Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Cette thèse est destinée à démontrer l’existence d’un principe de solidarité dans le cadre de l’Union bancaire européenne (UBE). Ce travail est divisé en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre vise à retracer les différentes nuances qui caractérisent la sémantique du mot ‘solidarité’. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’évaluation des dispositions des traités qui se réfèrent à la notion de solidarité. Le troisième chapitre analyse la façon dont le principe de solidarité est développé dans l’UBE. En conclusion, la thèse tente de prouver que dans ce nouveau cadre juridique européen, la « règle » continue d’être la non-solidarité; en revanche, l’ « exception » continue d’être la solidarité, comme cela a été confirmé par les nouveaux outils, qui pourraient être déclenchées par l’autorité compétente uniquement en présence de difficultés sérieuses dans le secteur bancaire.

Cette note, préparée pour le 16ème colloque de l’ACN, a pour objet d’exposer de façon succincte les origines du mécanisme d’harmonisation internationale des normes comptables IFRS dans le secteur privé, les modalités de fonctionnement de l’organisme qui édicte ces normes, la façon elles sont transposées dans la règlementation. On y présentera l’état des lieux en matière d’adoption internationale. Enfin, le processus d’élaboration d’une norme IFRS sera illustré par un survol des travaux ayant abouti à la publication récente de la norme IFRS 16 « Contrats de location ».

Le sujet développé dans cette thèse pose comme objectif de répondre à trois problématiques résumables par une corrélation entre trois points principaux :(a) la relation entre l'usage des nouveaux outils des plateformes 2.0 dans l’intermédiation de la finance et l’émergence d’un nouvel archétype de financement ; (b) la distinction observée entre le capital-risque conventionnel et les financements opérant actuellement dans un environnement 2.0 et (c) l’approche optimale pour construire un environnement juridique modulé à l’évolution récente introduite par les outils 2.0 dans le financement de l’innovation. La recherche aborde la problématique en déconstruisant la dynamique institutionnelle de l’évolution économique contemporaine. Par cela la recherche tente de déterminer la nature et l’étendue des changements subis par l’économie en interaction constante avec le progrès technologique des nouvelles technologies d’information et de communication. La méthodologie du fond adoptée dans cette recherche fait partie de l’analyse économique de droit (Law and Economics). Néanmoins, l’analyse est enrichie par une référence aux outils théorétiques du courant économique néo-institutionnaliste américain et la sociologie économique critique française. Cette transdisciplinarité permet ainsi de comprendre la nature de l’évolution d’une manière plus élaborée. Le fil conducteur de cette recherche réside dans le phénomène de la financiarisation de l’économie. Cette recherche supporte l’idée selon laquelle les bouleversements du format et fonctionnement économiques actuels sont majoritairement le résultat d’un double mouvement institutionnel de nature financière et technologique. La recherche identifie trois institutions de nature économique et juridique au cœur du modèle de financement de l’innovation américain : la gouvernance par la flexibilité contractuelle fondée sur la notion du private ordering, la liquidité financière et l’externalisation du processus de l’innovation par rapport à la firme. Une analyse comparative de différents cadres règlementaires portant sur le capital risque en vigueur à travers le monde confirme la centralité de ces trois institutions. En conclusion de la recherche, il est ainsi nécessaire pour un Etat de reconnaître la nature institutionnelle du modèle de financement par lequel il compte supporter l’innovation. Pour le modèle de financement par capital-risque dominant aux Etats-Unis, un point d’équilibre entre d’une part un cadre règlementaire visant la protection des investisseurs et d’autre part des mesures favorisant la création de la liquidité financière devient indispensable. Néanmoins,l’oscillation règlementaire entre des mesures de support de liquidité et des règlements restrictifs reste en effet inévitable. L’évolution de la financiarisation de l’économie en alliance avec une concurrence pour l’innovation technologique ramènera les acteurs privés à assurer eux-mêmes la création de la liquidité. L’émergence des nouveaux types de contrats de financement par fonds propres allégés aux Etats- Unis (KISS contracts) puis reconfigurés pour le système juridique français (Contrats AIR) sert de preuve à cette hypothèse. La tâche la plus signifiante aujourd’hui pour les législateurs sera ainsi la création d’un ensemble de mesures protectrices contre les risques déraisonnables et démesurés. Ceci tout en assurant que les deux éléments irréductibles propres à l’institution du capital-risque – la spéculation conditionnelle et l’autonomie contractuelle – soient assurés par une marge de manœuvre suffisante requise pour supporter l’innovation.

