Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Performance requirements are part of a system of policy measures implemented by states to advance their economic, social and political objectives. A universally agreed upon definition of performance requirements is not available. Rather they are defined by the applicable legal norms and their assessment is dependent upon their effect on the parties of each individual case. The scope of legal protection these regulations provide must be measured separately for each norm within the scope of the specific legal framework. This dissertation has two objectives: First, the implementation and legal effect of performance requirements in international investment and trade law are investigated. Secondly, a legal test will be developed, that allows for an assessment of performance requirements. In a first step, the legal treatment of performance requirements will be analyzed from a theoretical perspective. Subsequently, the legal practices relating performance requirements and the relevant provisions in international investment and trade law will be identified. The developed legal test does not only do justice to the economic, social and political framework within which each performance requirement must be looked at but is also adaptable in a way that it can be applied to a variety of situations and legal traditions. It satisfies both the demands of legal certainty and clarity as well as facilitating the finding of justice on an individual basis. Understanding the advantages of foreign direct investment, the analysis performed aims promote the usage of performance requirements in a way that foreign direct investment will push the global economy forward.

This thesis examines the structure of enquiry that arbitral tribunals use to distinguish between regulatory expropriation and legitimate non-compensable regulation in international investment law. The thesis proposes a new taxonomy of the possible structures of enquiry: the enquiry could look exclusively to the effects of the measure on the protected property; exclusively to the characteristics of the impugned measure; or to both the effects on the property and the characteristics of the measure. The application of this taxonomy shows that there is no agreed structure of enquiry in decisions on regulatory expropriation in international investment law. However, various threads of jurisprudence do show some degree of internal consistency. The thesis identifies six approaches in the decisions of arbitral tribunals: two that look exclusively to the effects of the measure; one that looks exclusively to the characteristics of the measure; and three that consider both the effects and the characteristics of the measure. Of the three approaches that consider both the effects and the characteristics of a measure, one is a direct adoption of US 5th Amendment jurisprudence and another is a direct adoption of ECHR Article 1 – Protocol 1 jurisprudence. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the jurisprudence of the US and ECHR in detail. These chapters show that, unlike international investment law, each of these jurisdictions has an established structure of enquiry in cases of regulatory expropriation. All six approaches to regulatory expropriation are sketched as models. These model approaches are applied to the case study of Piero Foresti. The case study demonstrates the most significant conclusion of this thesis: that different structures of enquiry, and different approaches within those structures, necessarily entail different legal outcomes on the same facts.

Borçluların alacaklılarına zarar vermek kastıyla malvarlığını veya işletmesini devretmesi ile mücadeleye yönelik icra hukuku hükümlerinin incelendiği bu çalışmada üç ana bölüm yer almaktadır. İlk bölümde konunun kapsamını oluşturan malvarlığı, özel malvarlığı, işletme ve ticari işletme kavramları detaylı olarak tarif edilmektedir.İkinci bölümde maddi hukuk açısından, üçüncü bölümde değinilen İcra Hukuku hükümlerinin uygulanmasında önem taşıyan malvarlığı veya işletmenin devrinde devreden ve devralanın sorumluluğu açısından düzenleme getiren BK m. 179 hükmü, kaynak İsviçre ve Alman Hukukları'ndaki hükümler ile birlikte değerlendirilmektedir.Malvarlığı veya işletmesini alacaklılarına zarar vermek kastıyla devreden borçlularla mücadele olanaklarına sadece İcra Hukuku hükümlerinde yer verilmiş olması nedeniyle çalışmamızın asıl konusunu oluşturan üçüncü bölümde ise, İİK m. 280/III ve m. 44 uygulamasının olumlu ve olumsuz yanları, yargı kararları eşliğinde belirtilmektedir. There are three chapters in this work which deals with the regulations related to combating with the debtors who transfer their assets or businesses in order to harm their creditors. In the first chapter the asset, separate property, enterprise and businesses that are forming the scope of work are defined in details.In the second chapter, the Turkish Obligation Code Art. 179 that regulates the obligation of the debtors transfering their assets or businesses in order to harm their lenders is considered in light of the source law of Swiss and German regulations.For the reason that the only regulations for combating with the debtors who transfer their assets and businesses in order to harm their creditors are arranged within the Turkish Execution and Insolvency Code, in the third and the main chapter, the related articles of 280/III and 44 are considered in light of the Supreme Court decisions with their positive and negative effects.

