Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

La notion de l’ordre public est l’un des concepts les plus complexes des systèmes juridiques. Dans les pays arabo-musulmans la difficulté est encore plus grande, car cette notion se rapproche de celle de la Chari’a. En effet, l’ordre public des pays de la région du golfe trouve sa légitimité dans l’Islam et dans les Constitutions de ces pays. Les Constitutions du Koweït, Bahreïn, Qatar et les Émirats Arabes Unis considèrent la Chari’a comme la source principale de la législation. A l’échelle internationale, la présence indirecte de la Chari’a se manifeste à travers l’arbitrage international, mode efficace et rapide de résolution des conflits du commerce international. Dans la procédure arbitrale, la Chari’a peut intervenir à tous les niveaux : elle peut jouer un rôle fondamental pour la conclusion de la convention d’arbitrage, le choix de la loi applicable ainsi que pour l’exécution et les recours contre la sentence. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous étudions le choix de la loi applicable et la phase exequatur. Cependant le stade de la conclusion de la convention d’arbitrage est en dehors des limites de ce travail.

The question remains whether societal reporting integrates the field of financial reporting. This old debate is repeated to scrutinize the case of African companies with strong cultural roots, which do not publish alternative societal documents to traditional financial reports. Through stakeholder theory (Jones and Wicks, 1999), this study aims to analyze the phenomenon, by describing the process of accounting recordings for social and environmental information (SEI) identified by the ISO 26 000 standard in an oil Company operating within OHADA Jurisdiction. The results indicate the presence of mandatory SEIs in the financial statements, which visibility depends on the pressure exerted by the State and the accounting regulations in force. Voluntary SEIs are not visible.

This article argues that the liability of the carrier is more flexible in OHBLA Transportation Law. It appears from the analysis that the carrier who is under strict or presumed liability may enjoy a large number of exemptions that may be classifiedunder classic and modern defenses on condition to act fairly and honnestly in performing the contract of carriage. The fairness and honnestly are expressed under the good faith principle. The contrary attitude -the performance in bad faith- will be sanctioned by the exclusion from the benefit of the various exemptions. The assessment of this unscrupulous behaviour of the carrier is vested on judges who have to determine in case of claims whether the behaviour constitutes a willful misconduct or a gross negligence. As examiners of the carrier's attitude, judges play a major role in establishing security and justice in contract of carriage. By setting up a flexible liability regime, the OHBLA Uniform Act is seen as a balanced instrument that sets up a compromise between carrier's interests and cargo's interests.

This study was motivated by the quest to find new innovative and practical ways of combating public procurement corruption in developing countries to complement the existing measures. This was achieved by comparing three jurisdictions, Hong Kong-China, Botswana and South Africa. The focus was on how each jurisdiction uses the following four measures to curb public procurement corruption: criminal measures; administrative measures; institutional measures and civil activism measures. It was established that Hong Kong uses what this study has classified as the traditional approach of combating public procurement corruption. The traditional approach is characterised by the use of a separate procurement legal framework and a separate corruption legal framework to curb public procurement corruption. Its strengths are in the strict enforcement of criminal measures that are anchored on a robust legal framework, a clear anti-corruption strategy, an independent anti-corruption agency (institutional measure), effective internal oversight and a strong political will. However, the following weaknesses of the traditional approach were identified: over reliance on criminal measures; excessive dependence on one enforcement institution; it neglects the development of administrative measures and has weak civil activism measures. It was established that Botswana uses what this study has classified as the classical approach of combating public procurement corruption. The classical approach is characterised by a procurement legal framework that incorporates very minimum anti-corruption provisions. The anti-corruption provisions in the procurement legislation are enforced by an external institution (the DCEC in the case of Botswana) which relies heavily on the criminal measures. Its strengths are the following: a strong legal framework which provides for a clear anti-corruption strategy; it has anti-corruption units in each Ministry and it has a dedicated Corruption Court. However, the classical approach has the following weaknesses: the anti-corruption agency is not adequately independent as it under the control of the executive (the President in the case of Botswana); lacks effective internal oversight mechanisms; weak political will; neglects the development of administrative measures and civil activism measures are almost non-existent save for the media. It was established that South Africa uses what this study has classified as the traditional cum silo approach of combating public procurement corruption. The traditional cum approach is characterised by multiple procurement legislation which has certain but minimum anti-corruption provisions and a separate corruption legal framework. Multiple anti-corruption agencies are prone to political interference which renders them ineffective and unfit for purpose. Its strength is in the promotion and protection of civil activism measures (right to access information, right to freedom of speech and legal protection of whistle-blowers). Notable weaknesses of the traditional cum silo approach are: the poor enforcement of criminal measures; there is no lead anti-corruption agency that spearheads and coordinates all cases of public procurement corruption; there is no clear anti-corruption strategy; the administrative measures such as debarment are poorly enforced; it has multiple anti-corruption institutions that lack focus and professionalism which results in political manipulation. The thesis concluded by suggesting a new approach, the contemporary approach to combating public procurement corruption which entails the enactment of a single procurement legislation (model law) the Public Procurement and Combating of Public Procurement Corruption Act (hereafter PPCPPC). The contemporary approach advocates for the regulation of public procurement and the combating of public procurement corruption in one legislation. This legislation (PPCPPC) takes into account, the current demands for public procurement as well as future developments of public procurement. These include but are not limited to self-cleaning, cyber-crime and public procurement corruption as well as the role of foreign convictions for debarment purposes. The envisaged PPCPPC will in addition to regulating public procurement, encompass the best criminal measures, administrative measures, institutional measures and civil activism measures. In addition, the contemporary approach through the PPCPPC proposes two new innovations: the corruption clearance certificate and a mandatory anti-corruption clause in all government contracts.

Le Traité OHADA en son article 1er a consacré deux modes de règlement de conflits : le règlement par la voie judiciaire et l’arbitrage. La crise de la justice étatique s’est très vite révélée et l’arbitrage a montré ses limites par sa proximité avec la justice étatique, sa juridictionnalisation. La médiation est intervenue comme solution à cette crise de la justice étatique et pour corriger les insuffisances de l’arbitrage. Elle donne plus de pouvoir aux parties en conflit. Ce qui est vu par certains auteurs comme une privatisation du procès dans le domaine des affaires. D’autres auteurs critiquent cette qualification et parlent plutôt de la contractualisation du procès. Privatisation ou contractualisation, la médiation pose le problème de son utilité par rapport aux modes jusqu’ici retenus par l’OHADA. Tout compte fait, l’introduction de la médiation dans la législation OHADA répond à un besoin réel des hommes d’affaires qui consiste à aller vers plus d’efficacité dans le règlement de leurs conflits. Elle répond aussi à l’un des objectifs.