La Zone Franc est une séquelle de l’économie coloniale, mais confondre dévaluation et sortie de la zone Franc est un amalgame. Depuis un certain temps, on observe une résurgence des prises de position sur l’opportunité des pays africains des zones UEMOA et CEMAC de sortir ou non de la zone Franc. A vrai dire, rien dans les termes de ce débat n’est nouveau. Depuis l’émergence de la zone, à l’aube des indépendances, un très fort courant nationaliste a porté en Afrique et dans la diaspora, les a...

L'Afrique semble s'être intégrée au reste du monde bien plus rapidement qu'avec elle-même. Pour la plupart des pays, le plus important partenaire commercial se trouve de l'autre côté de la frontière. La logique économique dicte qu’un produit doit parcourir la distance la plus courte possible pour atteindre son marché - puisque les coûts augmentent avec la distance. L'Afrique postcoloniale est une exception récalcitrante à cette règle fondamentale de l’économie. La structure des économies afri...

This thesis is made up of three empirical studies that fall under the general classification of international and financial economics, particularly the study focuses on the financial system of selected African countries. The first empirical study presented in Chapter 2 examines the role of financial development in improving the effect of FDI on the economic growth of some African countries. Investigations were conducted to pinpoint which financial structure could provide the best improvement by applying the bank-based vs. market-based debate. Results from the regression analysis conducted show that the effect of FDI on economic growth becomes significant only when financial development measures were factored in. Analysis of results indicate that development of the overall financial system of African countries would be more beneficial in comparison to developing either the banks or financial markets alone. Chapter 3 empirically measures the level of financial integration in Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs) using beta and sigma convergence to measure the speed and degree of financial integration in four RECs. These chapter also theoretically examines how regional financial integration contributes to financial development and economic growth in Africa. Analysis of the results show that Africa’s RECs are integrating at a relatively slow and diverse rate. Therefore, policy makers in Africa would need to focus on reform strategies that would strengthen financial integration in their regions. A fully financially integrated system would contribute immensely to financial development and promote sustainable economic growth. The fourth chapter investigates the effect of access to finance on firms’ productivity. Using cross-sectional firm-level data to estimate the effect of access to finance on labor productivity, total factor productivity (TFP), and the stochastic frontier trans-log model. This study estimates an instrumental variable (GMM) model to address potential endogeneity bias between access to credit and firms’ productivity. The results obtained show that the lack of access to finance negatively affects the productivity of firms in Africa. This study suggests that the development of a balanced financial system should be of topmost priority to policy makers. This ensures that more finance is channelled towards those firms whose productivity depends heavily on the availability of finance irrespective of their characteristics. This would result in firms increasing their investments in productivity-enhancing activities, which would benefit long-term economic growth

The thesis attempts to explore an efficient policy and administrative framework to tax the small businesses in developing countries. In order to approach the policy and administrative problems concerning the taxation of small business in developing countries this thesis asks How can small businesses be efficiently taxed in developing countries? This thesis over eight chapters qualitatively explores this research question. The analyses conclude that first, in a typical developing country a well-designed simple to follow presumptive tax regime is more efficient than the actual account based tax system. Second, this thesis argues that the noncompliance of small businesses in developing countries may not be adequately explained by the standard expected utility based compliance models. The leading tax compliance models which mainly emphasise on the perceived reward from evasion might ignore some crucial factor that constitutes the tax compliance environment of small businesses in developing countries. This thesis illustrates broadly the typical tax compliance environment of small businesses. It argues that a simple to follow tax system that requires a minimal level of taxpayer compliance would attract a section of small taxpayers into the formal tax net. Third, this thesis demonstrates that there are crucial differences between typical urban and rural businesses. A small business tax regime should have a separate set of presumptive instruments for each class of small business in order to make an efficient estimate of their economic activities. Fourth, this thesis analytically examines the presumptive methods and their practical applications. The findings suggest that in developing countries presumptive tax methods have been adopted mostly in arbitrary manner, without the objective considerations to many crucial design issues. Fifth, this thesis has developed a focused analysis on the taxation of urban small businesses in the contexts of developing countries. This thesis analyses some crucial characteristics of urban small businesses and stresses that enterprise formalization should be a key element of urban small business tax policy. For a meaningful expansion of the tax net, tax administration should put more focus on urban small businesses as these businesses have relatively more potential to grow as more stable and sustained taxpayers. This thesis concludes that a turnover based presumptive taxation is more efficient to tax the urban small businesses. Lastly, this thesis explores the issues concerning the taxation of rural small businesses. This thesis reports that the overall tax burden on the agricultural income had substantially declined over the last few decades. Developing countries should not ignore the tax potential of the rural taxpayers. In a typical developing country an asset based presumptive tax system is more efficient to tax the agricultural income of the rural small businesses. This thesis has argued that it would be more efficient to adopt a single asset based presumptive income tax replacing all the prevailing taxes on the agricultural income such as agricultural land tax, wealth tax and income tax.