Les positions doctrinales qui alimentent le débat sur l'existence et la nature du droit devant régir le cyberespace et les activités qui s'y déroulent prolifèrent, mais s'enferment presque inévitablement dans une schématisation tripartite qui oppose « classiques », « modernistes » et partisans d'une approche intermédiaire. Notre étude rend compte de ce débat, avant de l'investir en évaluant la pertinence des approches en présence à la lumière de la problématique du contrat électronique conclu par les agents intelligents. Son dénouement suggère préalablement la définition de la notion du contrat électronique, voire l'exploration de ses assises théoriques, de manière à la distinguer de la notion traditionnelle du contrat. L'issue de cette démarche préliminaire permet d'envisager le formalisme comme élément distinctif du contrat électronique. Or, sa prise en compte lacunaire par le droit positif permet d'affirmer, déjà à cette étape, la pertinence de l'approche moderniste du droit du cyberespace. La confirmation de cette conclusion partielle viendra à l'étape subséquente, avec la considération, dans la définition du contrat électronique, de la réalité des cocontractants d'intelligence artificielle, c'est-à-dire des agents intelligents. À cette étape aussi, la convenance de l'approche moderniste découle des faiblesses des approches classique et intermédiaire en regard de l'encadrement de ce phénomène.

Bağımsız denetim sözleşmesi, bağımsız denetçiler ile denetime tabi müşteriler arasında yapılan bir sözleşmedir. Bağımsız denetim sözleşmesi, düzenlemelerde belirtilen unsurları içermelidir. Bağımsız denetçi ile denetim müşterisi, sözleşmenin unsurları üzerinde anlaşmalıdırlar. Bir bağımsız denetim sözleşmesi yapıldığında, bağımsız denetçiler ile denetim müşterileri karşılıklı borç altına girerler.Bağımsız denetçi, denetim müşterisinin finansal tablolarını denetleme ve finansal tabloların, finansal raporlama standartları ile düzenlemelere uygunluğu konusunda bir görüş açıklama borcu altındadır. Bağımsız denetçi, denetimi yürütürken, uluslararası denetim standartlarını, etik standartları ve düzenlemeleri dikkate almalıdır. Bağımsız denetçiler, bağımsız denetim faaliyetinde her zaman mesleki özeni göstermek zorundadırlar. Eğer, denetim raporu gerçeği yansıtmaz ise, bundan zarar gören denetim müşterisi ile üçüncü kişilerin uğradıkları zararlardan, bağımsız denetçiler sorumlu olurlar. Bağımsız denetçi, ayrıca, bağımsız denetim raporunu zamanında denetim müşterisine teslim etmelidir. Bunun yanında, bağımsız denetçi, düzenlemelerde belirtilen süre içerisinde çalışma kâğıtlarını saklamalılar ve bu süre sona ermeden, çalışma kâğıtlarını yok etmemeli veya atmamalıdırlar. Bağımsız denetçi, denetim müşterisine ait sırları açıklamamalı, kendisinin veya bir diğer kişinin yararına kullanmamalıdır.Denetim müşterisi, bağımsız denetçilere, denetim ücretini ödemeli ve ayrıca, denetim ile ilgili kayıt, belge ve diğer bilgileri bağımsız denetçiye vermelidir. The independent audit agreement is made between independent auditors and the clients who are dependent on audit. The agreement should include terms which are showed by regulations. The auditors and the audit clients must agree on the terms of the agreements. When to be acted the agreement, the auditors and the client? have mutually liablity.The auditors are liable to audit the clients? financial statements and to express an opinion on if the financial statements are suitable the financial reporting standards and the regulations. While performing audit, the auditors should observe in international auditing standards, the ethical standards and regulations. The auditors should always have a duty to provide professional care when performing audit. If the auditors prepare a misleading audit reports, they will liable to the clients and third parties because of their loss was incurred. Also, the auditors should deliver the audit report to the client on time which they agree on. Besides, the auditors should save the audit documentation some time which is showed by regalitations and shouldn?t the delete and discard audit documentation before the end of that time. The auditors also shouldn?t disclose confidential information of the clients? or not use this information for the personal or the other persons? advantage.The audit clients? pay the audit fee and also give the records, documentation and other information requested in connection to with the audit to the independent auditors. Finally, when the auditors deliver the audit report to, the audit clients should accept it.