en tant que moyen de protection juridique de la marque. Afin que protéger l’économies nationale. En outre, cette étude essaye d’illustrer certaines des tendances économiques algériennes d’une économie basée sur la rente vers une économie basée sur le savoir (créativité et innovation). dans ces nouvel es circonstances, la protection des marques et liée à la protection de l’économie nationale. A cet égard, la protection de la marque commerciale en Algérie diffère de celle du Maroc du fait de la différence des économies des deux états algériens et marocains. Nous concluons que la politique de dissuasion adoptée par les législations algérienne et marocaine est incompatible avec la nature de ces crimes, qui affectent l’économie nationale. Les sanctions doivent être ajustées et adaptées aux nouvelles conditions économiques en les resserrant.

الملخص : نظم القانون البحري الجزائري مهام و مسؤوليات كل من وكيل السفينة ووكيل الحمولة في المواد من 609 إلى 630 أما السمسار البحري فمن المادة 631 إلى المادة 639 ، فتعتبر هذه الأنشطة وليدة خوصصة النشاطات البحرية التي كانت محتكرة من قبل الدولة سابقا بالإضافة إلى ما أصبحت عليه السفن التجارية و تكاليفها الباهضة . كان ربان السفينة هو من يتولى القيام بهذه الأنشطة ذلك لحساب المجهز أو المرسل إليه ، فاقتضى الأمر إعفاءه منها ذلك نظرا لبقاء السفينة في الميناء مدة طويلة والبحث عن شخص طبيعي أو معنوي في كل ميناء يقوم لحساب المجهز أو المرسل إليه بتسليم البضائع وحراستها و المحافظة عليها و تحصيل الأجر عن ذلك . وعليه أصبح الأعوان التجاريون هم من يتولون القيام بهذه الأنشطة و المهام وذلك بناءا على عقد تنجر عنه جملة من الالتزامات و المسؤوليات على عاتق طرفاه . Le droit maritime algérien réglemente les fonctions et les responsabilités de consignataire du navire et de consignataire de cargaison dans les articles de 609 à 630. Le courtier naval de l’article 631 à l’article 639 considère ces activités comme la naissance de la privatisation des activités maritimes précédemment monopolisées par l’État en plus de ce que sont devenus les navires commerciaux et leurs coûts exorbitants. C’est le capitaine du navire qui a effectué ces activités au nom du transformateur ou du destinataire. Cela était rendu nécessaire par l’exemption, compte tenu du long séjour du navire au port et de la recherche d’une personne physique ou morale dans chaque port pour lequel le transformateur ou le destinataire livrait, gardait, entretenait et percevait les salaires. En conséquence, ce sont les agents commerciaux qui exercent ces activités et fonctions sur la base d’un contrat qui remplit un certain nombre d’obligations et de responsabilités des deux parties. Algerian maritime law regulates the duties and responsibilities of the ship’s agent and cargo agent in the section from 609 to 630. The naval broker from section 631 to section 639 considers these activities to be the birth of the privatization of maritime activities previously monopolized by the State in addition to what has become of commercial vessels and their exorbitant costs. The master of the vessel performed these activities on behalf of the processor or consignee. This was made necessary by the exemption, taking into account the vessel’s long stay in port and the search for a natural or legal person in each port for which the processor or consignee delivered, kept, maintained and collected wages. Consequently, it is the commercial agents who carry out these activities and functions on the basis of a contract which fulfils a number of obligations and responsibilities of both parties.