La délinquance économique et financière, constituée par l'ensemble des activités illégales, qui peuvent être commises de manière individuelle, en entreprise ou bande organisée, a des méthodes d'action différentes de celles des infractions de droit commun. Le plus souvent, elles se commettent par des procédés astucieux (tromperie), ou frauduleux (faux par exemple), par l'exploitation des secrets commerciaux ou des données confidentielles (délits d'initiés), exigeant pour cela des connaissances et un savoir-faire propres au monde des affaires, voire une ingénierie financière, à l'encontre des particuliers, d'entreprises. de l'Etat ou d'organisations internationales. Généralement, leur finalité est la recherche du gain facile, donc de l'argent sale ou noir, fruit d'activités illégales ou criminelles. Cet argent est au centre de la délinquance économique et financière. Il en est le moteur. C'est une des raisons pour lesquelles la lutte contre cette forme de délinquance doit avoir comme principale finalité la saisie des avoirs d'origine criminelle ou délictuelle. A cette fin. nous avons fait dans cette étude, des propositions de réforme dans les codes pénaux et de procédure pénale des Etats appartenant à la sphère UEMOA-OHADA et d'y inclure des dispositions permettant de procéder efficacement à cette saisie. Cette question de saisie des avoirs d'origine illicite montre à quel point il est difficile de lutter contre cette forme de délinquance. Car, aujourd'hui, l'action des Etats, pris individuellement. pour combattre ce fléau, a perdu son efficacité. C'est pourquoi, le traitement de cette délinquance devrait nécessairement passer par une harmonisation du droit pénal des affaires de l'OHADA et une uniformisation du droit pénal économique et financier de l'UEMOA. Cependant. ce combat au niveau communautaire n'est pas sans poser quelques difficultés dans la mesure où les Etats membres de ces deux organisations ne veulent pas se départir, au profit des Institutions communautaires, du pouvoir d'élaborer des sanctions pénales contre les incriminations communautaires applicables sur leur territoire. D'où la nécessité de tenir compte de l'impératif d'harmonisation des règles pénales de sanction contre les violations du droit communautaire, d'un côté, et de l'impératif du respect de la souveraineté des Etats, de l'autre, même si ces deux impératifs sont difficilement conciliables. En tout état de cause, pour rendre efficace la lutte contre ce phénomène criminel, les dispositifs actuels doivent évoluer vers de nouveaux instruments plus adaptés. Ainsi des typologies de mesures relatives au droit pénal de forme et de fond sont elles proposées tant au niveau national et régional. En effet, une lutte envisagée à un seul niveau est d'avance vouée à l'échec. C’est ainsi qu'il faut instaurer un véritable coopération judiciaire dans l'espace UEMOA-OHADA pour une lutte efficace contre la délinquance économique et financière dans cet espace.

Dans cette recherche, nous postulons l’hypothèse de la manipulation des données comptables et de fraude fiscale comme stratégies de contournement adoptées par les PME dans un environnement fiscal répressif. Par rapport à l’environnement spécifique des PME camerounaises présenté, l’étude se situe quelques années après l’adoption d’un nouveau cadre comptable, en l’occurrence le système comptable OHADA. Deux conclusions importantes méritent d’être immédiatement présentées. En premier lieu et conformément aux prédictions de Watts et Zimmerman (1978-1990); de Allingham et Sandmo (1972), le nombre de contrôle ainsi que le nombre des impôts et taxes sont des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser l’instrumentalisation des données comptables et la fraude fiscale. En second lieu, le type d’activité exercé conditionne la capacité à manipuler les données et à frauder. This research is based on the main idea that manipulation of accounting data and fiscal fraud can be used as surviving strategy by small firms facing a repressive fiscal context. In relation with the particular case of Cameroon where empirical observations have been realised, two main conclusions need to be recall immediately. Firstly, as suggested by Watts and Zimmerman (1978-1990), Allingham and Sandmo (1972), the size can create incentive to manipulate accounting data and fraud. Secondly, the type of activity sometimes contributes to accounting data manipulation and fraud.

The regulation of consumer credit in Namibia mainly is provided for by the Usury Act 73 of 1968 and the Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980. These legislative enactments originated in South Africa and were applied in South West Africa during the period of South Africa’s mandate over what is now the Republic of Namibia. Despite the fact that these enactments are over 35 years old, they are substantially unchanged. In response to an awareness of the threat of consumer over-indebtedness and other events such as financial crises, the purpose in this thesis is to undertake a situational analysis of the debt prevention measures as provided for by the Namibian legislative framework and the extent of protection these measures afford consumers in terms of irresponsible credit and over-indebtedness. A broad survey of the policies aimed at promoting responsible lending benchmarks the Namibian consumer credit regulatory framework against the leading international best principles which have been developed in response to global economic challenges. The Namibia Financial Institutions Supervisory Authority in the 2014 Microlending Bill proposes to introduce responsible lending practices in the form of a compulsory pre-agreement assessment of the prospective consumer before providing them with credit. In a comparative investigation, the creditworthiness assessment and related measures central to the responsible lending regimes in South Africa and Australia are considered. Measuring the Namibian consumer credit regulatory framework against these recent developments, it is submitted that the current debt prevention measures are inadequate in protecting consumers from irresponsible credit lending and the risk of consumer over-indebtedness. This thesis supplies reasons for the need in Namibia to update the regulatory structure of the credit industry in order to protect consumers. As a contribution to the promotion of a culture of responsible lending in the Namibian consumer credit market, the thesis proposes the introduction of responsible lending measures in Namibia’s consumer credit legislative framework.

La fiscalité des groupes de sociétés intéresse le monde des affaires et tout contribuable. Le régime fiscal des sociétés est très incitatif à la création de groupes. Cela dit, c’est un régime fiscal récent en Algérie, son application nécessite des conditions. Il peut faire l’objet d’une révision. Le code fiscal algérien s’est ressourcé beaucoup du Code General des Impôts français. La détermination du résultat fiscal d’ensemble est restée une très grande problématique. Le résultat fiscal nécessite différents retraitements. Les transferts de bénéfices et le régime des restructurations donnent eux aussi droit à des impositions. Le régime de consolidation fiscale vise avant tout l’impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés, cela dit les droits d’enregistrements, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, les cas de cessation du régime et les cas de sortie entrainent elles aussi des retraitements. Le groupe de sociétés peut être soumis à un contrôle fiscal en cas d’anomalies dans les déclarations fiscales. Company group’s taxation interests the business world and every taxpayer. Companies’ fiscal regime is very incentive to company creation. This type of regime is recent in Algeria. Its application regimes conditions, it is susceptible of revision. Algeria’s fiscal code has taken much from France’s general fiscal one. The determination of overall tax result is still a very large problematic. Tax result requires different adjustments. The transfer of profits and the regime of restructuring gives right to taxation. The tax consolidation regime aims primarily at taxing companies on their profits. Registration fees, the added tax value and cases of regime cessation, and cases of output causes retreatment. Company groups may be subject to tax control in case of anomalies in tax declaration.