الملخص يحظى مجال الصفقات العمومية بأهمية بالغة بالنسبة للاقتصاد الوطني، وتعود هذه الأهمية لاعتبار الصفقة العمومية الطريق القانوني الذي تستخدمه الدولة ومختلف المتعاملين من أجل انجاز المشاريع بجودة عالية بأقل التكاليف وآجال مدروسة، وكون تمويل الصفقات العمومية يعود للخزينة العامة للدولة وجب توفير الحماية القانونية لهذه العملية عن طريق إيجاد تنظيم قانوني خاص بها يحقق المصلحة العامة ويحترم الحرية الاقتصادية في ذات الوقت، وهو ما جسده المشرع الجزائري عمليا بإصدار المرسوم الرئاسي 15-247 الذي عرف عدة تعديلات سابقة ومواكبة لمتطلبات كل مرحلة، فالقول بالصفقة العمومية يحيل بالضرورة إلى أشخاص القانون العام أي الدولة والمؤسسات التابعة لها والقول بغير ذلك نوع من التضاد. لكن المشرع ألزم أشخاص القانون الخاص الخاضعين للتشريع التجاري بتطبيق أحكام التنظيم الصفقات العمومية في حالات محددة وهي التمويل الكلي أو الجزئي للصفقة من الخزينة العمومية (الدولة أو الجماعات الإقليمية) ما يخلق اشكال أي قانون يطبق في حالة النزاع وبالنتيجة أي هرم قضائي هو المختص في البت في منازعة أحد أطرافها أشخاص القانون الخاص ،وكذا حالات التمويل وتجسيدها عمليا، اضافة إلى دور الوسائل الودية المنصوص عليها في كل من تنظيم الصفقات العمومية أو قانون الإجراءات المدنية في حل المنازعات وتجسيد المشاريع واقعيا. Résumé Le domaine des marchés publics occupe une grande place dans l’économie nationale ; cela est dû au fait qu’un marché public est considéré comme la voie légale utilisée par l’État et les différents partenaires pour réaliser des projets au moindre coût et dans des délais raisonnés. Comme le financement des marchés publics relève du Trésor public, l’état est tenu d’assurer la protection juridique de ce processus en créant sa propre organisation juridique dans l’intérêt public tout en respectant la liberté économique, c’est ce que le législateur algérien a matérialisé, dans la pratique, par la promulgation du décret présidentiel n°15-274 qui a connu plusieurs modifications aux fins de de répondre aux exigences de chaque étape. Dire « Marché Public » renvoie nécessairement aux entités du droit commun, à savoir, l’état et ses institutions et affirmer les choses autrement serait une forme de contradiction. Toutefois, le législateur a engagé les entités du droit privé soumis à la législation commerciale dans l’application des dispositions de la réglementation des marchés publics dans un cas spécifique, à savoir, le financement total ou partiel du marché à partir du trésor public (États et/ou collectivités territoriales) ; de cela est issue une loi applicable en cas de conflit, avec pour conséquence, toute pyramide judiciaire compétente pour statuer sur un litige relevant en partie du droit privé, dans les cas de leur financement et matérialisation pratique, ainsi que lorsqu’il s’agit du rôle des moyens de règlement à l’amiable prévus aussi bien par la réglementation des marchés publics que par le Code de procédure civile dans la résolution des litiges et la réalisation concrète des projets. Abstract The field of public procurement occupies a major place in the national economy; this is due to the fact that a public procurement is considered to be the legal way used by the State and the various partners to carry out projects at the lowest cost and within reasonable deadlines. As the financing of public procurement is the responsibility of the Treasury, the State is required to ensure the legal protection of this process by creating its own legal organization in the public interest while respecting economic freedom, this is what the Algerian legislator materialized, in practice, by the promulgation of presidential decree No. 15-274 which has undergone several modifications in order to meet the requirements of each stage. To say "Public Procurement" necessarily refers to the entities of common law, namely, the state and its institutions and to affirm things otherwise would be a form of contradiction. However, the legislator has committed the private law entities subject to commercial law to apply the provisions of the public procurement regulation in a specific case, namely, the total or partial financing of the contract from the public treasury (States and/or territorial authorities); from this comes a law applicable in case of conflict, with the consequence, any judicial pyramid competent to rule on a dispute falling partly under private law, in cases of their financing and practical materialization, and when it concerns the role of the means of amicable settlement provided for by the regulation of public contracts as well as by the Code of Civil Procedure in the resolution of disputes and the concrete implementation of projects.