A temática do sigilo bancário objeto da nossa dissertação, para além de atual e rica, comporta a enorme complexidade interdisciplinar e teleológica que, por si só, justifica e alimenta a interminável problemática em torno da fixação do seu regime e âmbito. A referida complexidade do sigilo bancário resulta, por um lado, do facto da configuração e regulamentação do seu regime se conformar aos limites e ao quadro constitucional e, por outro, ao cruzamento de vários princípios fundamentais: de ordem jurídica, que impõem a conjugação das necessidades práticas e interesses legítimos das instituições financeiras, na fidelização à clientela e captações de fundos; de âmbito estatal, na afirmação da política económica do Estado; dos clientes, no resguardo da sua vida económica privada ou do direito fundamental à reserva da intimidade. A requerida interdisciplinaridade reclamada e provada nesta tese, deixa patente a ideia de que a compreensão e a fixação do regime do sigilo bancário, quanto à sua extensão e limites, não se esgota no estrito âmbito do Direito Bancário, antes pressupõe vários outros ramos do Direito os quais regulam de forma direta ou indireta a matéria in casu, e com os quais apresenta a conexão, sobretudo a sua contextualização constitucional, da política económica e fiscal do Estado, traduzida, por exemplo, no suporte fundamental da definição do sistema de crédito, ao favorecimento do aforo e ao invés do entesouramento, a prevenção da fuga de capitais para o estrangeiro, promoção do investimento nacional e estrangeiro, luta contra a evasão fiscal, etc... Assim, ambos dependem em maior ou menor medida, da relevância que se dá ao regime do sigilo bancário. O estudo referente ao regime do sigilo bancário no direito guineense tem a virtualidade de mostrar e provar que a garantia da segurança e da certeza da observância não passa sempre pelas exigências normativas, mas também pela sua configuração e conformação da praxis social bem como das garantias adicionais por parte das outras normas jurídicas, quanto à imposição de deveres éticos e jurídicos, que contribuem de modo significativo para a definição do conteúdo e da fronteira do sigilo bancário em relação aos outros valores ligados à defesa do interesse do fisco, da luta contra evasão e fraude fiscais, branqueamento de capitais e terrorismo internacional. Na atualidade, a proteção do sigilo bancário deve partir da premissa de que existem outros valores com os quais ora se confluem ora se conflituam, no entanto, devendo-se encontrar um ponto de equilíbrio sem prejudicar o essencial destes valores, mediante uma ponderação séria e objetiva, designadamente da luta contra evasão fiscal, branqueamento de capital, terrorismo mundial e da administração da justiça criminal. Nesta ordem de ideias, na ordem jurídica guineense, o regime do sigilo bancário, quanto ao seu conteúdo e extensão, compagina-se com os tais valores, pelo que a compressão do seu conteúdo deve conformar-se com o princípio geral da “reserva do juiz”, contrariamente ao sistema da “reserva da administração” vigente em Portugal, em matéria da administração tributária. Neste sentido, podemos dizer que a solução atualmente vigente no domínio da União Europeia (UE) e no âmbito específico dos países membros da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE) – pautada na lógica de inoponibilidade do sigilo bancário à administração tributária, no sentido de permitir o acesso direto à informação bancária como condição sine qua non da garantia da justiça e da distribuição equitativa da carga fiscal e luta contra evasão fiscal –, não deverá corresponder uma imposição ao nosso sistema, antes, deverá constituir, ab initio, um galgar de patamares exigentes e suficientemente definidos, de forma faseada, mediante controlos rígidos e segundo autorização do juiz – reserva do juiz. De igual modo, o grau de tal exigência da ponderação é muito mais elevado quando esteja em causa outros interesses ligados à investigação criminal e à prossecução do interesse público relevante ou injuntivo. Postulando, exclusivamente, do Juiz, a tarefa de preenchimento do conceito indeterminado consagrado ao abrigo do art. 135º, n.º 3, do CPP, correspondente à norma do art. 120º, n.º 3, do nosso CPP (ex vi arts.417º/3, al.c) do CPC, e do nosso 519º do CPC), conforme o princípio da proporcionalidade (vide os arts. 18º, da CRP, 30º, n.º 3, da CRGB), de forma a garantir a maior dignidade ao sigilo bancário, mediante a sua quebra na justa medida, em situação de extrema necessidade e na garantia da eficácia, da idoneidade e do efeito útil do interesse a prosseguir. Destarte, a salvaguarda do sigilo bancário, como regra de ouro, requer e exige de todos, um esforço adicional, para que o público e o cliente se sintam protegidos pelo sistema, caso contrário, a continuar a tendência e a postura atual pouco favorável ao sigilo bancário - sobretudo das nossas autoridades judiciária e tributária, que por tudo ou nada recorrem à quebra do sigilo bancário e assim encarando as instituições bancárias como se de agências de informações se tratassem ou como prestadores dos serviços dos tribunais e da administração tributária -, obviamente que os bancos seriam forçados a fechar as suas portas e o setor bancário condenado a desaparecer, pois ninguém confiaria os seus haveres aos bancos. Portanto, a sobrevivência do direito e da nossa ciência jurídica, concebida para facilitar a nossa sã convivência social, depende e exige respeito de cada um e de todos, v.g, aos cultores de direito, magistrados, legisladores, governantes, políticos, empresários, e até a um simples cidadão. Assim sendo, o direito ao sigilo bancário não foge à regra, de cuja efetiva tutela requer a sua transposição do plano jus positivo e constitucional e prático para uma vertente social, a qual, a consciencialização da sociedade em geral sobre a sua necessidade e a sua justificação, revela-se fundamental, mais que a enfática proliferação de normas consagradoras do seu conteúdo positivo ou negativo.

La gouvernance d’entreprise, est apparue comme le sujet qui a soulevé le plus de débats en matière de management au cours de ces dix dernières années, dans le monde des affaires, politique et académique. Sans aucun doute, une bonne gouvernance d’entreprise, est un levier indispensable au développement de la nation.De nombreux efforts sont à noter, visant à encourager et à inciter les nationaux à développer la culture de la gouvernance. Très clairement, cette communication s'inscrit dans cette vision de contribuer à l'amélioration de l'efficacité du système de contrôle et de développement de la culture de la gouvernance tout en mettant en avant un cadre théorique expliquant la contribution du contrôle interne et d’audit à la bonne gouvernance d’entreprise.Les résultats ont permis de tirer deux grandes conclusions. Premièrement, l’impact toujours aussi conséquent du contrôle interne et d’audit sur la gouvernance d’entreprise.Deuxièmement, cette recherche a pu avoir porté un éclairage assez important sur un autre type de mécanismes assez pesant sur le comportement des dirigeants notamment en matière d’organisation et de clarification des responsabilités. Corporate governance has emerged as the subject that created the most debate in management over the last decade in the business, political and academic world. Undoubtedly, good corporate governance is an essential lever to the development of the nation. Many efforts are noteworthy, to encourage and stimulate the national economic agents to develop the culture of governance. Clearly, this communication is part of this vision to contribute to improving the effectiveness of the control system and development of the culture of governance while highlighting a theoretical framework explaining the contribution of internal control and audit to good corporate governance. The results yielded two main conclusions. First, the impact still as a result of internal control and audit of corporate governance. Second, this research may have brought a sizable lighting on another type of mechanisms quite heavy on the behavior of such leaders in organizing and clarifying responsibilities.

There is tension between the South African Revenue Service’s duty to collect taxes on the one hand, and its duty to respect taxpayers’ rights on the other. An environment where there is clearly respect for the rights of the taxpayer may indeed result in increased voluntary compliance. This thesis constitutes a comparative appraisal of whether the following enforcement powers of the South African Revenue Service (“SARS”) in the South African constitutional context, namely (i) SARS’ power to conduct searches and seizures in order to verify compliance and investigate the commission of offences; (ii) the “pay now, argue later” rule; and (iii) the appointment of a third party on behalf of a taxpayer are in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (“Constitution”). It is argued that these powers do not necessarily conform to the Constitution’s values and the fundamental rights contained in the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution. To address the apparent shortcomings in the current dispensation, the thesis compares these enforcement powers of SARS with similar powers afforded to the revenue authorities of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Nigeria. Important conclusions are drawn from this comparative review and a number of recommendations for law reform are proposed which, if implemented, would align these enforcement powers with the provisions of the Constitution. The recommendations entail, inter alia, that the seizure component of a search and seizure process should be treated separately, that half of the payment obligation should be suspended until the dispute is heard by an impartial forum, and that an objective measure must be in place to ensure that a taxpayer is able to afford basic necessities when a third party appointment is made.

Sermaye Piyasası Kanunu'nun amacı, sermaye piyasasının işleyişinin güvenli bir biçimde sağlanmasına ve yatırımcıların hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmasıdır. Bu amaçla yatırımcıların(halka açık anonim ortaklık pay senedi sahiplerinin); yatırımlarını gerçekleştirirken kararlarını doğru bilgilere dayanarak vermelerini sağlamak, şirketin kontrolüne sahip olan şahısların kişisel menfaatlerinden bağımsız olarak sadece şirketin menfaatleri doğrultusunda hareket etmelerini temin etmek üzere SerPK kendi içinde düzenlemeler barındırmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de SerPK madde 21 hükmüdür ve SerPK'nın amaçları doğrultusunda bir özel hüküm niteliği taşımaktadır. Söz konusu hükmün ratio legis'inin, halka açık anonim ortaklığın; ilişkili kişiler ile yapılan işlerde emsallere, piyasa teamüllerine uygun, ticari hayatın basiret ve dürüstlük ilkelerine uygun işlemler gerçekleştirmesini sağlamak suretiyle, ortaklık pay sahiplerinin menfaatlerinin korunması olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. SerPK madde 21'de sayılan yapılan işlem sonucu; halka açık ortaklığın, kolektif yatırım kuruluşunun, bunların iştirak ve bağlı ortaklıklarının; kârlarını azaltmak, malvarlıklarını azaltmak, kârlarının artmasını engellemek, malvarlıklarının artmasını engellemek, kârlarını korumak veya artırmak için yapmaları beklenen faaliyetleri yapmamak, malvarlıklarını korumak veya artırmak için yapmaları beklenen faaliyetleri yapmamak suretiyle ilişkili oldukları kişilerin kârlarının ya da malvarlıklarının artmasını sağlamak şeklinde aktif veya pasif davranışlarla kazanç aktarımında bulunmaları yasaklanmıştır. Konunun vergi hukukunda, Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu m. 13'te transfer fiyatlandırması yoluyla örtülü kazanç dağıtımı adıyla düzenlenmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Şüphesiz vergi hukukunda gözetilen amaçlarla sermaye piyasası hukukunun izlediği amaçlar arasındaki farklılık, maddi unsurları benzeyen bu iki düzenlemeyi birbirinden ayırmaktadır. Konunun vergi hukuku ve maliye boyutu bağlamında eserler mevcuttur. Buna mukabil bu tez ile SerPK düzenlemesinin ardından konunun özel hukuktaki yeri ve sonuçları ile spesifik olarak konunun Borçlar Hukuku, Ortaklıklar Hukuku ve Sermaye Piyasası Hukuku yönlerinden araştırılması hedeflenmektedir. [...] Related-party transactions include the routine forms of abusive insider behavior that have come to be dubbed tunneling in the economic literature a category that includes all forms of misappropriation of value by corporate insiders. Prohibited related party transactions are the ones which contain transfer prices that contradict the arm's length principle. SerPK article 21/4 say that parties which have received an income transfer are obliged to return the transferred amount with its legal interest within the period to be determined by the Board. Sweeping prohibitions of related-party transactions were once common in company law. Apart from bans on loans, prohibitions tend to focus on transactions between managers and third parties that are thought to divert the value of information that the law assigns, implicitly or otherwise, to the company or its shareholders. It is forbidden that publicly- held corporations and collective investment schemes and their subsidiaries and associates to transfer income to real persons or legal entities with whom they have a direct or indirect relationship in terms of management, audit or capital by decreasing their profits or their assets or by preventing the increase of their profits or their assets via performing transactions such as making contracts or commercial practices containing different prices, fees, costs or conditions producing a trading volume in violation of the conformity with market practices and comparability to similar transactions prudence and honesty principles of commercial life.

Vergi hukuku kurum ve işlemlerini iktisadi hayatın işleyişi üzerine kurmuştur. İktisadi hayat ise ticaret hukuku, borçlar hukuku ve medeni hukuk gibi özel hukuk kurallarının denetimindedir. Bu durumun doğal bir sonucu olarak da vergi hukuku vergiyi doğuran olayları tanımlarken özel hukukun kurum ve kavramlarından faydalanmaktadır. Hukuki işlemlerin en önemlilerinden biri olan özel hukuk sözleşmeleri de vergilendirmenin sebep unsurunu oluşturabilmektedir. Çalışmamızda vergi hukukunun özel hukuk ile ilişkisi açıklanmış ve özel hukuk sözleşmelerinin vergi hukukundaki geçerlilikleri literatürdeki farklı görüşlere, yargı kararlarına ve İdare'nin görüşlerine yer verilerek araştırılmıştır. Özel hukuk sözleşmeleri ile ortaya çıkartılabilen sayısız durumda her iki hukuk dalının aynı olaya farklı bakış açıları mükellefler ve İdare'nin sıklıkla karşı karşıya gelmesine sebep olmaktadır. Vergiyi doğuran olayın sözleşmelerle ortaya çıkması halinde adil bir vergilendirme bu sözleşmelerin hukuki nitelendirmelerinin doğru yapılmasıyla mümkün olmaktadır. Ayrıca vergi hukukunun özel hukuk kavramlarına atfettiği anlamlar verginin yasallığı ilkesi çerçevesinde kanunlarla şekillenmelidir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Vergi Hukuku, Özel Hukuk Sözleşmeleri, Verginin Yasallığı. Tax law establishes its institutes and procedures as based on the operation of the financial life. Financial life is under the control of the rules of the private laws such as trade law, obligations law and civil law. As a natural consequence of this, when tax law defines the events that give rise to tax, it also benefits from the institutions and concepts of the private law. Private law contracts, which are among the most important legal procedures, may also result in taxation. In our study, the relation of the tax law with private law is explained and the validity of the private law contracts in tax law is examined by inclusion of different opinions in the literature, judicial decisions and the opinions of the Administration. The different points of views of both branches of law about the same event in countless number of cases, which occur as a result of private law contracts, cause the tax payers come up against the Administration frequently. If the event giving rise to taxation is a result of the contracts, then a fair taxation is possible through correct legal identification of such contracts. Moreover, the meanings referred by the tax law to the private law concepts should be shaped by the laws within the frame of the principle of the legality of tax Keywords : Tax Law, Private Law Contracts, Legality of Tax

This thesis investigates three important issues on bank financial reporting quality: 1) the impact of banks’ retail versus wholesale funding structure on their earnings quality, 2) the implications of economic and monetary policy uncertainty for banks’ earnings opacity, and 3) the relationship between banks’ bad time history and accounting conservatism. In the first essay, we examine the implications of banks’ funding strategies for banks’ earnings quality. We find that banks’ greater reliance on retail deposits over wholesale funds is negatively and significantly associated with the magnitude of earnings management through discretionary loan loss provisions, the likelihood of meeting-or-beating earnings benchmark, and the extent of income smoothing through loan loss provisions. This finding is consistent with the arguments that retail deposits are relatively more stable and information-insensitive, represent a more conservative business model, and attract more intensive monitoring from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) than wholesale funds, thereby improving banks’ financial reporting quality. In the second essay, we investigate whether economic and monetary policy uncertainties affect banks’ earnings opacity. When economic and monetary policies are relatively uncertain, it is easier for bank managers to distort financial information, as unpredictable policy changes make assessing the existence and impact of hidden “adverse news” more difficult for investors and creditors. Policy uncertainty also increases the fluctuation in banks’ earnings and cash flows, providing additional incentives for bank managers to engage in earnings management. Our results show that uncertainty in economic and monetary policy is associated with greater magnitude of discretionary loan loss provisions, higher likelihood of just meeting-or-beating the prior year’s earnings, and lower levels of accounting conservatism, suggesting that economic and monetary policy uncertainties lead to higher banks’ earnings opacity. In the third essay, we examine the impact of banks’ bad times on the conservatism of accounting policy. Specifically, we investigate two types of bad times: banks’ own past experiences of undercapitalization and their experiences of witnessing the failures of other banks in state-wide and county-wide crises. We find that both types of banks’ bad times are positively related to timelier recognition of earnings decreases versus earnings increases in accounting income. We also find that following exposure to bad times, banks increase their allowance for loan losses. Collectively, our results suggest that bank-specific bad times and macro-level banking crises lead to greater bank accounting conservatism. These findings support the arguments that banks exposed to past crises overweight their bad time history, and become more cautious and pessimistic about their future earnings performance and loan quality.

The ability of an organization to adjust its operation in light of the evolving changes in their operating environment determines the sustainability of the business unit in both the short and long term. The objective of the study was to determine the response strategies adopted by Kenyan commercial banks in response to the interest capping laws. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The population of the study was 42 commercial banks operating in Kenya. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire that was both closed and open ended. Data was analysed using the descriptive statistics. The study found that banks have employed adaptation strategies through working with other partners in the banking sector to leverage their synergy and concentrate on areas that enhance competitive advantage. The research findings also reinforced the need for the banks to work together as a sector and attempt and change the laws that inhibit their operations through lobby groups in parliament and other forums. The study also show that there exists a link between firms‟ strategic activities and their strategic responses and therefore, bank managers should diversify their product range especially to the youth who are apt in using the mobile technology to access services and improve the bank level of efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study recommends that the commercial banks ought to conform to the regulations to attract customers while the Central Bank as a regulator should likewise be sensitive to the operating environment and should be flexible in setting the rules in order to attract investment and support the growth in the banking industry. The Interest capping law is still at its infancy stage in Kenya and thus there is room for further research as the full impact of the law is realized in the long term.

This thesis examines the jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Panels and Appellate Body (AB) and investment tribunals on non-discrimination clauses contained in the WTO agreements and investment agreements respectively. The thesis puts forward an alternative conceptual perspective through which the interpretation of non-discrimination provisions in international economic law could be analysed. It is argued that nondiscrimination obligations (as every legal rule to a greater or lesser extent) are inherently indeterminate. This is a fortiori the case in regard to non-discrimination provisions due to their link to the concept of equality. The concept of equality is open-ended and value-laden: its content depends on the prioritisation of different values. Thus, equality in the economic sphere can accommodate different conceptions which reflect different ideological approaches in relation to regulation, economic development and the proper role of the State in the economy. International courts and tribunals enjoy broad discretion in selecting which conception of equality to adopt when interpreting non-discrimination clauses. This indeterminacy is a positive characteristic of international economic regimes. Both the WTO and the investment arbitration regime are equipped with institutional characteristics which enable the contestation of different ideological approaches and promote pluralism. In the WTO context, this role is fulfilled by the institutional structure of the organization which facilitates the dialogue between the WTO members and the WTO Dispute Settlement System. In the realm of international investment arbitration, the mechanism of party-appointed arbitrators, despite its shortcomings which can be addressed, ensures value pluralism.